1、English StylisticsChapter 3 Surface- Structure DeviationSurface-Structure DeviationPhonological Deviation1Syntactic Deviation3Lexical Deviation4Graphological Deviation23.1 Phonological DeviationvFeatures at the phonological level function more by being overregular rather than being deviant, since th

2、ey belong to the surface-structure of the English language.ForExample?3.1 Phonological Deviationv3.1.1 Omission AphesisSyncope Apocope Omission3.1 Phonological DeviationvAphesis refers to the omission of an initial part of a word.vE.g. Thou on whose stream, mid the steep skys commotion, Loose clouds

3、 like earths decaying leaves are shed. (P. B. Shelley, Ode to the West Wind)v3.1.1 Omission Aphesisamid3.1 Phonological DeviationvSyncope refers to the omission of a medial part of a word.vE.g. A voice so thrilling neer was heard In spring-time from the cuckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seas

4、Among the farthest Hebrides. (Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper)v3.1.1 Omission Syncopenever3.1 Phonological DeviationvApocope refers to the omission of a final part of a word.vE.g. Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun I will love thee still, my dear, While the sands o life

5、 shall run. (Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose)v3.1.1 Omission Apocopeallwithof3.1 Phonological DeviationvThe omissions are conventional means for the sake of sound patterns. It makes easier for poets to arrange the rhymes and meters in poems.v3.1.1 Omission3.1 Phonological DeviationvThe use of mispronu

6、nciation and substandard pronunciation may help to vividly describe a character. And substandard language is perceived as more forceful, more direct in expression for standard language is perceived as more civilized, more educated than the substandard one, and sometimes more indirect. v3.1.2 Mispron

7、unciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation3.1 Phonological DeviationvE.g. Dickens, Olive Twist Mr. Bumble porochial parochial 牧區的牧區的 blackin-bottle blacking-bottle prentice apprentice em them antimonial antinomian 反對遵從律法的反對遵從律法的v3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation3.1 Phonological

8、 DeviationvE.g. T. Dreiser, Sister Carrie An old Irish woman ye you murthering murdering divil devil thafe thiefv3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation3.1 Phonological DeviationvE.g. C. Maclnnes, Absolute Beginners An gang member Arve moved, he said, Darn ear/. Ive moved, he said, d

9、own here.v3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation3.1 Phonological DeviationvFor convenience of rhyming, the poet may give special pronunciation to certain words.vE.g. The trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind, If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (P. B. Shelly. Ode to the West Wind)v3

10、.1.3 Special PronunciationIn this poem, the noun wind /wind/ is pronounced like the verb wind /waind/ to rhyme with behind.3.1 Phonological DeviationvSome 19th century poets placed word stress in unusual places.vE.g. baluster bal uster v3.1.4 Change of StressAphesisSyncope Apocope OmissionExercises

11、As far removed from God and light of HeavenAs from the center thrice to th utmost pole.O how unlike the place from whence they fell!There the companions of his fall, oerwhelmedWith floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fire. (John Milton, Paradise Lost)theoverwhelmedApocopeSyncopeExercises My Lord Ba

12、ssanio, let him have the ring:Let his deservings, and my love withal,Be valued gainst your wifes commandment. (William Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice)againstAphesis3.2 Graphological DeviationvGraphology means the encoding of meaning in visual symbols.vGraphological Deviation can occur in any sub-ar

13、ea of graphology, such as the shape of text, the type of print, grammetrics, punctuation, and indentation, etc.語法韻律學語法韻律學3.2 Graphological DeviationvThe shape of a piece of literary work, especially a poem, can be designed in an unconventional way so that it may be suggestive of a certain literary t

14、heme.v3.2.1 Shape of Text3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 1 R. Draper, Target Practice3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 2 A Christmas TreeStarIf you areA love compassionate,You will walk with us this year,We face a glacial distance, who are hereHuddledAt your feet (W. S. Burford) 3.2 Graphologica

15、l DeviationExample 33.2 Graphological DeviationExample 43.2 Graphological DeviationExample 5 He lunges for the stairs, swings down-off, Into the sun for his Easter eggs, On very nearly steady legs (Edwin Morgan, Good Friday) In this poem the poet describes a scene of going down the stairs into the s

16、un for the Easter eggs. The lines of the poetry imitate the shape of the stairs. The format is indicative of the meaning.3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 6 L(a l e a f f a l l s ) one l inessThe visual effect of this poem is obvious. The lines of poetry imitate the falling of a leaf in late autumn

