1、動力工程專業(yè)英語大作業(yè)院 系： 能源與動動力工程學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)老師： # 姓 名： # 學(xué) 號： # 專業(yè)班級： # 導(dǎo) 師： # 2015年 12 月 27日武漢理工大學(xué)能源與動力工程學(xué)院Application of a multi-zone combustion model to investigate the NOx reduction potential of two-stroke marine diesel engines using EGRAuthor:Raptotasios, SI (Raptotasios, Spiridon I.) 

2、;1   Sakellaridis, NF (Sakellaridis, Nikolaos F.) 1   Papagiannakis, RG (Papagiannakis, Roussos G.) 2  Hountalas, DT (Hountalas, Dimitrios T.) 1 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.041Acceptance Date： NOV 1 2015Abstract

3、 The most promising solution for propulsion of marine vessels currently and for the near future is the two-stroke low-speed diesel engines. Despite its advantages, as far as specific fuel oil consumption, power density and reliability is concerned, it suffers from increased NOx e

4、missions mainly because of its low rotational speed. But the upcoming NOx emission legislation (Tier III) in the marine sector requires considerable reduction of NOx emissions towards levels which have not yet been commercially achieved using primary methods. This creates new challenges fo

5、r the development and application of innovative techniques that could reduce engine's NOx emissions with the lowest possible fuel penalty. This is important considering current and future fuel prices. The large size of the 2-stroke marine engine makes the use of experimental techniques

6、, to investigate this potential, expensive and time consuming. Modelling can significantly contribute towards this effort and result to reduction of research and development cost. Among the most effective in-cylinder techniques for NOx reduction is EGR, a proven technology for smaller engines used i

7、n the transport sector. In the present study, it is investigated via modelling, the potential to reduce NOx emissions of two-stroke marine engines using EGR Despite the technological difficulties resulting mainly from the use of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), which makes the application of conventi

8、onal EGR techniques difficult, it is worthwhile investigating the NOx reduction potential, since significant progress has been achieved towards the development of new EGR gas cooling techniques and scrubber technologies for removal of sulphur species from the exhaust gas. The present investigation m

9、akes use of an existing well validated multi-zone combustion model, initially developed for high-speed DI dieselengines. The model has been successfully applied in the past, to investigate heavy duty diesel engine NOx reduction via EGR, providing favourable results. Currently it is mo

10、dified and applied on a two-stroke marine diesel engine using EGR. Model evaluation is based on experimental data acquired from the international literature, due to lack of experimental data for 2-stroke engines. The analysis of derived results reveals model's ability to predict b

11、oth engine performance and NOx emissions but most important the ability to predict the overall effect of EGR on NOx emissions in a qualitatively correct way. The re the strong potential of EGR to control NOx emissions of 2-stroke engines with relatively compared to alternative techniques. (C) 2015 E

12、lsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.KeyWords：Multi-zone combustion model; Exhaust Gas Recirculation; NOx emissions; Two-stroke low-speeddieselengine; Engine performance二沖程船用柴油機廢氣循環(huán)應(yīng)用多區(qū)域燃燒模型研究氮氧化物減排的可能性摘要 目前和不遠(yuǎn)的將來最有效的解決海洋船舶的方案是低速二沖程柴油機。就燃油消耗率,功率密度和可靠性而言,它有優(yōu)勢，但由于較低的轉(zhuǎn)速會加劇氮氧化物顆粒的形成。但即將到

13、來的氮氧化物排放立法(第三層)在海洋領(lǐng)域需要相當(dāng)大的減少氮氧化物的排放對水平的主要方法尚未商業(yè)化實現(xiàn)使用。創(chuàng)新技術(shù)的開發(fā)和利用,能減少發(fā)動機的氮氧化物排放最低的燃料處罰標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?？紤]燃油當(dāng)前和未來的價格是很重要的。大型二沖程柴油機使用實驗技術(shù)去調(diào)查它的潛力，這既浪費金錢又浪費時間。造型可以顯著促進對這一努力和結(jié)果減少研究和開發(fā)成本。最有效的缸內(nèi)技術(shù)減少氮氧化物是苛刻的,小排量的成熟技術(shù),用于在運輸部門。在目前的研究中,它是通過造型,調(diào)查的潛在減少氮氧化物排放二沖程船用引擎使用廢氣循環(huán)盡管技術(shù)產(chǎn)生的困難主要來自使用重油(高頻振蕩器),這使得傳統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用廢氣循環(huán)技術(shù)困難,值得調(diào)查氮氧化物還原電位,自取得

