1、Fundamentals of Materials Science 材料科學基礎名詞與術語第一章 緒論請瀏覽后下載，資料供參考，期待您的好評與關注！metal: 金屬ceramic: 陶瓷polymer: 聚合物Composites: 復合材料Semiconductors: 半導體Biomaterials: 生物材料Processing: 加工過程Structure: 組織結構Properties: 性質Performance: 使用性能Mechanical properties: 力學性能Electrical properties: 電性能Thermal behavior: 熱性能Magne

2、tic properties: 磁性能Optical properties: 光性能Deteriorative characteristics: 老化特性第二章 原子結構與原子鍵Atomic mass unit (amu): 原子質量單位Atomic number: 原子數Atomic weight: 原子量Bohr atomic model: 波爾原子模型Bonding energy: 鍵能Coulombic force: 庫侖力Covalent bond: 共價鍵 Dipole (electric): 偶極子electronic configuration: 電子構型electron st

3、ate: 電位 Electronegative: 負電的Electropositive: 正電的Ground state: 基態Hydrogen bond: 氫鍵Ionic bond: 離子鍵Isotope: 同位素Metallic bond: 金屬鍵Mole: 摩爾Molecule: 分子Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相容原理 Periodic table: 元素周期表 Polar molecule: 極性分子Primary bonding: 強鍵 Quantum mechanics: 量子力學 Quantum number: 量子數 Secondary bon

4、ding: 弱鍵 valence electron: 價電子van der waals bond: 范德華鍵 Wave-mechanical model: 波粒二象性模型 第三章 金屬與陶瓷的結構Allotropy: 同素異形現象 Amorphous: 無定形 Anion: 陰離子 Anisotropy: 各向異性 atomic packing factor(APF): 原子堆積因數body-centered cubic (BCC): 體心立方結構 Braggs law: 布拉格定律 Cation: 陽離子 coordination number: 配位數crystal structure:

5、晶體結構 crystal system: 晶系crystalline: 晶體的diffraction: 衍射face-centered cubic (FCC): 面心立方結構 第五章 晶體缺陷Alloy: 合金A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements.由兩種及以上元素組成的金屬材料。Weight percent (wt%)：質量百分數Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relati

6、ve to the total alloy weight (or mass).Stoichiometry: 正常價化合物For ionic compounds, the state of having exactly the ratio of cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula.在離子化合物中，正、負離子的比例嚴格遵守化學公式定義的化合價關系。Imperfection: 缺陷，不完整性A deviation from perfection; normally applied to crystalline materials

7、wherein there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order and/or continuity.對完美性的偏離，在材料科學領域中通常指晶體材料中原子/分子在排列順序/連續性上的偏離。Point defect: 點缺陷A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites.一種僅波及一個或數個原子的晶體缺陷。Vacancy: 空位A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is

8、 missing.一個缺失原子或離子的晶格節點位置。Vacancy diffusion: 空位擴散The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.一種擴散機制，此時原子的凈遷移是從晶格節點位置遷移到相近的空位中。Self-interstitial: 自間隙原子A host atom or ion that is positioned on an interstitial lattice site.處于自身晶格間隙中的原子或離子。Schottky de

9、fect: 肖脫基缺陷In an ionic solid, a defect consisting of a cationvacancy and anionvacancy pair.在離子晶體中的一種缺陷結構，它是由一個陽離子空位和一個陰離子空位組成的空位對。Atomic vibration:原子振動The vibration of an atom about its normal position in a substance.材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振動。一般說來，這種振動與溫度相關，溫度越高，振動的幅度越大，因此也稱為原子熱振動。Substitutional solid soluti

10、on: 置換固溶體A solid solution wherein the solute atoms replace or substitute for the host atoms.溶質原子取代或代替溶劑原子而形成的固溶體。Interstitial diffusion: 間隙擴散A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site.一種擴散機制，此時原子的運動是從晶格間隙位置遷移到另一個相近的間隙位置。Interstitial solid solution: 間隙固

11、溶體A solid solution wherein relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms.相對尺寸較小的溶質原子占據溶劑或晶格原子之間間隙位置所形成的固溶體。Solid solution: 固溶體A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species.Both substitutional and interstitial solid solution

12、s are possible.包含兩種或兩種以上元素的均勻單相。固溶體可以以置換固溶體或間隙固溶體的形式存在。Solid-solution strengthening: 固溶體強化Hardening and strengthening of metals that result from alloying in which a solid solution is formed.The presence of impurity atoms restricts dislocation mobility. 由于形成固溶體的合金化過程引起的金屬硬化和強化，其機制是異類原子的存在限制了位錯的可動性。So

