1、創(chuàng)新的思維和方法1創(chuàng)新的概念和范圍創(chuàng)新(innovation),起源于拉丁語(yǔ).包含三層含義：一是更新；二是創(chuàng)造新東西；三是改變.它是利用 已存的自然資源或者社會(huì)要素創(chuàng)造新事物的行為，是以新思維，新發(fā)明和新描述為特征的一種概念化過(guò)程.創(chuàng)新一詞聽(tīng)起來(lái)比較模糊和抽象，但是創(chuàng)新其實(shí)離我們生活并不遠(yuǎn)，它已經(jīng)融進(jìn)了我們的生活 它無(wú)處不在，處處可見(jiàn)，時(shí)時(shí)可見(jiàn)，事事可見(jiàn).創(chuàng)新不是科學(xué)家，專(zhuān)家,技術(shù)人員的專(zhuān)利，它是屬于 全人類(lèi)，人人都可以創(chuàng)新.2創(chuàng)新的思維創(chuàng)新思維是指人類(lèi)在探索未知領(lǐng)域的過(guò)程中，不受常規(guī)的，現(xiàn)成的思路約束，尋求對(duì)問(wèn)題的全新的獨(dú)特的解決方法的思維過(guò)程.2.1創(chuàng)新思維的障礙人類(lèi)在從事思維活動(dòng)時(shí)，容易

2、受一些因素的影響，從而會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些偏差，阻礙了我們完成創(chuàng)新 活動(dòng).這種創(chuàng)新思維障礙主要有二大類(lèi)，一類(lèi)是偏見(jiàn)思維；一類(lèi)是定時(shí)思維.2.1.1偏見(jiàn)思維我們?cè)谟^察事物過(guò)程中，只觀察到它的一些側(cè)面，無(wú)法或者沒(méi)有觀察它的全貌，我們?cè)诳紤]問(wèn)題的解決方法時(shí)就會(huì)產(chǎn)生偏差.偏見(jiàn)有多種形式，主要有經(jīng)驗(yàn)偏見(jiàn)，利益偏見(jiàn)，位置偏見(jiàn)，封閉思維.偏見(jiàn)是一種心理現(xiàn)象，一種無(wú)意識(shí)的現(xiàn)象，不是人主觀故意而為，而是在不經(jīng)意間形成的.偏見(jiàn) 源于經(jīng)驗(yàn)，經(jīng)驗(yàn)很重要，一定的經(jīng)驗(yàn)會(huì)有利于創(chuàng)新，我們要超越偏見(jiàn)，就要超越我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)思 考問(wèn)題.2.1.2定勢(shì)思維定勢(shì)思維也是依據(jù)某一問(wèn)題的經(jīng)驗(yàn)形成的一種心理狀態(tài)，這種心理狀態(tài)影響和決定后續(xù)類(lèi)似活動(dòng)的

3、思維.這種定勢(shì)思維主要表現(xiàn)為慣性思維，線形思維和惰性思維等.2.2創(chuàng)新思維的形式2.2.1收斂思維和發(fā)散思維收斂思維是指從信息的某個(gè)狀況一步步地推演到另外一個(gè)狀況，或從眾多可能的解決的方案中挑選最佳解決方案的思維方式.其思維過(guò)程是從現(xiàn)有的信息出發(fā)，按照所給定的信息出發(fā)，按照給定的信息和線索，以所需研究的對(duì)象為中心，通過(guò)比較，篩選，組合，論證等深化思考，挑選 出最佳的解決方案.發(fā)散思維是指大腦在思維的時(shí)候，呈現(xiàn)多維發(fā)散狀態(tài)的思維模式.它有眾多表現(xiàn)形式，例如，結(jié) 構(gòu)發(fā)散，因果發(fā)散，屬性發(fā)散，關(guān)系發(fā)散，功能發(fā)散等多種形式.收斂思維和發(fā)散思維不同.收斂思維為解決某個(gè)問(wèn)題，從眾多的現(xiàn)象，線索信息中圍繞所

