1、introduction check your understanding 1. f syntax and semantics each have their own strengths. 2. f pragmatics is also interested in how language use affects the language system. 3. t 4. f 5. t in-class activities 1. ask (1) yes, hes coming.(2) yes. no, he isnt coming(3) his knowledge about whether

2、pat likes cognitive linguistics or not. 2. (1) a. john is obviously not hitler. there is only one hitler in the world. b. golf as an inanimate object cant play a human being (john).c. it is a case of tautology that conveys no new information. d. “idea ” doesn t have color and cant sleep since it is

3、inanimate. the whole sentence doesnt make sense.(2) a. it can be used for communication in a context where john shares some personality with hitler. b. when john is a poor player of golf. c. in a context where a certain boy has done something wrong (out of naughtiness). (3) when the sentence is used

4、 in poetry to personalize the word idea. 3.(1) a. in an entrance of a park. b. in the restroom of some public places like an airport. 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -a. people are forb

5、idden to bring dogs into the park. b. this place is for adults to change infant diapers.4. (1) here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the couple are talking too loudly (and the implicit request for them to stop talking). (2) by saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to

6、“my ” request.the background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to listen to other people private conversation, it is normal that “i ” can t hear a word (thus the couple can continue their talk). 5.(1) this notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, wha

7、tever the reason. (2)講衛(wèi)生的人不會隨便吐痰。6. (1) this is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so delicious that it can make the customers wife jealous. the “french toast” probably means a type of specialty provided by this holiday inn. (2) c: 你去哪里？吃飯了沒？e: how are you? how s everything going?7.

8、(1) he means he doesnt speak french.(2) russian majors dont speak french. (3) yes. it helps to indicate a negative answer. 8. (1) a. he uses “that ” under the assumption that his mom knows which letter is being referred to. b. he uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, whi

9、ch is impolite. (2) johnny: mom, ping ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon. mother: who is ping ping? 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -(3) wang: its not my fault, is it?li: yes. -

10、 native speaker: hi, you look good. zhang: not good, not good at all. exercises task3.1. when we get someone to do something, we tend to minimize the effort to be involved, but when we complain we tend to exaggerate the complaint. people want to be polite by mitigating(緩解,減輕,平靜)the imposition, which

11、 is face-threatening. 2. the first imperative is a general grammatical form, but the second, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the addition of will you 3. (in the office) boss: come to my office later. clerk: yes, sir. - (during the afternoon tea) boss: how is y

12、our dad, tom? clerk: hes fine. thanks, pat.4. he wants to suggest that he did not break the window because he was engaged with (? ) in something else in other places. 5. in the novel the catcher in the rye, holden, a middle school student always breaks the pragmatic conventions and in that way shows

13、 his rebellion.6. while we teach english to chinese students, we not only impart linguistic information (phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax of english) but also pragmatic information (appropriate use of english in dynamic context). for instance, how we can use the question tag( 反了？ tag que

14、stions ) to sound more tentative and be polite. unit 1精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -check your understanding 1. f that is the view held by john austin in the early stage. 2. f implic

15、it performative utterances do not have a performative verb. 3. f 4. f the completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressees cooperation.5. t in-class activities1.(1) if youve ever said “i promise” or “i apologize”, you have performed those actions by the simple act of saying them. but “i

16、know ” and “i believe” are declarative. saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker. (2) a. i wish you a great success. i admit im wrong.b. i misunderstand your point. i see what you mean. (3) yes. for example, when we say “我在這里向你道歉 ” ，we are perfo

17、rming the act of apologizing.(?) 2.(1) “a full apology” here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like “we apologize to the chinese government and the chinese people”. indeed, “sorry ” is not a performative verb. (2) to some extent, “sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.3. (

18、1) the kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring. (2) he wants to make his words sound like a n advice instead of a threatening. 4. (1) a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “today is not a free admission day”.illocutionary act: it implicitly requires people to pay

19、the admission fee. perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all). b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “thank you for your generous donation and your support”.illocutionary act: it implicitly urges people to donate. perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all). a admi

20、ssion fee required today bwe expect your generous donation and your support the first is chosen to be less imposing . the second is chosen to attractpeople s donation. 5. (1) no, it is not a verdictive. it is just an advertisement from s (a) hotel whose name happens to be “jurys ”.(2) the proprietor

21、 plays a game of words to attract customers. exercisestask 3 1. 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -a. constative ? locution: “no smoking in this area”. illocution: forbidding people from

22、smoking here. perlocution: people do not smoke here. b. constative. locution: “ticket passengers only”. illocution: asking passengers to buy tickets if they want to (enter the museum). perlocution: passengers buy tickets to enter the museum. c. constative. locution: “token vending machine”. illocuti

