1、airport was built during the war, but for some reason it could not be used then. last year, however, it came into use. over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise. i am one of the few people left. sometimes i think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane

2、. i have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but i am determined to stay here. everybody says i must be mad and they are probably right.lesson22 a glass envelope 玻璃信封my daughter, jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in holland. last year, we were travelling

3、across the channel and jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. she threw the bottle into the sea. she never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in holland. both girls write to each other regularly now. however, they have decid

4、ed to use the post-office. letters will cost a litt1e more, but they will certainly travel faster. lesson23 a new house 新居i had a letter from my sister yesterday. she lives in nigeria. in her letter, she said that she would come to england next year. if she comes, she will get a surprise. we are now

5、 living in a beautiful new house in the country. work on it had begun before my sister left. the house was completed five months ago. in my letter, i told her that she could stay with us. the house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. it is a very modern house, so it looks strange to s

6、ome people. it must be the only modern house in the district.lesson24 it could be worse 不幸中之萬幸i entered the hotel managers office and sat down. i had just lost &50 and i felt very upset. i left the money in my room, i said, and its not there now. the manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing.

7、 everyones losing money these days, he said. he started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. a girl came in and put an envelope on his desk. it contained &5o. i found this outside this gentlemans room she said. well, i said to the manager, there is still so

8、me honesty in this world !lesson25 do the english speak english? 英國人講的是英語嗎？i arrived in london at last. the railway station was big, black and dark. i did not know the way to my hotel, so i asked a porter. i not only spoke english very carefully, but very clearly as well. the porter, however, could

9、not understand me; i repeated my question several times and at last he understood. he answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly. i am a foreigner, i said. then he spoke slowly, but i could not understand him. my teacher never spoke english like that! the porter and i looked at each other

10、and smiled. then he said something and i understood it. youll soon learn english! he said. i wonder. in england, each man speaks a different language. the english understand each other, but i dont understand them ! do they speak english ?lesson26 the best art critics 最佳美術評論家i am an art student and i

11、 paint a lot of pictures. many people pretend that they understand modern art. they always tell you what a picture is about. of course, many pictures arc not about anything. they are just pretty patterns. we like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. i think that young children

12、often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. they notice more. my sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not. she came into my room yesterday. what are you doing ? she asked. im hanging this picture on the wall, i answered. its a new one. do you li

13、ke it ? she looked at it critically for a moment. its all right, she said, but isnt it upside-down ? i looked at it again. she was right! it was!lesson27 a wet night 雨夜late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. as soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an ope

14、n fire. they were all hungry and the food smelt good. after a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the camp fire. but some time later it began to rain. the boys felt tired so they pet out the fire and crept into their tent. their sleeping-bags were warm and comfortable, so they all sl

15、ept soundly. in the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting. the tent was full of water! they all leapt out of their sleeping-bags and hurried outside. it was raining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field. the stream wound its way across the field and then flo

16、wed right under their tent!lesson28 no parking 禁止停車jasper white is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. he has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with motorists. when he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked

17、 a car outside his gate. because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. jasper has put up no parking signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. it is one of the ugliest faces i have ever seen. i ask

18、ed him what it was and he told me that it was medusa, the gorgon. jasper hopes that she will turn motorists to stone. but none of them has been turned to stone yet!lesson29 taxi! 出租汽車！captain ben fawcett has bought an unusual taxi and has begun a new service. the taxi is a small swiss aeroplane call

19、ed a pilatus porter. this wonderful plane can carry seven passengers. the most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even on a ploughed field. captain fawcetts first passenger was a doctor who flew from birmingham to a lonely village in the welsh mounta

20、ins. since then, captain fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places. once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park. captain fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman. the man wanted to fly to rockall, a lonely is

21、land in the atlantic ocean, but captain fawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.lesson30 football or polo? 足球還是水球？the wayle is a small river that cuts across the park near my home. i like sitting by the wayle on fine afternoons. it was warm last sunday, so i went and sat on the r

22、iver bank as usual. some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river. suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball very hard and it went towards a passing boat. some people on the bank called out to the man in the boat, but he did not hear them. the ball str

23、uck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water. i turned to look at the children, but there werent any in sight: they had all run away! the man laughed when he realized what had happened. he called out to the children and threw the ball back to the bank. lesson31 success story 成功者的故事yesterday af

24、ternoon frank hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. frank is now the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. it was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. he saved money for years and in 19

25、38 he bought a small work-shop of his own. during the war frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. at that time he had two helpers. by the end of the war, the small work-shop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. frank smiled when he remembered his ha

26、rd early years and the long road to success. he was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. she wanted him to repair their sons bicycle! lesson32 shopping made easy 購物變得很方便people are not so honest as they once were. the temptation to steal is greater than ever before-especially in l

27、arge shops. a detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on monday mornings. one monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her. the woman first bought a few small articles. after

28、a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible. then the woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying. when she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop-assista

29、nt was her daughter. the girl gave her mother a free dress once a week !lesson33 out of the darkness 沖出黑暗nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. one afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. towards evening, the boat st

30、ruck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water. during that time she covered a distance of eight miles. early next morning, she saw a light ahead. she knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. on arr

31、iving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. that was all she remembered. when she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.lesson34 quick work 破案“神速”ted robinson has been worried all the week. last tuesday he received a letter from the local police.

