1、1,The Skull,李文春 教授 Department of AnatomyHubei University of Medicine,目的和要求,1掌握顱的組成、腦顱和面顱各骨的名稱；顱整體觀的重要結構（顱底內面的主要結構，顱側面的主要結構，眶、骨性鼻腔的形態特征，鼻旁竇的名稱、位置及開口）。 2熟悉腦顱和面顱各骨的形態結構。 3了解新生兒顱的特征及其生后變化,面部的年齡變化,The skull 顱,The skull contains 23 bones. The skull is divided into two parts :cerebral cranium（腦顱） and facia

2、l cranium(面顱,frontal bone額骨 ethmoid bone篩骨 Unpaired sphenoid bone蝶骨 occipital bone枕骨 parietal bone頂骨 paired temporal bone顳骨,一）The cerebral cranium,The cerebral cranium consists of eight cranial bones,maxillae上頜骨 palatine bone 腭骨 paired zygomatic bone 顴骨 bones nasal bone 鼻骨 lacrimal bone淚骨 inferior n

3、asal conchae下鼻甲 vomer 犁骨 Unpaired mandible下頜骨 bones hyoid bone 舌骨,二）The facial cranium,The facial cranium are fifteen in number,二）The facial cranium,1. The mandible,2. The hyoid bone,angle of mandible,長方臉,圓臉,方臉,瓜子臉,下頜角與面型的關系 按流行的分類方法，中國人的臉形可分為方臉、圓臉、長方臉、長圓臉，其中以長圓臉俗稱瓜子臉最受青睞,芳齡24歲的林小姐下頜角向外膨隆，形成一典型的國字臉。

4、這張臉要是男子漢倒能顯出幾分粗獷，幾分威嚴，但卻給愛美的林小姐憑添無數煩惱,怎么辦呀,短臉、方臉通過整形可以變成漂亮的瓜子臉,下頜角肥大矯正術,12,世界首例3D打印下頜移植手術,技術人員可根據移植患者的具體需求來設計骨骼部件的效果圖，然后利用高精度的鐳射槍來熔解鈦粉，并將它們一層層地噴涂疊加起來，最終形成一個立體的人造骨骼部件成品,通過3D立體打印技術制作人造骨骼對于醫療移植技術的未來發展來說是至關重要的，因為它可以貼合各種需求制作出復雜精細的骨骼或軟組織構造，提高移植手術的速度和成功率,三）The skull as a whole 顱的整體觀,1.The superior aspect o

5、f the skull,coronal suture冠狀縫 sagittal suture矢狀縫 lambdoid suture人字縫,The skull is generally ovoid when from above, and is wider behind than in front. It formed by four cranial bones,2.The posterior aspect of the skull,The most outstanding feature of the occipital bone is external occipital protuberan

6、ce枕外隆凸. The ridge骨嵴 passing on each side laterally of the protuberance is the superior nuchal line上項線,3.The internal surface of the base of skull,It is divided into three fossa. These are the anterior, the middle and the posterior cranial fossa,frontal crest額嵴 foramen cecum盲孔 crista galli 雞冠 cribrif

7、orm plat 篩板 cribriform foramina篩孔,1) The anterior cranial fossa 顱前窩,In the center is the hypophysial fossa 垂體窩. In front of the hypophysial fossa is the optic canal 視神經管. Lateral to the hypophysial fossa is the carotid sulcus 頸動脈溝. There are a series of foramina in the lateral portion of the middle

8、cranial fossa: foramen rotundum 圓孔, foramen ovale 卵圓孔 foramen spinosum 棘孔,2) The middle cranial fossa 顱中窩,It is the largest and deepest of the three cranial fossa. The lowest part of the fossa presents the foramen magnum枕骨大孔， There are hypoglossal canal 舌下神經管內口 above the anterolateral margin of the

9、foramen magnum,3) The posterior cranial fossa,Behind the foramen magnum, there are the internal occipital protuberance枕內隆凸, sulcus for transverse sinus橫竇溝, sulcus for sigmoid sinus乙狀竇溝, jugular foramen頸靜脈孔. internal acoustic pore 內耳門,Foramen magnum 枕骨大孔,Sulcus for transverse sinum橫竇溝,Sulcus for sigm

10、oid sinus乙狀竇溝,Jugular foramen 頸靜脈孔,Internal acoustic pore 內耳門,Posterior cranial fossa 顱后窩,4.The external surface of the base of skull,incisive foramen 切牙孔 greater palatine foramen腭大孔 posterior nasal apertures鼻后孔 occipital condyle 枕髁 hypoglossal canal舌下神經管外口 jugular foramen 頸靜脈孔 styloid process 莖突 st

11、ylomastiod foramen 莖乳孔,5.The lateral view of skull,external acoustic pore外耳門 mastoid process 乳突 zygomatic arch 顴弓 temporal fossa 顳窩 infratemporal fossa 顳下窩,pterion ：in the temporal fossa, the area, where the four bones, frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid, is known as pterion 翼點,p)tirin,硬膜外血腫,2

12、6,顱內血腫微創穿刺引流術,6.The front view of skull,1) the forehead 額區 superciliary arch 眉弓,2) the orbits 眶 orbital opening 眶口 supraorbital foramen (notch)眶上孔 infraorbital foramen眶下孔 orbital apex: optic canal 視神經管口 superior wall: lacrimal fossa淚腺窩,medial wall: lacrimal sac fossa淚囊窩, nasolacrimal canal 鼻淚管 infer

13、ior wall: infraorbital fissure 眶下裂 lateral wall: supraorbital fissure 眶上裂,3) the bony nasal cavity nasal septem 鼻中隔 superior middle conchae甲 inferior superior middle meatus道 inferior sphenoethmoidal recess 蝶篩隱窩,4) the paranasal sinuses 鼻旁竇,the frontal 額 sinuses,the ethmoidal 篩sinuses,the sphenoidal 蝶sinuses,the maxillary上頜 sinuses,5) the oral cavity 骨性口腔,四）The skull at birth（自學,anterior fontanelle,posterior fontanelle,Question,The skull is divided into two parts :cerebral cra