23、on: informing the public of the fact that they can buy tokens through this machine. perlocution: people buy tokens through this machine (if at all). 2. yes. it solves the problem that constatives can indeed be regarded as implicit ways of doing things. thus, all utterances are “performative” in esse

24、nce.yes, i agree. suppose a said to b “it s stuffy here”. the actual effect may be that a is understood to be complaining, but the intended effect is that someone should open the window or the door and it may bring b to perform the act instead of letting him just listen to as complaint.3. (1)a, (2)a

25、, and(3)a are performative utterances and can stand the test “hereby ”. however, in (1)b, (1)c and (2)b, (2)c, “know” , “think ”, “amuse ” and “flatter” are not performative verbs. in (3)b, the third person subject is used. in (3)c, simple past tense is used. 4. both verdictives and exertives involv

26、e a demonstration of powers, rights, or influence. however, verdictives have the illocutionary force of issuing a formal or official judgment and giving a verdict, while exertives involve making decisions in favor of or against a certain course of action, or advocacy of it. 5. these utterances are n

27、ot true or false, that is, not truth-evaluable. the uttering of them on formal occasions is or is part of the doing of a certain kind of action, the performance of which, again, would not normally be described as just “saying ” or “describing something (cf. austin 1962, 5).e.g. “this meeting is now

28、adjourned.”“the court is now in session.”“this church is hereby de-sanctified. ” 批準(zhǔn),認(rèn)可,使合法化unit2check your understanding 1. f it is criticized as lacking criteria for classification. 2. f the hearer is held responsible. 3. f 4. t 5. f in-class activities1. 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

29、 第 5 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -(1) no, they are essentially directives. (2) “ 你能幫我還書嗎，謝謝哦。”“we ll be very grateful for your presence.”(3) because they expect other peoples compliance instead of refusals. one feels indebted感激的

30、, 受惠的 , 蒙恩的 if one does not comply with the request. 2. (1) commissives (2) yes. the second promise is achieved with a condition which may turn the promise (a commissive) into a requirement (a directive). 3. (1) no. utterance a is a threat. utterance b involves something that the speaker cannot xcon

31、trol. utterance c describes something in the past rather than something that the speaker will do in the future. utterance d involves an act that the hearer rather than the speaker will do in the future. utterance e has a third person as the subject. utterance f is a statement about something that ha

32、ppened in the past. (2) a. propositional content condition (what is said is about something that the speaker has done wrongly); b. sincerity condition (the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology; c. preparatory conditions (e.g. the person who is apologizing should have made mistakes) d.

33、 essential condition (both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology). zhang: 這件事你不應(yīng)這樣處理的。li: 好嘛，算我錯了行了吧。where the speaker is not sincere 4. (1) the customer when he says there is a fly in my soup (which is meant to be a complaint). (2) because saying that can normally attract the wa

34、iters attention and the waiter knows what to do in a context like this. yes. sometimes, we speak indirectly to save our or others face.(3) yes, i agree with her. hearing the customers words, the waiter may not take it seriously (if he is not joking). 5. (1) the role of the underlined part is explain

35、ing the reason of the refusal so that andy will accept jacks refusal more readily. not necessarily. a white lie also does the same trick. (2) a. calling on people to save water. b. denying people the right to park here. the “irrelevant” information is used to enhance the chances of successfully perf

36、orming the directive acts. exercisestask3. 1. 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -a. austin was a leading exponent of analytical or ordinary language philosophy. his work in the 1950s prov

37、ided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the modern study of speech acts developed subsequently. he was the initiator of the speech act theory. he drew the distinction between constative utterances and performative utterances, although he latter discarded the distinction. he introduce

38、d the trichotomy of locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. john searle is widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and social philosophy. searle has introduced the notion of indirect speech act . he has reclassified illocutionary acts.