4、要解決的問(wèn)題，根據(jù)已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，得出最好的解決辦法.發(fā)散思維則是為了解決某個(gè)問(wèn)題，總 是追求更多的解決辦法.收斂思維與發(fā)散思維的區(qū)別和特點(diǎn)如下：收斂思維發(fā)散思維特點(diǎn)選擇性創(chuàng)造性分析性觸發(fā)性序列式跳動(dòng)式逐步修正信馬由韁排出無(wú)關(guān)項(xiàng)目迎接突如其來(lái)的想法邏輯所控制任由心靈所想一個(gè)目標(biāo)不斷前行多個(gè)目標(biāo)并發(fā)收斂思維和發(fā)散思維看似矛盾 ,但兩者又是統(tǒng)一的 . 發(fā)散思維用于創(chuàng)造新點(diǎn)子和新想法,提供更多的選擇 ,形成更多的方案 ,經(jīng)過(guò)收斂思維的加工整理 ,形成最佳的解決方案 .兩者相輔相成 結(jié)合使用創(chuàng)造出新的解決方案 .2.2.2 逆向思維逆向思維是不采用通常思考問(wèn)題的思路,從相反的方向去思考問(wèn)題 .通常逆

5、向思維能出奇制勝取得突破性解決問(wèn)題的方法 .2.2.3 顛倒思維顛倒思維和逆向思維比較想像 ,它是把對(duì)象的整體 部分或性能顛倒過(guò)來(lái) ,包括上下顛倒 ,里外 顛倒 ,性質(zhì)顛倒 ,因果顛倒等 .一個(gè)比較經(jīng)典的案例就是居室載船,一人想用小船運(yùn)石 ,巨石放入傳中 ,船承受不了巨石重力 ,會(huì)沉入水中 . 所以采用把巨石吊在船底 ,由于巨石在水中的浮力抵 消部分重力 ,從而成功運(yùn)走巨石 .2.2.4 側(cè)向思維側(cè)向思維是一種將注意力引向外側(cè)其他領(lǐng)域和事物,從而受到啟發(fā) ,找到超出限定條件以外的新思路 .2.2.5 組合思維 組合思維是把兩種和兩種以上的物體 技術(shù) 方法和原理現(xiàn)象結(jié)合起來(lái)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新思維的方法 例

6、如 ,我們用的紅藍(lán)鉛筆 ,帶橡皮的鉛筆 ,或者香水鋼筆 ,這些都是由組合思維產(chǎn)生的 . 聯(lián)想思維2.2.6 聯(lián)想思維是指將一種事物和另外一種事物聯(lián)系起來(lái).探究他們之間共同的或者類(lèi)似的規(guī)律,以解決問(wèn)題的思維方法 .3 創(chuàng)新方法3.1 創(chuàng)新方法定義 創(chuàng)新方法是科學(xué)思維 ,科學(xué)方法和科學(xué)工具的總稱(chēng) .3.2 創(chuàng)新方法的分類(lèi) 創(chuàng)新方法有很多 ,例如創(chuàng)新趨勢(shì)分析法 ,創(chuàng)新思維技巧 ,創(chuàng)新評(píng)價(jià)方法 ,研究開(kāi)發(fā)方法等 .3.2.1 創(chuàng)新趨勢(shì)分析法 創(chuàng)新趨勢(shì)分析法又分為頭腦風(fēng)暴法和 SWOT 分析法等 .頭腦風(fēng)暴法其實(shí)就是集思廣益 .SWOT 分析法是一種結(jié)構(gòu)化工具 ,包括優(yōu)勢(shì) ,劣勢(shì) ,機(jī)會(huì)和威脅 四個(gè)方面