13、lute: 溶質One component or element of a solution present in a minor concentration.It is dissolved in the solvent.溶液（固溶體）中，含量較少的組元或元素。溶質溶解在溶劑中。Solution heat treatment: 固溶處理，均勻化退火The process used to form a solid solution by dissolving precipitate particles.Often, the solid solution is supersaturated and

14、 metastable at ambient conditions as a result of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature.讓沉淀物融解而形成固溶體的熱處理過程。通常情況下，從固溶處理溫度下快速冷卻，形成室溫下亞穩態過飽和固溶體。Solvent: 溶劑The component of a solution present in the greatest amount.It is the component that dissolves a solute.溶液（固溶體）中，含量最大的組元，此組元溶解了溶質。Burgers vector

15、(): 柏氏矢量A vector that denotes the magnitude and direction of lattice distortion associated with a dislocation.表示位錯引起晶格畸變程度和方向的矢量。Composition (Ci): 成分，組成The relative content of a particular element or constituent (i) within an alloy, usually expressed in weight percent or atom percent.合金中某一元素或組分的相對含量

16、，通常用質量百分數或原子百分數來表示。Defect structure: 缺陷結構，缺陷組態Relating to the kinds and concentrations of vacancies and interstitials in a ceramic compound.在陶瓷化合物中，與空位、間隙原子的類型和偏聚有關的缺陷組態。Dislocation: 位錯A linear crystalline defect around which there is atomic misalignment.晶體材料中的線狀缺陷，在其附近，原子發生錯排。Plastic deformation co

17、rresponds to the motion of dislocations in response to an applied shear stress. Edge, screw, and mixed dislocations are possible.在外加切應力作用下位錯的運動可以導致晶體材料的塑性變形?？赡艽嬖诘奈诲e類型有刃型位錯、螺型位錯和混合型位錯。Screw dislocation: 螺型位錯A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion created when normally paral

18、lel planes are joined together to form a helical ramp.The Burgers vector is parallel to the dislocation line.一種一維線型晶體缺陷，形態上可是描述為當相互平行的相鄰晶面之間依次錯粘合在一起形成的螺旋型斜面的中心線區域所形成的原子錯排組態。螺型位錯的柏氏矢量平行與其位錯線。Mixed dislocation: 混合位錯A dislocation that has both edge and screw components.同時含有刃型分量和螺型分量的位錯。Dislocation dens

19、ity: 位錯密度The total dislocation length per unit volume of material; alternately, the number of dislocations that intersect a unit area of a random surface section.在單位體積材料中包含位錯的長度，或者說在材料內部任意單位截面上位錯線的根數。Dislocation line: 位錯線The line that extends along the end of the extra half-plane of atoms for an edg

20、e dislocation, and along the center of the spiral of a screw dislocation.刃型位錯中多余半原子面邊緣的連線，或者螺型位錯中錯排螺旋的中心軸線。Edge dislocation:刃型位錯A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion produced in the vicinity of the end of an extra half plane of atoms within a crystal.The Burgers vector i

21、s perpendicular to the dislocation line.一種一維線型晶體缺陷，形態上可是描述為晶體中存在的多余半原子面的末端附近區域所形成的原子錯排組態。刃型位錯的柏氏矢量垂直與其位錯線。Electroneutrality: 電中性The state of having exactly the same numbers of positive and negative electrical charges (ionic and electronic), that is, of being electrically neutral.材料中一種正負電荷（離子和電子）數目精確

22、相等的狀態。在此狀態下，材料是不帶電的。Frenkel defect: 弗侖克爾缺陷In an ionic solid, a cationvacancy and cationinterstitial pair.在離子固體中的陽離子-空位對和陽離子-間隙原子對。Grain: 晶粒An individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal or ceramic.金屬或陶瓷多晶體中的一個單獨的小晶體。Grain boundary: 晶界The interface separating two adjoining grains having different c

23、rystallographic orientations.把兩個相鄰具有不同晶體學取向的晶粒分離開的界面。Grain growth: 晶粒長大The increase in average grain size of a polycrystalline material; for most materials, an elevated-temperature heat treatment is necessary.在多晶體材料中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，對大多數材料來說，這需要在一定溫度下進行熱處理。Grain size: 晶粒尺寸The average grain diameter as dete

24、rmined from a random cross section.從材料任一橫截面上測量的晶粒直徑的平均值。Microscopy: 顯微術，顯微鏡學The investigation of microstructural elements using some type of microscope.用某種類型的顯微鏡對材料微觀組織情況進行的研究。Microstructure: 顯微組織The structural features of an alloy (e.g., grain and phase structure) that are subject to observation un