14、重大進展向新的苛刻的氣體冷卻技術(shù)的發(fā)展和洗滌器技術(shù)去除廢氣的硫物種。目前調(diào)查利用現(xiàn)有的驗證分域燃燒模型,最初為高速DI 柴油機的開發(fā)。模型已成功應(yīng)用于過去,探討重型柴油機氮氧化物減少通過廢氣循環(huán)技術(shù)提供有利的結(jié)果。目前它被修改和應(yīng)用二沖程船用柴油機使用苛刻的。模型的評估是基于實驗數(shù)據(jù)獲得國際文學(xué),由于缺乏實驗數(shù)據(jù)為二沖程。派生的分析結(jié)果揭示了模型預(yù)測發(fā)動機性能和氮氧化物排放的能力但最重要的是能夠預(yù)測廢氣循環(huán)對氮氧化物排放的總體效果正確定性。關(guān)鍵詞：多區(qū)域燃燒模型；廢氣循環(huán)；氮氧化物顆粒；大型低速船用二沖程柴 油機；發(fā)動機性能Analytical Framework to Evaluate Em

15、ission Control Systems for Marine EnginesAuthor:Jayaram, VaralakshmiAcceptance Date:2010Series:UC Riverside Electronic Theses and DissertationsDegree:Ph.D., Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUC RiversideAdvisor(s):Cocker, David RCommittee:Miller, J Wayne, Norbeck, JosephAbstract Emissions from m

16、arine diesel engines are mainly uncontrolled and affect regional airquality and health of people living near ports. Many emission control strategies areevolving to reduce these emissions and their impacts. This dissertation characterizes the effectiveness of new technologies for reducing NOx and PM2

17、.5 emissions from a range of marine diesel engines. Researchers, regulators and policy makers require these characterizations to develop emission inventories and suitable mitigation strategies.KeyWords：marine diesel engines；emission；new technologies；mitigation strategies 船用柴油機排放控制系統(tǒng)的分析框架摘要船用柴油機的排放主要

18、是控制和影響港口附近居住的人區(qū)域空氣質(zhì)量和健康。許多排放控制策略而逐漸減少這些排放及其影響。本論文的特點及新技術(shù)的有效性，減少從一系列船用柴油機NOx排放和可入肺顆粒物。研究人員，監(jiān)管機構(gòu)和政策制定者需要這些特性來制定排放清單和適當(dāng)?shù)木徑獠呗浴ｊP(guān)鍵詞：船用柴油機；排放；新技術(shù)；緩解策略Natural gas as a marine fuelAuthor:Thomson, H (Thomson, Heather) 1   Corbett, JJ (Corbett, James J.) 1 

19、0; Winebrake, JJ (Winebrake, James J.) 2 DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.08.027Acceptance Date：DEC 2015Abstract This paper provides new knowledge about the life-cycle emissions of natural gas compared to traditional petroleum-based fuels in the marine sector. While natur

20、al gas will reduce local air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides and particulate matter, the implications for greenhouse gases depend on how the natural gas is extracted, processed, distributed, and used. Applying a "technology warming potential" (TWP) approach, natural gas as a marine&

21、#160;fuel achieves climate parity within 30 years for diesel ignited engines, though could take up to 190 years to reach climate parity with conventional fuels in a spark ignited engine. Movement towards natural gas as a marine fuel continues to progress, and conditions exist in

22、some regions to make a near-term transition to natural gas feasible. Liquefied natural gas in marine transportation is likely to be incentivized where economics favoring natural gas is coupled with air emissions public policy targets. To ensure that climate neutral conversion is achieved w

23、ith the least delay, TWP results highlight the important role of energy policy for infrastructure development of upstream pathways and onboard ship systems technology innovation. KeyWords：Natural gas; Life-cycle analysis; Greenhouse gases; Marinetransportation; Environmental poli

