1、可數名詞與不可數名詞1.1從詞的形式來看，英語名詞分為可數名詞與不可數名詞?？蓴蹬c不可數是英語名詞的最基本類別。一般說來，個體名詞是可數名詞；物質名詞、抽象名詞和專有名詞是不可數名詞；集體名詞則有的可數， 有的不可數。1.1.1 可數名詞與不可數名詞(Countable nouns and uncountable nouns)a. 可數名詞有單、復數形式，單數形式可用a/ an; 不可數名詞沒有復數形式，單數形式前不用a/ an，但可用the或不用。例如：Tom is a little boy.There are 20 boys in our class.Fish and poultry ar

2、e usually not called meat. Ill pay for the meat. b. 名詞的數影響句子中與之有關的謂語動詞、限定詞等。例如：There are many/ some/ a lot of/ (a) few people in the park.There are not many/ any people in the park.There is much/ some/ a lot of/ (a) little/ a great deal of/ a fair amount of water.There is not much/ any water. c. 下列名

3、詞常用作不可數名詞：accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, cash, cloth,clothing, coal, equipment, fun, furniture, grass, harm, information, ink, knowledge, labour, laughter, leisure, luck, lightning, living, luggage, machinery, meat, money, news, paper, permission, popularity, progress, rice, scener

4、y, soap, sugar, tea, traffic, travel, trouble, thunder, weather, work等。1.1.2 可數名詞與不可數名詞之間的相互轉化(Conversion of uncountable into countable and countable into uncountable) 可數名詞與不可數名詞在一定條件下可以相互轉化。a. 物質名詞一般是不可數的，但用來表示具體、個別事物，或表示各種不同品種時，通常是可數的，如different coffees, various soaps。再看以下例子：Do you care for tea?Lo

5、ng-jing is a well-known tea.We were not allowed to buy wine at lunch time.I like wines.b. 抽象名詞一般是不可數的，但當它前后有修飾語表示某一種或某一方面的抽象概念時，其前可加a/ an。例如：A good map would be a help.It was a relief to sit down.He had a good knowledge of mathematics.c. 某些物質名詞或抽象名詞用作復數時，詞義往往起變化。例如：Light（光）travels faster than sound.

6、The lights（燈）are on.He is a teacher of five years experience（經驗）.He is relating to us his experiences（經歷）as an explorer. d. 有些集體名詞，如audience, committee, class, couple, crew, family, team, government, jury, party, public等，既可作單數，又可作復數。把集體視為一個整體時，用作單數；指該集體的各個成員時，用作復數。例如：The audience is enormous.The aud

7、ience are enjoying every minute of the play.His family is small.My family are all doctors. 1.2 復數(Plural)1.2.1 英語名詞的復數構成(Formation of the plural of English nouns) a. 英語可數名詞的規則復數形式，是在詞尾加-s。例如：desks, maps, lakes, workers, fields, days, miles, pages, horsesb. 如詞尾為s,ch, sh, ss或x，在詞尾加-es。例如：churchchurche

8、s, bushbushes, classclasses, boxboxesc. 如詞尾為-f或-fe，一般變為-ves; 有的加-s即可；而有的則既可變為-ves，又可只加-s。例如：calfcalves, halfhalves, knifeknives, leafleaves, lifelives, loafloaves, selfselves, shelfshelves,thiefthieves, wifewives, wolfwolves;beliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs, roofroofs, safesafes,handkerchiefhandkerchiefs；

9、d. 如詞尾為-y，則變y為i，再加-es。例如：partyparties, factoryfactories, familyfamiliese. 如詞尾為o，有的加-es；有的加-s；有的則既可加-es，又可只加-s。例如：heroheroes,potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes;radioradios,pianopianos, photophotos, zoozoos;f. 表示字母、數字及其它詞類的復數時，詞尾常加-s，有時只加-s。例如：Her Js look like Ts.Since the beginning of the 90s, the town ha

10、s changed a lot. Dont interrupt me with your buts.g. 一些不規則變化的名詞復數形式：childchildren, footfeet, manmen,mousemice, toothteeth, womanwomenh. 有些以-s結尾的名詞通常只有復數形式：scissors, goods, trousers, clothes, pants, spectacles;belongings, findings, savings, surroundings;contentsi. 有些集體名詞用作復數：cattle, police, people, m

