1、托福考試官方指南指出，一個(gè)好的引言能完成下列幾項(xiàng)任務(wù)：1. 能引起讀者的興趣2. 告訴讀者文本總的話題3. 告訴讀者本文的主旨1.1. 首先，文章要使用些能吸引讀者（閱卷人）注意力的首段首先，文章要使用些能吸引讀者（閱卷人）注意力的首段2.2. 其次，要交代關(guān)于本文話題的一些背景信息其次，要交代關(guān)于本文話題的一些背景信息3.3. 最后，要以一句話陳述本文的主題（最后，要以一句話陳述本文的主題（Thesis statementThesis statement）, ,而且，而且， 如果合如果合適的話，在主題陳述句中預(yù)覽本文的主要觀點(diǎn)。適的話，在主題陳述句中預(yù)覽本文的主要觀點(diǎn)。簡(jiǎn)言之，首段要短簡(jiǎn)言之

2、，首段要短3-43-4句話、有趣并統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文句話、有趣并統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文GeneralbackgroundTopic ThesisStatement1234511Definition：寫作按照從大范圍到小范圍、從概括到具體的“漏斗型”模式展開。文章在開始提供概括性北京信息，接著過(guò)渡到本文的具體話題。要用好魚鉤，必須注意兩點(diǎn)：第一，開始的背景信息不能過(guò)于寬泛籠統(tǒng)；第二，討論文本的具體話題時(shí)要緊貼題目的要求。1Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?If children want to do well in school, parents

3、 should limit their hours of watching TV programs or movies.Many are concerned about the influence of new technologies on the quality of education children receive, and there is particular concern regarding the influence of television and movies. (General background )I agree with the statement above

4、; （ Topic ）if children are to do well in school, parents should be aware of and control the number of hours their children watch television or movies, because of the negative effect such forms of entertainment can have on a childs education. （TS ）1Some students prefer to study alone . Others prefer

5、to study with a group of students. Which do you prefer？Choosing a learning style is a purely personal decision. Some students prefer to study individually for better concentration, while others would rather study with a group of students. As for me, I would opt to study with others, an approach whic

6、h provides more opportunities for fun, mutual help, and critical thinking.RegardingRegarding which learning style to adopt, people have different , even people have different , even diametrically opposite views.diametrically opposite views.1Would you prefer to live in a traditional house or in a mod

7、ern apartment building？Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.Choosing which type of house to live in is a purely personal Choosing which type of house to live in is a purely personal decision. Some people prefer to live in traditional houses for decision. Some people prefer to live

8、 in traditional houses for their convenient locations, while others would rather live in their convenient locations, while others would rather live in modern apartment buildings. As for me, I would opt to live in modern apartment buildings. As for me, I would opt to live in a modern building, which

9、provides better utilities, greater a modern building, which provides better utilities, greater space, and cheaper space, and cheaper maintainancesmaintainances. .1Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？Patience is usually not a good strategy. We should take action now rather than late

10、r.The issue of always taking immediate action is highly debatable. On the one hand, taking immediate action enables us to grasp some one-of-alifetime opportunities such as getting the apartment we want or the last minuteAirline ticket. On the other hand, taking quick action is not appropriate becaus

11、e some decisions call for research and careful consideration such as choosing which university to attend or whom to get to married to. However, in the ultimate analysis, I contend that we take prompt action to ensure success.1Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？For successful devel

12、opment of a country, should a government focus its budget more onVery young childrens education rather than on universities ？The issue of The issue of investing in education, young childrens education or universities, is highly debatableis highly debatable. On the one On the one handhand, early educ

13、ation shapes a childs lifelong development. On the other handOn the other hand, university education determines a countrys competitive edge. However, in the ultimate analysisHowever, in the ultimate analysis, , I contend that I contend that the government should invest more heavily in universities f

14、or the following reasons.1Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？For successful development of a country, should a government focus its budget more onVery young childrens education rather than on universities ？The issue of The issue of investing in education, young childrens education

15、 or universities, is highly debatableis highly debatable. On the one On the one handhand, early education shapes a childs lifelong development. On the other handOn the other hand, university education determines a countrys competitive edge. However, in the ultimate analysisHowever, in the ultimate a

16、nalysis, , I contend that I contend that the government should invest more heavily in universities for the following reasons.22問(wèn)題魚鉤以提問(wèn)的方式引出文章主題。這一手段像“漏斗魚鉤”一樣容易使用。但使用這一魚鉤時(shí)，必須注意：?jiǎn)柧洳灰诉^(guò)多，一般不能超過(guò)三個(gè)，而且一定都要緊扣題目。1.提出問(wèn)題：首先是設(shè)問(wèn)或反問(wèn)2.回答問(wèn)題：然后回答3.陳述主題：最后即全文的主題陳述2It has been said, ”Not everything that is learned is