24、cy天然氣燃料船舶摘要 本文提供了在海洋部門新知識的生命周期排放天然氣相比傳統(tǒng)石油燃料。而天然氣將會減少當(dāng)?shù)氐目諝馕廴疚?如硫氧化物和顆粒物,對溫室氣體的影響取決于天然氣提取,加工、分發(fā)和使用。應(yīng)用”技術(shù)變暖潛力”(TWP)方法,天然氣作為船用燃料達到氣候平價在30年柴油點燃發(fā)動機,雖然可能需要190年才能達到氣候與傳統(tǒng)燃料平價火花點燃引擎。運動對天然氣船用燃料繼續(xù)進步,一些地區(qū)和條件存在短期過渡到天然氣的可行性。液化天然氣在海洋運輸可能會鼓勵經(jīng)濟學(xué)有利于天然氣加上空氣排放公共政策目標(biāo)。確保氣候中立的轉(zhuǎn)換實現(xiàn)最少的延遲,TWP的結(jié)果突出能源政策的重要作用上游基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展的途徑和船載系統(tǒng)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新

25、。關(guān)鍵詞：天然氣；生命周期分析；溫室氣體；海洋運輸；環(huán)境政策The Dynamics of Competition in the Internet Search Engine MarketAuthor:Gandal, Neil, Tel Aviv University, University of Calilfornia, Berkeley, and CEPRPublication Date:01-02-2001Series:Other Recent WorkAbstract Search engines hold the key to helping consumers access the

26、 wealth of information on the web.In this paper I examine the evolution of and competition in the internet search engine market. The goal of my analysis is to examine whether early entrants benefit in the long-run from their firstmover position in internet markets. I find that while early entrants (

27、Yahoo, Lycos, Excite, Infoseek, and Altavista) still have an advantage, the pure "brand effect" advantage has been declining over time. Yahoo has maintained its leadership position by providing a superior product. The success of a wave of recent new entrants suggests that entry barriers ar

28、e still quite low in the internet search engine market.Keywords: Internet；Search Engines；Empirical Study互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索引擎市場競爭的動態(tài)摘要搜索引擎的關(guān)鍵是幫助消費者獲取網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的信息，在本文中，我考察了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索引擎市場的演變和競爭。我分析的目的是檢查是否從他們的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)市場先行者的地位在長期的早期進入者的利益。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，早期進入者還是有優(yōu)勢的，純粹的“品牌效應(yīng)”的優(yōu)勢已隨時間而下降了。雅虎一直保持領(lǐng)先地位，提供一個卓越的產(chǎn)品。最近新加入的一個浪潮的成功表明，進入壁壘仍然是相當(dāng)?shù)偷幕ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)搜索引擎市場

29、。關(guān)鍵詞：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)；搜索引擎；成功表明Particle- and Gaseous Emissions from an LNG Powered ShipAuthor:Anderson, M (Anderson, Maria) 1   Salo, K (Salo, Kent) 1   Fridell, E (Fridell, Erik) 1,2 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02678Acceptance Date：OCT 20 2015Abst

30、ract Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and number size distribution of particles from a ship running on liquefied natural gas (LNG) were made on-board a ship with dual-fuel engines installed. Today there is a large interest in LNG as a marine fuel, as a means to compl

31、y with sulfur and NOx regulations. Particles were studied in a wide size range together with measurements of other exhaust gases under different engine loads and different mixtures of LNG and marine gas oil. Results from these measurements show that emissions of particles, NOx, and CO2 are

32、 considerably lower for LNG compared to present marine fuel oils. Emitted particles were mainly of volatile character and mainly had diameters below 50 nm. Number size distribution for LNG showed a distinct peak at 9-10 nm and a part of a peak at diameter 6 nm and below. Emissions of total

33、 hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are higher for LNG compared to present marine fuel oils, which points to the importance of considering the methane slip from combustion of LNG.KeyWords:Compressed natural-gas; Particulate matter; Size distribution; Diesel-engines fastmobilit

34、y;  Dilution; Exhaust以液化天然氣為動力的船舶廢氣和微粒的排放 摘要 在一艘正在運行裝了雙燃料發(fā)動機的船上測量微粒的數(shù)量、濃度和大小分布。目前人們有興趣使用液化天然氣作為船用燃料這樣做是為了遵守硫和氮氧化物的排放規(guī)則。在不同的柴油機負(fù)載和不同的油氣比一系列范圍內(nèi)研究排放的廢氣微粒。從這些測量結(jié)果表明,液化天然氣柴油機的固體顆粒、氮氧化物、二氧化碳的排量比目前的燃油船舶要低。排放微粒主要指有揮發(fā)特征和主要直徑低于50 nm。液化天然氣船舶排放的數(shù)量、大小直徑分布顯示在9-10 nm 不同的峰值一部分的峰值直徑在6nm以下，現(xiàn)在的船用燃油