32、in the letter he was asked to call at the station. ted wondered why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and now he is not worried any more. at the station, he was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found. five days ago, the policeman told him, the bic

33、ycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away. it is now being sent to his home by train. ted was most surprised when he heard the news. he was amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found. it was stolen twenty years ago when ted was a boy of fifteen !lesson35 stop t

34、hief! 捉賊！rov trenton used to drive a taxi. a short while ago, however, he became a bus-driver and he was not regretted it. he is finding his new work far more exciting. when he was driving along catford street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car. one of them

35、 was carrying a bag full of money. roy acted quickly and drove the bus straight at the thieves. the one with the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag. as the thieves were trying to get away in their car, roy drove his bus into the back of it. while the battered car was moving away, roy st

36、opped his bus and telephoned the police. the thieves car was badly damaged and easy to recognize. shortly afterwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested. lesson36 across the channel 橫渡海峽erna hart is going to swim across the english channel tomorrow. she is going to set out from th

37、e french coast at five oclock in the morning. erna is only fourteen years old and she hopes lo set up a new world record. she is a strong swimmer and many people feel that she is sure to succeed. ernas father will set out with her in a small boat. mr hart has trained his daughter for years. tomorrow

38、 he will be watching her anxiously as she swims the long distance to england. erna年產10萬噸酸奶設計說明書目錄一、設計說明書第一章 總論第一節 前言1第二節 建設規模及產品方案2第三節 廠址選擇概述4第四節 總平面布置情況5第二章 工藝設計第一節 工藝流程設計6第二節物料衡算11第三節車間設備選型14第四節主要生產車間設計15二、附件圖1總平面設計圖附圖1圖2設備工藝流程圖附圖2圖3生產車間設備布置圖附圖3表1設備選擇表17表2物料衡算表17一、設計說明書第一章 總論第一節 前言1.1 酸奶簡介民以食為天，食以

39、乳為先。牛乳自古以來即被人類飲用，牛乳的組成最為接近人乳，含有人體所需要的全部營養成分，營養最為均衡，在人們的膳食結構中具有其他食品無法替代的地位和作用。由鮮牛乳發酵成的酸乳由于其豐富的營養、特殊的風味、爽滑的質構和良好的生理功能，備受人們青睞。聯合國糧農組織（fao）、世界衛生組織（who）與國際乳品聯合會（idf）于1977年對酸乳作出如下定義：酸乳，即在添加（或不添加）乳粉（或脫脂乳粉）的乳（殺菌乳或濃縮乳）中，由保加利亞乳桿菌和嗜熱乳酸鏈球菌進行乳酸發酵制成的凝乳狀產品，成品中必須含有大量的、相應的活性微生物。通常根據酸乳成品的組織狀態來進行分類，具體可分為凝固型酸乳（發酵過程在包裝容

40、器中進行，從而使成品因發酵而保留其均勻一致的凝乳狀態）、攪拌型酸乳（成品先發酵后灌裝而得，發酵后的凝乳已在灌裝前和灌裝過程中攪碎而成黏稠且均勻的半流動狀態）和飲用型酸乳（類似攪拌型酸奶，但包裝前凝塊被分散成液體）。飲用酸乳制品對身體有很多益處，乳中許多成分具有很高的營養價值，而且微生物菌群產生的許多代謝產物對人體也極為有益。營養作用：牛奶中乳糖經乳酸菌發酵，其中20%30%被分解為葡萄糖和半乳糖。前者進一步轉化為乳酸或其他有機酸，這些有機酸有益于身體健康；后者被人吸收利用，可參與幼兒腦苷脂和神經物質的合成，并有利于提高乳脂肪的利用率。牛奶中的蛋白質經發酵作用后，乳蛋白變成微細的凝乳粒，易于被人