11、ilitia, poultry g. 意思不同也詞性不同得單詞chicken是一個名詞，它有兩個意思：1）. 泛指雛鳥,尤指小雞 可數名詞 復數為chickens2）.雞肉 不可數名詞 沒有復數形式。 fish 可用作可數名詞和不可數名詞。1）、用作可數名詞時，表示“魚”。復數形式多用fish ，也可用fishes。尤其表示多種魚類時。2）、用作不可數名詞時表示“魚肉”。沒有復數形式。1.2.2 具有兩種不同意義的復數形式(Two forms of the plural withdifferentiated meaning)有些名詞的復數具有兩種不同意思，一個與單數的意思相同，另一個則為別的意

12、思。例如：arms手臂（復數）；武器customs習慣（復數）；關稅minutes 分鐘（復數）；記錄1.2.3 單數形式(Singular form) a. 有的名詞單復數同形：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, means, series, species，以及jin(斤）、li（里）、yuan（元）等漢語譯名。例如：one sheep/ two sheepb. 有些以-s結尾的學科名詞或國名，作單數用：phonetics（語音學），physics，optics（光學），politics;the United States, the United Nations

13、, the Netherlands等。c. 有些和數詞連用的名詞，表示復數時仍保持單數形式：a ten-pound baby, a twelve-foot pole, two dozen eggs, three million dollars1.2.5 復合名詞(Compound nouns)a. 句法復合名詞的復數形式：1）詞尾加-s: bedrooms, bookcases2）前后兩個名詞均需變為復數：manservantmenservants, woman doctorwomen doctors3）少數復合名詞可在第一或第二個詞后加-s: attorney generalattorney

14、s general/ attorney generals4）名詞后加-s: looker-onlookers-on, son-in-lawsons-in-law5）詞尾加-s: grown-upgrown-ups,sit-insit-ins6）動詞-ing形式后加-s: coming-incomings-inb. 銜頭、稱謂的復數形式：the two Browns, Drs.William and Henry Brown1.3 單位名詞(Unit nouns)單位名詞用來表示不可數名詞的個體性，即使之能以個數計算；也能與可數名詞搭配表示一雙，一群等意義。除了搭配能力很強的piece和bit以外

15、，還有表示形狀、容積、重量以及表示成雙、成群的單位名詞。例如：a piece/ bit of advice/ bread/ information/ news；a bar of chocolate/ a loaf of bread/ a pack of cigarettes；a bag of flour/ a basket of fruit/ a pound of butter/；a couple of players/ a flock of birds/ a pair of shoes/ a swarm of bees等。1.4 名詞屬格(Genitive nouns)英語名詞有兩種屬格：-

16、s屬格和of-屬格。例如：What is the schools name?What is the name of the school?1.4.1 -s屬格和of-屬格(-s genitive and of genitive) a. 兩種屬格表示的意義1）所有關系：Mr Browns suitcase (相當于Mr Brown has a suitcase.)the trunk of an elephant (相當于An elephant has a trunk.)2）主謂關系：Dr Smiths answer (相當于Dr Smith answered-)the claim of the

17、buyers (相當于The buyers claimed-)3）動賓關系：the boys punishment (相當于- punished the boy.)the occupation of the Island (相當于- occupied the island.) 4）事物的來源：the girls story (相當于a story told by the girl)the laws of Newton (相當于the laws advanced by Newton)5）事物的類別：a doctors degree (相當于a doctoral degree)womens mag

18、azines (相當于magazines for women)6）同位關系：the city of New York (相當于New York is a city.)the pleasure of meeting you (相當于Meeting you is a pleasure.)b. -s屬格的使用：1）主要用于表示有生命的名詞，如womens clothes, the horsesmouth等。2）用于國家機關、社團及一些地理名稱，如the governments plan, Europes future等。3）用于交通工具等，如the ships bell, the cars engi

19、ne 等。4）用于表示時間、距離、價值和重量的名詞，如a moments thought, seven hours walk, six dollars worth, two tons weight等。5）常用于一些習慣用語中，如in my minds eye, in lifesstruggle等。c. of-屬格的使用：主要用于表示無生命的名詞，如the events of the decade, the door of the hut等。d. -s屬格的省略：-s屬格后的名詞有以下情況可以省略：1）被修飾名詞在句中已出現過，例如：His car is faster than his fathers (car).2）被修飾名詞表示某人的家，例如：The doctors (house) is on the other side of the street.3）被