39、he has developed the theory into a general theory about human communication. b. speech act sequence; responsive acts. 2. no. threatening seems to be a directive as well as a commissive act. open. 3.learn how to do speech acts in l2. doing the same speech act in l1 and l2 may not be the same. 4.depen

40、ds on whether the sincerity condition is violated or not. 5. a. declaration b. representative c. representative d. directive e. expressive f. commissive g. directive h. commissive i. declaration 6. “excuse me” is usually used to interrupt other people, so its preparatory condition is that there are

41、others talking about or doing something, when the speakers interruption is not expected. however, “sorry ” is used in a different situation, and its preparatory condition is that the speaker has made a mistake. 7. effectiveness: abcd other things being equal politeness: abcd other things being equal

42、 8. a. it runs counter to the preparatory condition that the door must be closed at the moment. b. it goes against the sincerity condition. it is felicitous as an act of thanking c. it goes against the preparatory condition that what the speaker is going to do must be to the hearers disadvantage yet

43、 refusing to eat dissert is not.unit 3check your understanding 1. f 2. f 3. f 4. f 5. f in-class activities1 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -(1) a. direct answer about his fathers prof

44、essionb. his father can help. c. his father cannot help. (2) a: your father must be very great. b: he is a lawyer. - a: does your father earn a lot of money b: he is a lawyer. 2. (1) both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words. (2) an implicature can be part of se

45、ntence meaning or dependent on conversationalcontext, and can be conventional or unconventional . but connotation is conventional and attached to words. (3) “fox” can connote cunningness. when we say “he is a fox” in response to “what do you think of jack?”, we indicate that jack is cunning like a f

46、ox.3. (1) yes, it implies that jack has one and only one brother. (2) entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true, but different implicatures may be derived when the sentence is used in different contexts. no. yes. for instance, jack has a brother; indeed, he has two. (3) a: jack mus

47、t be spoiled by his parents. b: jack has a brother. 4. (1) cancelability or defeasibility. (2) yes. the words “not yet ” has the conventional implicature that something is possible after the given time. 5. (1) jack may refill his car in the garage. (2) yes, the garage may be closed at the moment. (3

48、) a. the sea foods are fresh. / do buy the sea foods. b. you can win here. /play here. 6. (1) hearer meaning is the hearers understanding of the speakers utterance. (2) a: tom is quite clever in that aspect. b: i agree. hes the cleverest person ive ever seen.a: but i dont mean he is really clever in

49、 that aspect. (3) a. hearers and speakers background knowledge may be different. b. their expectations, beliefs, and the like may be different. 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 8 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 8 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -exercise

50、s task3 1. a. there is convention of usage in natural language. b. today i declare you husband and wife. he is at sixs and sevens. 2. a: are you happy. b: yes. a: are you happy? b: yes. quite, quite. there are other possibilities. e.g. speakers mean less than what they say. a: are you happy. b: yes.

51、 i am the happiest person in the world. 3. saying does not necessarily amount to the same thing as meaning. by saying one thing a speaker might mean another thing entirely. there is a sense of saying on which you cant say anything without meaning something. 4. a: she is a charming lady. i mean only

52、when she smiles. by saying the first sentence, a may imply he is attracted by the lady, but by adding the second sentence he denies the implicature. 5. no. yes. a. jack: lets go out drinking tonight. jane: my grandma is ill. (but, my mother is coming) b. jack: how did philip and pike do in the olymp

53、ics? jane: philip won a medal. obviously, a has a particularized implicature and b has a generalized implicature. it is comparatively easy to add a sentence to a to cancel the implicature, but in b it is difficult. anyhow, we use other ways to achieve the same implicatures in a and b. whats more, pa

54、rticularized implicatures are more unconventional and they have greater indeterminacy . 6. a. conventional (theres no need for context information) one cannot use the door before 6 p.m. (“before ”)b. conventional no free refills for non-same visit (“only ”)7. open 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - -

55、 - - - - 第 9 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 9 頁，共 22 頁 - - - - - - - - -one may say no, though. conversational implicature is context dependent. to some extent, it is arbitrary, because different people may get different implicatures even in the same context

56、and different contexts may generate different implicatures as well. 8. a. when people talking about boys qualities. b. when people are talking about boys ability to do mathematics. 9. conversational implicatures are sensitive to context and dependent on the observance of cooperative principle while

57、flouting a particular maxim. people may arrive at different conversational implicature for the same utterance. the conclusions arrived at by syllogism are context free and people get the same conclusion be means of reasoning unit 4 check your understanding 1. f 2. f 3. f 4. f 5. f in-class activitie

58、s1. (1) both metaphors and irony go against the maxim of quality that requires the speaker to be truthful. a metaphor involves saying that one thing is another and an irony consists in the expression of ones meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite. (2) understatement (“it s no

59、t too bad”) is a form of speech in which a lesser expression is used than what would be expected; hyperbole (“havent seen you for ages ”) is a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. their use runs counter to the maxim of quantity as well as that of quality. 2. (1) yes, the maxim of ma

60、nner is exploited. mr. bennet implicates that he will let his wife tell him who has taken the house. also, the maxim of quantity is violated when ms. bennet responds to her husbands question “is he married or single?”(2) by saying i have no objection to hearing it, mr. bennet means that his wife has