41、消化吸收。酸奶中的磷、鈣和鐵易被吸收，有利于防止嬰兒佝僂病和老人骨質疏松病。牛奶中的脂肪經乳酸菌作用后，發生解離或酯鍵被破壞，易于被機體吸收。發酵過程中，乳酸菌還會產生人體所必需的維生素b1、維生素b2、維生素b6、維生素b12、煙酸和葉酸等營養物質。緩解乳糖不耐癥：乳酸菌產生的乳糖酶能降解牛奶中的乳糖，因此乳糖不耐癥患者飲用酸奶就不會出現飲用牛奶時發生的乳糖不耐癥，如腹脹、腹痛、腸道痙攣、下瀉等。整腸作用：人體腸道內存在有益菌群和有害菌群。在人體正常情況下，前者占優勢；當人患病時，有害菌群占優勢。飲用酸奶可以維持有益菌群的優勢。抑菌作用：嗜熱乳桿菌和雙歧桿菌不受胃液和膽汁的影響，可以進入腸道

42、，在腸道內存留較長時間。這兩種乳酸菌以及在這些乳酸菌影響下生長起來的腸道中的其他乳酸菌，可以產生嗜熱乳菌素等抗菌物質，這些物質大都對大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌和金黃色葡萄球菌等有明顯的抑菌作用。改善便秘作用：進入腸道中的活的乳酸菌能產生乳酸、醋酸等有機酸。這些有機酸有刺激腸道，加強蠕動的作用，故可以改善便秘。降低膽固醇：牛乳中的乳清酸、乳糖和鈣，以及酸奶中存在的羥基戊二酸都有降低膽固醇的作用。抗癌作用：酸奶有抑制3種酶的活性作用，這些酶能引起癌變。另外，酸奶還能激活巨噬細胞，抑制腫瘤細胞，從而起到抗癌作用。1.2 酸奶的發展前景盡管目前我國的乳業市場不斷擴大，乳品消費觀念在不斷提高，但我國年人均乳制品

43、不足20kg的消費量與世界人均100kg、發達國家人均140kg的消費量相比還有較大差距。中國的乳品消費在整體上并沒有進入完全理性的軌道。由于營養知識的欠缺，許多人不了解乳品對改善營養、平衡膳食、補鈣和增強體質的重要作用，包括對酸乳的認識也不夠，因而市場占有率也不太高，不過隨著人們對酸乳營養價值的認識，人們對酸奶的態度發生了改變，市場占有份額也逐年增加。隨著我國居民生活水平和消費觀念的轉變，酸奶的消費在以后的較長時間內仍舊會保持迅速的增長勢頭，這種超常的增長速度在全球酸奶發展史上是非常罕見的，市場前景極為廣闊。1.3 本次設計范圍本設計主要是年產10萬噸酸奶廠車間的工藝設計。設計范圍包括廠址選

44、擇，制定產品方案，各產品工藝流程的確定，工藝論證，根據物料衡算進行設備選型，對水、電、汽等生產車間必備的生產要素的配給和優化，企業組織及勞動力組成，全廠輔助設施及公用系統，車間生產工藝流程圖、車間平面布置圖、工廠總平面布置圖各一張，經濟核算及效益分析。第二節 建設規模及產品方案2.1 生產規模年產10萬噸酸奶。2.2 產品方案2.2.1 產品方案確定說明本設計根據產品的種類、包裝種類和各產品的產量，并且符合生產向機械化、自動化、連續化發展方向的要求，最終確定了本設計的產品方案。由于酸奶工廠原料基本采用奶牛當日產的牛乳，并且酸奶是消費者每日飲用的產品，因此酸奶工廠全年沒有停產時間，按照365日計

45、算。為平衡每月生產的產量，避免出現部分月停產，部分月加工任務過于繁重，結合主要加工酸奶的品種成熟時間情況，初步安排產品生產方案如下（注每月以30天計）：其中玻璃瓶（200g/瓶）和塑料杯（125g/杯）的班產量為50t；屋頂包（500g/包）的班產量為10t；其他品種的班產量均為20t。表1-1 工廠日生產產品方案產品種類包裝包裝規格灌裝機能力產品名稱產量（噸/天）凝固型酸奶玻璃瓶200g/瓶12000瓶/小時風味、果料酸奶 6個品種（3個/天）90攪拌型酸奶塑料杯125g/杯12000杯/小時風味、果料酸奶 10個品種（5個/天）8520000杯/小時150g/杯9000杯/小時風味、果料酸

46、奶 6個品種（3個/天）40屋頂包200g/包6000包/小時風味、果料酸奶 10個品種（4個/天）24500g/包121000g/包24合計275表1-2 年產100000t發酵乳制品工廠的產品方案一覽表產品名稱包裝種類一月二月三月四月五月六月七月八月九月十月十一月十二月年產量（t）凝固型酸奶玻璃瓶200g32850攪拌型酸奶塑料杯125g31025塑料杯150g14600屋頂包200g8760屋頂包500g 4380屋頂包1000g8760第三節 廠址選擇概述項目廠址選擇在蚌埠高新技術產業示范區，蚌埠位于東經11712、北緯3257，淮河中下游，面向長三角，蚌埠是安徽省最大的城市之一，也是