7、 .3.2.2 研究方法研究開(kāi)發(fā)是主要的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng) ,其核心是產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā) .他有很多很多開(kāi)發(fā)方法 ,其中用的最多的是 和田十二法 .它遵循 12種思路,即: ”加一加,減一減,擴(kuò)一擴(kuò),縮一縮 ,變一變,改一改,拼一拼,學(xué)一 學(xué),代一代 ,搬一搬 ,反一反 ,定一定 ”.加一加 ,把物體加大一點(diǎn) ,加高一點(diǎn) ,功能加多一點(diǎn) ,在尺寸形態(tài)上 ,功能上 ,尺寸上有所變化 . 減一減 ,把一件物品減小一點(diǎn) ,減輕一點(diǎn) ,降低一點(diǎn) ,減短一點(diǎn) .擴(kuò)一擴(kuò) ,把物品擴(kuò)大一點(diǎn) ,放寬一點(diǎn) ,使功能產(chǎn)生明顯變化 . 縮一縮 ,使一個(gè)物品體積縮小一點(diǎn) ,長(zhǎng)度縮短一點(diǎn) .變一變 ,改變形狀 ,尺寸,顏色 ,印象,滋味.

8、改一改 ,對(duì)一個(gè)物品原來(lái)的形狀結(jié)構(gòu)性能改進(jìn) ,使之呈現(xiàn)出新的形態(tài) ,新的功能 .拼一拼 ,把一個(gè)物體和其他物體拼合起來(lái) .學(xué)一學(xué) ,通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)模仿別的物品 ,事物的形狀 ,結(jié)構(gòu),色彩 ,性能,規(guī)格,功能,動(dòng)作等 .代一代 ,材料,方法 ,工具和商品的代用 .搬一搬 ,把某個(gè)部件搬動(dòng)一下 ,使之形成一種新的物品 ,產(chǎn)生新的功能 . 反一反 ,把某種物品形狀 ,性質(zhì) ,功能反一反 ,做出新的創(chuàng)造 .定一定 ,按照人類(lèi)社會(huì)活動(dòng)規(guī)范來(lái)創(chuàng)造發(fā)明新事物.3.3 運(yùn)用創(chuàng)新方法發(fā)展核心技術(shù)創(chuàng)新不一定全部是新技術(shù)的發(fā)明 ,他可以是新方法 ,新技術(shù) ,也可以是核心技術(shù)的發(fā)展和延伸The thinking and m

9、ethods of innovation1 The Scope and concept of innovationThe word of innovation derives from Latin. It has three-layer meanings: updating, creating a new thing and changing. It is an action that creates a new thing through using present resources or social elements. It isalso a conceptualization pro

10、cess that has the features of new thinking, new invention and new description.It sounds that innovation is abstract and fuzzy, and far from our life. Actually, innovation is in our life, we can find it anywhere, anytime and anything. It not only belongs to scientists, engineers, but also to all peop

11、le.2 Innovative thinkingInnovative thinking is a thought process that seeks the new and unique solution for problems in human discovering unknown fields. It is not constrained by conventional and present thinking.2.1 The barriers of innovative thinkingIn innovative thinking, people will be affected

12、by some factors, make some deviation, so will not finish the innovation. There are two major barriers in innovative thinking; they are prejudice thinking and assumption thinking.2.1.1 Prejudice thinkingIn the process of observation, we just see the one side of the thing, but not all. We will make a

13、one-sided decision when we consider the solution of problem. There are many forms of prejudice thinking, they are experience prejudice, profit prejudice, position prejudice and closed thinking.Prejudice is just a psychological phenomenon, or an unconscious phenomenon. It is also an action that peopl

14、e do somethingunconsciously. Actually, prejudice is from experience, innovation needs experience to support, but more experience will block our innovative thinking sometimes. So we need to think beyond prejudice and our experience when we are engaging in innovation.Take an example:Just for stationer

15、y in china marketing, there are two different points of view. One thinks that there is no market in china, because there have been so many stationery products in china, just no room in market share. The other thinks that the certain brand 's product haven 'otccupied China 's market, so t

16、here will be a big room to develop in market share.In my opinion, these two views are very one-side.2.1.2 Assumption thinkingAssumption thinking is also a psychological state that is formed by some problem 's experience. This psychological state will affect and decide the similar thing that happ

17、ens after. There are three forms of assumption thinking: they are inertial thinking, linear thinking and inert thinking.Take an example:Assumption thinking: you should think of the function of the writing when we talk about a pen. Inno vative thinking: if the pen is for a lady, it should be an eyebr