17、contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why ?We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus,

18、who stated “The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einsteins counsel that“The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in ones learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultima

19、tely the most important source of knowledge.如何設(shè)問(wèn)？你的回答是？主題陳述是：來(lái)源是書本 or 實(shí)踐？2Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Young people today are more likely to give time and effort to improve the world than young people were in the past.Will young people nowadays be more committed to improving

20、 the world than their counterparts in the past, as the topic statement claims? Absolutely. In view of their growing global awareness, their enhanced sense of justice and obligations, and their greater repertoire of skill, young people in contemporary society are more willing and able to dedicate the

21、mselves to bettering the world.2Some students prefer to study alone. Others prefer to study with a group of students. Which do you prefer?WhichWhich learning style isis more productive, studying individually oror studying with a group of students? Some want Some want independent thinking and a flexi

22、ble pace, while others value while others value group discussion. Given the choice, I Given the choice, I prefer to prefer to study with a group of students for the following reasons.for the following reasons.2Your school has enough money to purchase either computers for students or books for the li

23、brary. Which should your school choose to buycomputers or books? Use specific reasons and examples to support your recommendation. WhichWhich way of investment is more beneficial to my school, especially to us students, buying computers for them or books for the library? Some Some want want to have

24、a technological device that promises to revolutionize the way they live, while others value while others value the pleasant smells of printed books. Given the choice, I prefer to Given the choice, I prefer to purchase books for the library for the for the following reasons.following reasons.2Do you

25、agree or disagree with the following statement?Patience is usually not a good strategy. We should take action now rather than later.Which position makes more sense, Which position makes more sense, to take immediate action oror to patiently wait for the right time? The answer to this question depend

26、s on the situationThe answer to this question depends on the situation. The first The first position is sound when it comes toposition is sound when it comes to one-of-a-lifetime opportunities while while the second position is valid regardingthe second position is valid regarding key issues like ch

27、oosing which university to attend. On balance, I believe that On balance, I believe that we should take prompt action most of time.2Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?An effective leader should try to make others feel that they are part of the decision making process.Which positio

28、n makes more senseWhich position makes more sense, to involve others in the decision making process oror to make all the decisions oneself? The answer to this question depends on the situationThe answer to this question depends on the situation. The first The first position is sound when it comes to

29、 position is sound when it comes to issues calling for input from others while the second position is valid regarding while the second position is valid regarding issues that are time-consuming but require immediate action. On balance, I believe that On balance, I believe that good leaders should al

30、ways try to enable others to participate in the decision making process.21.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 問(wèn)題魚鉤The best way for parents to teach children about responsibility is to have them care for an animal.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?漏斗魚鉤Movies

31、and TV programs made in ones own country are more interesting than those made in other countries.33引申：讓步-轉(zhuǎn)折-遞進(jìn)開頭：給出自己立場(chǎng)Body 1：給出對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)，將對(duì)方一頓夸Body 2：支持自己立場(chǎng)觀點(diǎn)1（好處1）Body 3：支持自己立場(chǎng)觀點(diǎn)2（好處2）結(jié)尾：重申立場(chǎng)和觀點(diǎn)The refutation 適用于有爭(zhēng)議的話題。就是在處理有爭(zhēng)議的話題時(shí)，以讓步的方式引出自己的話題。屬于讓步式寫法3對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)理由駁斥主題陳述擺出對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)的合理性，也就是擺出對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)的合理性，也就是指出他的好處指

32、出他的好處做出讓步做出讓步為我方觀點(diǎn)做鋪墊；但是在涉及為我方觀點(diǎn)做鋪墊；但是在涉及到。或這樣做是行不通的到。或這樣做是行不通的給出自己的立場(chǎng)給出自己的立場(chǎng)3Some people say that physical exercise should be a part of every school day. Other people believe that students should spend the whole school day on academic studies. Which opiniondo you agree with?對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)：It is true that phy

33、sical exercise is important. 細(xì)節(jié)理由：For example, it helps students reduce stress, lose weight, and improve academic performance.駁斥： However, it is not the responsibility of a school to offer physical training to its students. 主題陳述：Should physical exercise be part of the school program, it would be a w

34、aste of effort and resources for the following reasons.3Topic: government recreational centers VS art facilities?對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)：It is widely admitted that building recreational facilities such as swimming pools or stadium brings some distinct benefits. 細(xì)節(jié)理由：For example, they will enable people to take regular