47、安徽省第一個建市的地級市，同時也是安徽省經濟命脈，全國重要的交通樞紐，經濟腹地十分寬廣。跨中國南北分界線，擁有千里淮河第一大港口，是京滬高速鐵路一等客站所在地、同時京滬高速鐵路由蚌埠火車原上海鐵路局蚌埠鐵路分局，現上海鐵路局蚌埠鐵路辦事處仍駐蚌埠。蚌埠是中國著名的水陸交通樞扭城市，也是安徽省重要的工業基地。常住人口360萬人，其中市區人口近100萬人。蚌埠鐵路縱橫交錯，公路如網般密布，臨近淮河交通極為便利。此外示范區地勢平坦，工程基礎條件良好，周圍沒有污染源等不利于建廠的環境因素。廠址與原料基地之間均為高級公路相通，保證了原料采收期對運輸時間的限制。而銷售地區也在上述中心城市，便于冷鏈運輸和分

48、銷，適于建酸奶加工廠。第四節 總平面布置情況項目占地15000m2，其中生產區占地6000 m2，位于廠區中心；生活區占地1500m2，位于廠區東北角。工廠坐北朝南，從南大門進廠，豁然呈現在眼前的是一個橢圓形的花壇，花壇中心設置有噴泉、假山，這種色彩鮮明、動靜結合的搭配，給人一種清新潔凈、生機盎然的感覺，烘托出項目產品新鮮、方便、衛生的底蘊，廠區總平面布置見圖1。花壇往北便是占地1440m2 的主生產車間，寬敞明亮，布置有現代化的生產線。洗手間、空氣凈化設備、衛生隔墻等設施一應俱全，全面適應生產的需要。廠區東側是機修間和鍋爐房。廠區西側布置的是原料庫、成品庫和辦公樓、實驗室。工廠的道路均按照工

49、廠設計的標準進行布置，主干道路寬6m，兩側布置有綠化帶，環繞整個廠區。并設有人行道和緩沖區，充分做到人車分離、安全生產。廠區的綠化帶布置合理，栽種常綠樹木和草類，使整個廠區四季如春，顯得生機盎然。廠區總平面設計圖見附圖1。現在食品工廠大多采用輕鋼結構的廠房，輕鋼建筑材料重量輕、建設周期短，相對建筑成本比較低，同時，輕鋼結構廠房相對跨度大，對設備在廠房中的布置影響小，框架結構對于不同功能分隔和以后的變更都非常的方便，因此，本設計也將采用輕鋼結構廠房進行設計。我國夏季多為東南風，冬季多為西北風，因此本設計將動力系統和污水處理系統放置在整個廠區的東側，避免因為風向的問題影響產品質量，同時根據乳制品g

50、mp要求，本設計的廠房具有通排風系統，避免外界的污染進入到車間內部。主車間物流為南北走向，人流為東西走向，因此，在主廠房北側設置原輔料倉庫和容器整理中心，對原、輔料進行儲存和瓶、箱等包裝容器的初步滔滔和整理.原料經過加工處理，生產出的成品由主廠房南側經過冷庫儲存和恒溫月臺分配后由物流配送系統運送出廠。恒溫月臺能夠避免成品在分配過程中處于高溫環境，從而造成對產品質量的影響。主場房人流方向為東西走向，人流經過主廠房一次換鞋、更衣、二次換鞋、消毒池以及風淋間后通過人流通道進入各個生產崗位進行生產。設計中人流路線與物流路線沒有交叉，因此能夠避免事故和操作失誤。第二章 工藝設計第一節 工藝流程設計1.1 凝固型酸奶的工藝流程鮮乳或還原乳 驗收 預處理 奶倉牛乳白砂糖 溶解 調配 預熱6065 1520mpa 均質 加熱滅菌9095、35min 冷卻快速冷卻至4245直投式發酵劑 接種 灌裝直投式菌種：43 發酵46.5h 速冷速冷至1520 冷藏后熟：4冷藏過夜保持冷鏈貯存或銷售1.2 攪拌型酸奶的工藝流程 鮮牛乳 驗收 預處理 奶倉 牛乳白砂糖溶解調配 預熱（6065） 均質（15mpa） 殺菌(95，5min) 冷卻(4245)直投式發酵劑 接種 發酵（終點ph4.6） 破乳、冷卻（1520）溶解殺菌 冷卻 混合穩定劑、水、白砂糖 均質（15mp