18、ow pencil or a pen full of perfume.2.2 The forms of inno vative thi nki ng2.2.1 Con verge nt thinking and diverge nt thinkingCon verge nt thi nking is a thi nking mode that infers in formatio n from certa in state to ano ther state step by step, and the n chooses the best soluti on from many possibl

19、e soluti ons. The process is as follows: tokeep the research object as the center, to start from the existing information according to the given information and clues, then to think deeply in some methods like comparing, sifting, comb in ati on and argume nt, and pick out the best solutio n.Diverge

20、nt thinking is a thinking mode that has multidime nsional directi on. There are many forms of diverge nt thinking, such as diverge nt in structure, causality, attribute, relati on, function, and so on.They have differe nce in the way of solvi ng problem. The purpose of con verge nt thi nking is to s

21、olve the problem, get the best soluti on based on the prese nt in formati on, kno wledge and experie nce.Diverge nt thinking always collects more methods to solve the problem.扎1hjnrbofifbncIkriSiundioninew pcodud| new_ * mlvniMKinlfJihinclw3-HUirKlwSThe feature and differe nce of con verge nt and di

22、verge nt thi nki ng are as follows:Con verge nt thinkingDiverge nt thinkingFeature and differe nceSelectivityCreativityAn alyticityTriggerSeque ntialityJump ingModify step by stepWild imag in ati onRemove irreleva nt of objectReceive the sudde n ideaCon trol by logicThoughts with wingsFor one target

23、Multiple targetsCon verge nt and diverge nt thi nking always should be used together. Diverge nt thinking supply new ideas and new thinking for gett ing a soluti on. And the n these ideas and thinking are in tegrated and processed in con verge nt thinking, fin ally desig ner get the best soluti on.

24、They two existsa n inner relationship of supplement and influencing each other.2.2.2 Converse thinkingConverse thinking is a thinking that consider problem with opposite way, and it also can get a good solution.2.2.3 Reverse thinkingReverse thinking is similar to converse thinking. It considersthe p

25、roblemthrough using the method like reversing the object, or reserving the part, or reserving the function. These reversals include upside down, inside out, cart before, reversing in properties and so on.Take an example: one people wanted to ship big stone with a boat to another side, but the stone

26、was very heavy, the ship would sink if the stone was in the boat. At last, they hung the big stone at the bottom of boat, carried away the big stone successfully because the part of gravity was offset by the buoyancy.2.2.4 Lateral thinkingLateral thinking is a thinking that guides the attention to o

27、ther fields or other objects when people are thinking the problem. He will be spired by them, then finds the new solution beyond assumed conditions.2.2.5 Combination thinkingCombination thinking is a thinking mode that considers the problem through combining two or above objects, technology, methods

28、, theory and so on.Take an example: such as a pen with two colors, a pencil with eraser, a pen full of perfume.2.2.6 Associative thinkingAssociative thinking is a thinking mode that solves the problem through connecting one thing with another thing and finding their same and similar.3 Innovative met

29、hods3.1 DefinitionInnovative methods includescientific thinking, scientific method and scientific tool.3.2 The classifications of innovative methodsThere are many ways to innovate, like the analytical method of innovation tendency, the skills of innovative thinking, the evaluation methodology of inn

30、ovation, the method of research and development and so on. Here mainly discuss about the analytical method of innovation tendency and the method of researchand development.3.2.1Theanalytical method of innovation tendencyThe analytical method of innovation tendency is divided into a few methods, like

31、 brainstorm, SWOT and so on.Brainstorm is a method that mainly collects everyone 's idea in the meeting; SWOT is a structural analytical tool. It includes strengths analysis, weaknessanalysis, opportunitiesanalysis, and threatsanalysis.3.2.2 The method of research and developmentThe method of re

32、search and development is the major innovation in enterprise. Product development is its core. Hetian twelve method is very popular in so many development methods. They are: adding, decrease, enlarging, shrinkage, changing, improvement, combination, imitating, replacing, move, reversing, fixing.Adding: add the dimension and function of the object.Decrease: decre