35、 exercise and strengthen physical health. Another benefit is that cities with such facilities can hold sports events like Olympics to promote their publicity.我方觀點(diǎn)：After taking all factors into account, however, I still hold the opposite opinion that the government should have more museum or music th

36、eater constructed in cities.3描述對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)：UndoubtedlyWithout questionIt is true that It is widely admitted that A has some distinct advantages. 描述細(xì)節(jié)理由：For example, it will enable people to.Another benefit is that 描述我方觀點(diǎn)：After taking all the factors into account; however, I still hold the opposite opinion

37、thatIndeed ObjectivelyAdmittedly3Topic: when people succeed, it is because of hard work. Lucky has nothingto do with success.對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)：It is universally acknowledged that hard work is indispensable to success.細(xì)節(jié)理由：For example, scientists toil for years before they make a major discovery. Students study f

38、or years before they are accepted by a top university. Self-made people work for a long time, even all their life before they make a fortune.我方觀點(diǎn)：However, less well-known is the essential role that luck plays in achieving ones goals. It is often luck that turns years of hard work into success; peopl

39、e discover and invent things with the help of luck, and so do them become famous and find jobs.3Topic : Study alone VS study with a group of students對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)：Undoubtedly, studying individually has a number of advantages over studying with a group of students. 細(xì)節(jié)理由：For example, less distraction is the ma

40、jor benefit. Another virtue is the flexible pace at which one can study ones course.我方觀點(diǎn)：Notwithstanding, increasing numbers of people are opting to study with a group of students instead of studying alone. I can be counted as one of them.3Topic : travel with a companion VS travel alone ?Undoubtedly

41、Undoubtedly, traveling with a companion has a number of has a number of advantages overadvantages over taking a trip alone.For exampleFor example, safety is the major benefitthe major benefit. Another virtue Another virtue is is the share of cost on some occasions. NotwithstandingNotwithstanding, in

42、creasing number of people are opting increasing number of people are opting to to travel alone instead of instead of traveling with a companion. I I can be counted as one of them.can be counted as one of them. 3Topic : The main role of a university professor is to educate students rather than to do

43、research.There is no doubt that educating students is the main important rule in producing a high quality of future population. However, nowadays, the university not only provides knowledge to the students, but it also facilitates new invention by allowing the professor doing a research. Hence, I di

44、sagree that the university professor should give a priority on educating more than doing research and I provide reasons to oppose this as following.The refutation hook3Topic : The main role of a university professor is to educate students rather than to do research.There is no doubt that educating s

45、tudents is the main important rule in producing a high quality of future population. However, nowadays, the university not only provides knowledge to the students, but it also facilitates new invention by allowing the professor doing a research. Hence, I disagree that the university professor should

46、 give a priority on educating more than doing research and I provide reasons to oppose this as following.The refutation hook3Topic : The main role of a university professor is to educate students rather than to do research.Universities are places of knowledge and explore, and there is no doubt thatu

47、niversities professors play an important role on educating students andexploring their fields of study. According to my own perspective, I believe thatbeing a professor, its more essential to do his or her own research rather thanfocusing on their teaching segment.The funnel hook3Topic : The main ro

48、le of a university professor is to educate students rather than to do research.What is the main role of a university professor, to educate students or to do research? Some people believe that professors should focus their time on doing research, but as far as I am concerned, it is educating that des

49、erves more devotion of professors.The question hook3Topic : The main role of a university professor is to educate students rather than to do research.Do research 理由： bring a most benefit to a human creature creates knowledge outside textbooks and experience to the students raising the prestige of th

50、e university doing academic research is virtually more significant than merely imparting knowledge43對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)理由駁斥主題陳述擺出對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)的合理性，也就是擺出對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)的合理性，也就是指出他的好處指出他的好處做出讓步做出讓步為我方觀點(diǎn)做鋪墊；但是在涉及為我方觀點(diǎn)做鋪墊；但是在涉及到。或這樣做是行不通的到。或這樣做是行不通的給出自己的立場(chǎng)給出自己的立場(chǎng)4Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The main role of a

51、university professor is to educate students rather than to do research.One day last week, I went to three different classes in which each professor relayed the same exact message: “Read my book.” It was then that I questioned whether some professors value their responsibilities as researchers more t

52、han as teachers. The major role of a professor should be , to my mind, teaching rather than doing research. UCLA is a compelling example to illustrate this thesis.4Some people spend their entire life living in one place. Others move a number of times throughout their lives, looking for a better job, house, community, or even climate. Which do you prefer: staying in one place or moving in search of another place? Use reasons and specific examp