1、大學(xué)英語四級寫作大學(xué)英語四級寫作College English Writing-CET 4-西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院魏魏 明明第九講第九講 論證觀點類作文論證觀點類作文提綱模式提綱模式 論證觀點類作文的提綱一般可以分為兩類：一類是要求論證一個諺語或格言，這一類的提綱特點比較鮮明，一般是先給出一個諺語、格言并要求闡述其中的道理，然后要求對該諺語中的道理進(jìn)行論證（多為例證）；另一類是要求論證一種普遍的觀點，提綱中經(jīng)常會先指出一種現(xiàn)象、做法或觀點（大都與本文論點相矛盾），然后由此引出一種正確的觀點，之后可能會要求直接論證該觀點，也可能沒有明確要求，但仍要對其進(jìn)行論證。

2、 兩類論證觀點類作文的提綱的主要不同之處在于，前一種的論點是一句諺語或格言，后一種的論點比較寬泛。另外，前一種一般都是直接提出觀點，后一種則一般會要求描述觀點背景，再由此引出論點。行文思路行文思路 論證觀點類作文的寫作重點在于觀點中的道理或其正確性的論證，結(jié)合其提綱特點，我們經(jīng)常采用如下的行文思路： 提出觀點段提出觀點段 描述背景現(xiàn)象、做法或觀點-由此引出要論證的觀點（主題句）-解釋或強調(diào)觀點中的道理 論證觀點段論證觀點段 總體引出例證或論據(jù)（主題句）-例證或論據(jù)一-例證或論據(jù)二-例證或論據(jù)三 重申觀點段重申觀點段 重申觀點（主題句）-強調(diào)其重要意義或指出需要注意的地方 觀點背景在提綱中會有所

3、體現(xiàn)，如提綱中直接提出觀點，一般則不需要交代背景。如果觀點比較簡單明確，也可以不進(jìn)行解釋說明。 論據(jù)要充分，不能重復(fù)觀點，即使提綱沒有明確要求用例證，也最好適當(dāng)結(jié)合實例。舉例時，可舉兩到三個例子，選取一、兩個適當(dāng)展開。也可以只舉一個例子，詳細(xì)展開論證。 重申觀點時注意適當(dāng)變換用詞或是句式。題目題目 Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Practice Makes Perfect. You should write at least 100 words following

4、 the outline given below. 1）怎樣理解“熟能生巧” 2）例如：在英語學(xué)習(xí)中 3）又如提綱分析提綱分析 本文應(yīng)為論證觀點類作文。根據(jù)所給提綱，本文應(yīng)采用如下行文思路： 第一段為提出觀點段-先提出“熟能生巧”的論點，然后解釋其中蘊含的道理； 第二段為論證觀點段-通過該諺語在英語學(xué)習(xí)中以及其他方面的應(yīng)用論證其正確性； 第三段為重申觀點段-重申“熟能生巧”的正確性，指出堅持該諺語時應(yīng)注意的事項。Practice Makes Perfect 提出觀點段提出觀點段 “Practice makes perfect” is a proverb full of logic, which

5、 has been generally accepted. It tells us that if we practice an unfamiliar thing again and again, well be able to perform it perfectly. The truth o f i t i s d e e p a n d profound. 提出觀點段提出觀點段 主題句：提出諺語-“熟能生巧”是一個充滿哲理的諺語，被人們普遍接受。 擴展句一；解釋諺語中的道理-對于不熟悉的事情，通過反復(fù)實踐就能做好。 擴展句二：強調(diào)諺語中的道理-其中的道理十分深遠(yuǎn)。Practice Mak

6、es Perfect論證觀點段論證觀點段Many remarkable examples contribute to this proverb. A case in point is English learning. In order to learn English well, we need extra practice, such as reading English books, going to E n g l i s h c o r n e r s a n d communicating with foreigners. This is close to suggest that

7、 people can grasp English only if they follow the saying “Practice makes perfect”. For another example, if we want to be skilled in using the computer, we also need to practice using it often. Besides, in other areas of our lives, practice is also necessary, and we can hardly do things well without

8、practice.論證觀點段論證觀點段主題句：總體引出論證-許多例子都能證明這一諺語。擴展句一：例證一-一個典型的例子就是英語學(xué)習(xí)。 擴展句二、三：進(jìn)一步闡述例證一-學(xué)習(xí)英語需要反復(fù)練習(xí)，只要遵循熟能生巧的道理就能學(xué)好英語。擴展句四：例證二-計算機學(xué)習(xí)也需要反復(fù)實踐操作。擴展句五：例證三-實踐在我們生活中的其他領(lǐng)域也很重要。Practice Makes Perfect 重申觀點段重申觀點段 Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t continuous prac

9、tice and efforts will lead to final success. But what is worth noting is that we should have a right theoretical direction before we put our efforts into practice. 重申觀點段重申觀點段 主題句：承上啟下，重申觀點-實踐和努力是通往成功之路。 擴展句：指出注意事項-實踐要在正確的理論指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行。Exercise Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write

10、 an essay entitled Constant Dropping Wears Away a Stone. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1）怎樣理解“滴水穿石”這句諺語 2）舉例論證提綱分析提綱分析 提綱第一點要求解釋一句諺語，提綱第二點要求舉例論證該諺語，由此可判斷本文應(yīng)為論證觀點類作文。 根據(jù)所給提綱，本文應(yīng)采取如下行文思路： 第一段為提出觀點段-先提出“滴水穿石”的論點，然后解釋其中蘊含的道理； 第二段為論證觀點段-論證該諺語在英語學(xué)習(xí)以及其他方面的正確性； 第三點為重