17、, which is suggestive of the meaning of loneliness.3.2 Graphological Deviation“grasshopper”“who” “as” “we”“look” “up”“now” “gathering” “into” “a” “the”“leaps” “arriving”“to” “rearrangely”“become” Example 7 3.2 Graphological DeviationvThe interpretation of this type of poetry depends much on what the

18、 poem looks like.v3.2.1 Shape of Text3.2 Graphological DeviationvLiterary writers also choose to express their ideas by manipulating the type of print such as italics, bold print, capitalization and decapitalization.v3.2.2 Type of Print3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 1 3.2 Graphological Deviation

19、E.g. 2 Me up at does out of the floor quietly Stare a poisoned mouse still who alive is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have (E.E. Cummings)Syntactic DeviationGraphological DeviationFree Direct Speech3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g. 2 a poisoned mouse who still alive does Stare quietly out o

20、f the floor up at Me is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have (E.E. Cummings)3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g. 2 Me up at does out of the floor quietly Stare a poisoned mouse still who alive is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have (E.E. Cummings)v3.2.2 Type of Printimportant & pow

21、erful outwardly yet weak inwardlyhumbleness &respect3.2 Graphological DeviationvGrammetrics means the ways in which grammatical units are fitted into metrical units such as lines and stanzas.v3.2.3 Grammetrics3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g. 1 This Is Just to Say I have eaten the plums that were

22、in the ice-box and which you were probably saving for breakfast Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so coldTitle does not stand alonestrong pulling-forward effectless strong pulling-forward effect3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 2 It soared, a bird, it held its flight, a swift pure cryof t

23、he high vast irradiation everywhere all soaring all around about the all, the endlessnessnessnessness (James Joyce, Ulysses)Example 3 Thou last one. All sons on that theme. Yet more Bloom stretched his string. Cruel it seems. Let people get fond of each other; lure them on. Then tear asunder. Death.

24、 Explos. Knock on the head. Outtohelloutofthat. Human life. (Ditto)3.3 Syntactic DeviationvSyntactic deviation refers to departures from normal (surface) grammar. vThese include a number of features such as unusual clause themes, unusual phrase structures.3.3 Syntactic DeviationvThe initial unit of

25、a clause may be called its theme.vApart from the last stressed element of the clause structure which most naturally bears the information focus, the theme is the most important part of a clause from the point of view of its presentation of a message in sequence.v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme3.3 Syntact

26、ic DeviationvThe theme may be characterized as the communicative departure for the rest of the clause.vThe expected or “unmarked theme” 1. Subject of an indicative clause 2. Auxiliary in a yes-no question 3. Wh-element in a wh-question 4. Main verb in an imperative clausev3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme3

27、.3 Syntactic DeviationvLiterary writers may place any of the rest of the clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect. The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore called a “marked theme”. v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme3.3 Syntactic DeviationvE.g. 1 My opi

28、nion of the coal trade on that river is, that it may require talent, but it certainly requires capital. Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (Dickens, David Copperfield) v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme3.3 Syntactic DeviationvThe two words talent and capital are placed at the initial po

29、sition of the clauses. This change in thematic structure may serve the following functions: va. it unites the text together as thus serves a cohesive device; vb. it serves as a contrast between these two clauses; vc. the two words put initially are greatly emphasized.v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme3.3 S

30、yntactic DeviationvE.g. 2 The Solitary Reaper (Wordsworth) v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme3.3 Syntactic DeviationvThe thematic fronting of an element is often associated with inversion which involves the reversal of subject and verb or subject and operator.v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme3.3 Syntactic Deviat

31、ionvE.g. 3 Snowflakes (Longfellow) v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme3.3 Syntactic DeviationvE.g. 4 Parting at Morning (R. Browning) v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme3.3 Syntactic DeviationvIn order to achieve certain communicative effects, literary writers may use phrases that are structurally deviant.vE.g. a g

32、rief agov3.3.2 Deviant Phrase Structure3.3 Syntactic DeviationvE.g. 1 O what a noble mind is here oerthrown! The courtiers, soldiers, scholars, eye, tongue, sword. (Shakespeare, Hamlet)vE.g. 2 Do not go gentle into that good night (Do not go gentle into that good night)v3.3.2 Deviant Phrase Structur

33、eoverthrownSyncope3.4 Lexical DeviationvLexical deviation in literature refers almost exclusively to neologisms or the coinage of new words.vThe new words that the literary writers invents are usually made up for use on only one particular occasion, and can therefore be called nonce-formation.3.4 Lexical DeviationvIn coining new words, it may be said that the literary writer is not so much breaking rules of word-formation as extending the rules.vE.g. Unwish