35、,總碳?xì)浠衔锖鸵谎趸嫉呐欧疟纫夯烊粴獯拜^高，這個觀點說明了考慮燃燒天然氣的重要性。關(guān)鍵詞：壓縮天然氣；懸浮微粒；尺寸分布；柴油機機動性良好；稀釋；排氣；Investigation of Solid Particle Number Measurement of Engine EmissionsAuthor:Zheng, ZhongqingAcceptance Date:2012Series:UC Riverside Electronic Theses and DissertationsDegree:Ph.D., Mechanical EngineeringUC RiversideAdvi

36、sor(s):Jung, HeejungCommittee:Tsutsui, Hideaki, Rao, MasaruAbstract As diesel PM regulation gets more stringent, the current gravimetric method which has been used for legal determination of PM mass for vehicle emissions will have difficulty accurately quantifying PM mass emissions. Progress in regu

37、lating diesel PM emissions by non-gravimetric means has been made in the Europe. The method, so called particle measurement program (PMP) protocol specifies counting solid particles larger than 23 nm. This method has already been adopted for Euro V and VI to regulate light-duty and heavy-duty vehicl

38、e emissions and it is also expected to be adopted to regulate emissions for aviation section. However, exclusion of sub-23 nm particles poses some potential issues. In this thesis, the PMP method was investigated with a focus on finding the nature of sub-23 nm particles which are excluded in the cur

39、rent PMP protocol.KeyWords: Adjustment of diesel engine; non gravimetric method; measurement plan; protocol固體顆粒數(shù)測量發(fā)動機排放的研究摘要 隨著柴油機的調(diào)節(jié)變得越來越嚴(yán)格，目前的重量法已被用于車輛排放的污染物的法律確定，將有困難準(zhǔn)確量化分時質(zhì)量排放。調(diào)節(jié)柴油機排放的研究進展在歐洲，由非重量手段制造的方法，所謂的粒子測量計劃（PMP）協(xié)議指定計數(shù)的固體顆粒大于23納米。該方法已被采用歐元V和VI規(guī)范輕型重型汽車的排放量，也有望通過調(diào)節(jié)排放量航空科。然而，sub-23納米顆粒的排除帶來了一

40、些潛在的問題。在這篇論文中，PMP的方法進行了研究，以尋找其中被排除在當(dāng)前PMP協(xié)議sub-23納米顆粒的性質(zhì)。關(guān)鍵詞：柴油機的調(diào)節(jié)；非重量手段；測量計劃；性質(zhì)Particulate matter in marine diesel engines exhausts: Emissions and control strategiesAuthor:Di Natale, F (Di Natale, Francesco) 1   Carotenuto, C (Carotenuto, Claudia) 2

41、 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2015.08.011Acceptance Date：OCT 2015Abstract Marine diesel engines emit particles that have a complex nature, being composed by carbonaceous particles, with size spanning from few nanometres to less than one micron, and inorganic particles of micron size mainly

42、 made by ashes and sulphates.  On a global scale, international shipping is responsible for few percentages of the particulate matter emissions, which also affect climate, but the regional distribution of naval traffic suggests the insurgence of significant exposure risk for population living a

43、long the coastal areas, due to chronic exposure effects. Specific strategies should be implemented to reduce the emissions of all the components of particulate matter. This paper aims to present a survey on the current and innovative strategies to remove particles from marine diesel e

44、ngine exhausts, along with a critical review of the most recent findings on ships emitted particles. Evidences on physical-chemical properties, toxicology and emission factors of the particles were reported. This survey indicates that several strategies can provide a significant reduction of particu

45、late matter emissions from ships and integration between innovative after-treatment systems, ships design and operation procedures can potentially lead to overall reduction of more than 99% even with parallel fuel savings. KeyWords: Dieselengines; Particulate matter; Black carbon; Soo