11、申觀點段-重申“滴水穿石”的正確性，指出堅持該諺語時應(yīng)注意的事項。Constant Dropping Wears Away a Stone 提出觀點段提出觀點段 As the old saying g o e s , “ c o n s t a n t dropping wears away a stone”. It tells us that, no matter how tough that a thing is, one can make it by persisting with it. This proverb is universal for its c o r r e c t n

12、 e s s a n d vividness. 提出觀點段提出觀點段 主題句：提出諺語-滴水能夠穿石。 擴展句一；解釋諺語中的道理-不管一件事有多么的難，只要我們堅持就能成功。 擴展句二：強調(diào)諺語中的道理-其中的道理十分準(zhǔn)確并且生動。Constant Dropping Wears Away a Stone論證觀點段論證觀點段 Many remarkable examples contribute to this proverb. A case in p o i n t i s l e a r n i n g . During your college life, you must know a

13、t least one classmate who is not smart by nature but is among the top students in your class. The reason for his achievements is perseverance. For another example, in face of difficulty or illness, we also need to be persistent.論證觀點段論證觀點段主題句：總體引出論證-許多例子都能證明這一諺語。擴展句一：例證一-一個典型的例子就是學(xué)習(xí)。擴展句二：進(jìn)一步闡述例證一-在大學(xué)

14、中，總有一位同學(xué)天資并不聰穎，但卻是班里成績最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生。擴展句三：進(jìn)一步闡述例證一-他成功的原因就是堅持不懈。擴展句四：例證二-在困難和疾病面前，我們也需要堅持。Constant Dropping Wears Away a Stone 重申觀點段重申觀點段 Judging from the evidence offered, we may safely draw a c o n c l u s i o n t h a t persisting efforts will lead to final success. But what must be noticed is that we sho

15、uld make sure the thing we are going to do is meaningful and worth the efforts. 重申觀點段重申觀點段 主題句：承上啟下，重申觀點-堅持不懈的努力會使我們?nèi)〉米罱K的成功。 擴展句：指出注意事項-我們要能確保我們所做的事情是有意義的并且是值得我們努力的。寫作技巧寫作技巧-松散句和掉尾句松散句和掉尾句 什么是松散句和掉尾句什么是松散句和掉尾句 簡單地說，松散句指的是把主要信息放在前面，輔助信息放在后面的句式；掉尾句指的是把輔助信息放在前面，主要信息放在后面的句式。簡單句、并列句和主從復(fù)合句都有松散句和掉尾句之分。 The

16、y were sweeping the snow outdoors, hands red with the cold. Hands red with the cold, they were sweeping the snow outdoors.如何使用松散句和掉尾句如何使用松散句和掉尾句 松散句簡單明了、自然直接，讀者看了前面的部分一般就可以知道句子想表達(dá)的主要意思。松散句常用來自然有序地陳述觀點或羅列事實。 掉尾句則相對復(fù)雜、莊重，讀者在看完整個句子之后才知道它想表達(dá)的是什么意思。掉尾句常用于強調(diào)或達(dá)到某種修飾效果。 一般來說，文章中大多數(shù)句子都應(yīng)該是松散句，正因為這樣，偶爾使用掉尾句往往可

17、以起到突出強調(diào)的效果，但要注意不能頻繁使用，以免使文章的意思表達(dá)不夠直接明了，顯得做作。 Suburban life will gain more and more popularity among city dwellers with the growing evidence of its superiority over city life. With the growing evidence of its superiority over city life, suburban life will gain more and more popularity among city dwel

18、lers.ExercisesWe can win the battle against any other outbreak of calamities only by doing so.Only by doing so, can we win the battle against any other outbreak of calamities.Above all, because they can make contributions to others, the volunteers will feel satisfied and delighted.Above all, the vol

19、unteers will feel satisfied and delighted because they can make contributions to others.Among the three cities, City B is what I like best. I think we should consider safety and climate first when we choose a city.Among the three cities, what I like best is City B. When choosing a city, I think, we

20、should consider safety and climate first.寫作技巧寫作技巧-比較句型比較句型 比較句型在英語中使用頻率較高，從比較的內(nèi)容來看，主要分為兩類：相似性的比較和差異性的比較。表示相似性表示相似性 1. Just as, so （正如， .也一樣） Food is necessary to life. Books are necessary to our spirit Just as food is necessary to life, so are books to our spirit. 2.share/have in common（在方面有共同點） Chi

21、na and the U.S.A. have some interests in common in foreign trade area. 3. Bear some similarities to （和具有相似之處） Lots of ancient Chinese constructions bear striking similarities to that of other structures in other parts of the world, which discloses the similarity in human civilization. 4. The same is

22、 true of/with （也是如此） People who are financially dependent will be bullied by the rich ones. And the same is true of with countries.表示相似性表示相似性 5. vice versa/the reverse is true（反之亦然） If you are friendly to others, they will hold hospitable attitude towards you and vice versa. 6. asas（和一樣） Some of the doctors are paid almost twice as much as the nurses. 7. no less/more than （不比少/多） The father is an ambitious man;