46、t; Emission control柴油機廢氣中微粒物質(zhì)：排放控制策咯摘要 船用柴油機排放微粒有復(fù)雜的性質(zhì),是由大小從幾納米到小于1微米的碳顆粒和無機微米大小的主要由灰和硫酸鹽組成的顆粒物構(gòu)成。 在全球范圍內(nèi),國際航運對顆粒物排放負(fù)有一定的責(zé)任,它也影響氣候,在海上交通分布密集的海岸線區(qū)域生活的人們由于長期暴露的在這些排放物中而承受著很大的危險。具體的策略應(yīng)該實現(xiàn)降低排放顆粒物的組成部分。本文旨在提供一個調(diào)查當(dāng)前和創(chuàng)新策略消除船用柴油機尾氣顆粒的排放以及評論最近的船上發(fā)現(xiàn)的排放顆粒物。在理化性質(zhì)、毒理和排放因素的粒子的證據(jù)被報道。這個調(diào)查表明,一些策略可以顯著減少船舶排放的顆粒物和

47、在后期理的創(chuàng)新的處理系統(tǒng),船舶設(shè)計和操作規(guī)程中集成的措施都可以使整體排放量降低超過99%同時節(jié)約燃料。關(guān)鍵詞:柴油機；微粒物；黑碳；煙塵；排放控制New Rotary Engine Designs by Deviation Function MethodAuthor:Warren, SarahAcceptance Date:2012Series:UCLA Electronic Theses and DissertationsDegree:Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering 0330UCLAAdvisor(s):Yang, Daniel C HCommittee:Gadh

48、, Rajit, Stenstrom, Michael K, Tsao, Tsu-ChinAbstract By using the DF method, a larger variety of engine proles is available to meet multipldesign criteria and allow more exibility in the design process. Some example deviationfunctions are provided for process illustration and design development. En

49、gine prole designsand methods using circular pitch curves are developed using both arc-based and nonarc-basedapex seal proles. Engine prole designs with noncircular pitch curves are developed usingthe arc-based seal prole.KeyWords: Method; flexibility; design and development一種新的旋轉(zhuǎn)式發(fā)動機設(shè)計的偏差函數(shù)法摘要 采用DF

50、方法，較大的各種發(fā)動機的設(shè)計可以滿足多設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并允許更多在設(shè)計過程中的靈活性。一些例子偏差功能是提供流程圖和設(shè)計開發(fā)。機板型設(shè)計采用圓形節(jié)曲線方法的開發(fā)使用電弧和基礎(chǔ)徑向密封設(shè)計。非圓節(jié)曲線板型設(shè)計發(fā)動機的開發(fā)利用基于設(shè)計的弧。關(guān)鍵詞: DF方法；靈活性；設(shè)計開發(fā)Evelopment and validation of a new turbocharger simulation methodology for marine two stroke diesel engine modelling and diagnostic applicationsAut

51、hor:Sakellaridis, NF (Sakellaridis, Nikolaos F.) 1   Raptotasios, SI (Raptotasios, Spyridon I.) 1   Antonopoulos, AK (Antonopoulos, Antonis K.) 1  Mavropoulos, GC (Mavropoulos, Georgios C.) 1   Hountalas,

52、DT (Hountalas, Dimitrios T.) 1 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.049Acceptance Date：NOV 2015Abstract Engine cycle simulation models are increasingly used in diesel engine simulation and diagnostic applications, reducing experimental effort. Turbocharger simulation plays an

53、important role in model's ability to accurately predict engine performance and emissions.  The present work describes the development of a complete engine simulation model for marine Diesel engines based on a new methodology for turbocharger modelling utilizing physically bas

54、ed meanline models for compressor and turbine. Simulation accuracy is evaluated against engine bench measurements. The methodology was developed to overcome the problem of limited experimental maps availability for compressor and turbine, often encountered in large marinediesel engine simu

55、lation and diagnostic studies. Data from the engine bench are used to calibrate the models, as well as to estimate turbocharger shaft mechanical efficiency. Closed cycle and gas exchange are modelled using an existing multizone thermodynamic model.  The proposed methodology is applied on a 2-st

56、roke marine diesel engine and its evaluation is based on the comparison of predictions against measured engine data. It is demonstrated model's ability to predict engine response with load variation regarding both turbocharger performance and closed cycle parameters, as well as NOx emission trends, making it an effective tool for both engine diagnostic and optimization studies.KeyWords:Two strokedieselengine; Turbocharger simulation; Engine cycle simulation