25、der a microscope.在顯微鏡下觀察到的某合金的結構特征（例如：晶粒和相的組織結構特征）。Photomicrograph: 顯微組織照片The photograph made with a microscope, which records a microstructural image.在顯微鏡下拍攝，記錄顯微組織結構形態的照片。Scanning electron microscope: 掃描電子顯微鏡，SEMA microscope that produces an image by using an electron beam that scans the surface o

26、f a specimen; an image is produced by reflected electron beams.Examination of surface and/or microstructural features at high magnifications is possible.使用一束電子流掃描樣品表面，用樣品產生的反射電子束產生圖象的一種顯微鏡。掃描電子顯微鏡的應用使對樣品的表面特征和顯微組織特征進行高倍觀察成為可能。Scanning probe microscope: 掃描探針顯微鏡，SPMA microscope that does not produce a

27、n image using light radiation. Rather, a very small and sharp probe raster scans across the specimen surface; out-of-surface plane deflections in response to electronic or other interactions with the probe are monitored, from which a topographical map of the specimen surface(on a nanometer scale) is

28、 produced.一種不用光學射線產生圖象，而是用非常尖銳的探針依次橫掃描過樣品表面,利用探針對被測樣品進行掃描，同時檢測掃描過程中探針與樣品的相互作用（如樣品-探針間的隧道電流或相互作用力等），得到樣品相關性質（如電子態密度、形貌、摩擦力、磁疇結構等），因而統稱為掃描探針顯微鏡（SPM）Transmission electron microscope: 透射電子顯微鏡，TEMA microscope that produces an image by using electron beams that are transmitted (pass through) the specimen.

29、Examination of internal features at high magnifications is possible.透射電子顯微鏡是用穿過樣品的透射電子束產生樣品組織形貌像的顯微鏡。在透射電子顯微鏡上，可以在高倍下研究樣品的內部結構特征。Cu forms a substitutional solid solution for concentrations up to 第六章 擴散Diffusion: 擴散Mass transport by atomic motion.固體中原子，或分子等，通過熱運動而發生長程遷移，或宏觀物質傳輸現象。這里所談的原子遷移，在是指固體中原子脫離

30、它原來的平衡位置躍遷到另一平衡位置的位移。從產生擴散的原因來看，原子的遷移主要分為兩大類，一類稱為化學擴散，它是由于擴散物質在固體中分布不均勻、在化學濃度梯度的推動下產生的擴散；另一類稱為自擴散，它是在沒有化學濃度梯度情況下，僅僅由于熱振動而產生的擴散。自擴散現象只有采用放射性同位素技術才能察覺。此外，還有應力場、熱場和電場等所引起的擴散。Diffusion flux (J): 擴散通量The quantity of mass diffusing through and perpendicular to a unit cross-sectional area of material per u

31、nit time.單位時間內通過一個垂直與擴散方向上單位橫截面積內的通過物質量。Diffusion coefficient (D): 擴散系數The constant of proportionality between the diffusion flux and the concentration gradient in Ficks first law.Its magnitude is indicative of the rate of atomic diffusion.Fick第一定律中，擴散通量和濃度梯度之間的比例系數。其量級表示了原子擴散的速度。Ficks first law: 菲克

32、第一定律，擴散第一定律The diffusion flux is proportional to the concentration gradient.This relationship is employed for steady-state diffusion situations.擴散通量與濃度梯度成正比例。這種關系被用于描述穩定態擴散。Ficks second law: 菲克第二定律，擴散第二定律The time rate of change of concentration is proportional to the second derivative of concentrati

33、on.This relationship is employed in non steady-state diffusion situations.濃度對時間的變化率成正與濃度對距離的二階導數。這種關系被用于描述非穩定態擴散。Steady-state diffusion: 穩定態擴散The diffusion condition for which there is no net accumulation or depletion of diffusing species.The diffusion flux is independent of time.擴散組元既沒有凈堆積也沒有凈虧空的擴散

34、過程是穩定態擴散。也可以描述為：擴散通量與時間無關的擴散過程是穩定態擴散。Nonsteady-state diffusion: 非穩定態擴散The diffusion condition for which there is some net accumulation or depletion of diffusing species.The diffusion flux is dependent on time.擴散過程中，擴散組元存在凈堆積或凈虧空的擴散過程是非穩定態擴散。也可以描述為：擴散通量與時間有關的擴散過程是非穩定態擴散。Self-diffusion: 自擴散Atomic migr

35、ation in pure metals.純金屬中的原子遷移過程。Interstitial diffusion: 間隙擴散A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site.晶體擴散機制的一種。間隙原子由一個間隙位置遷移至鄰近的間隙位置所構成的擴散。Vacancy diffusion: 空位擴散The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from lattice site to an adjacen

36、t vacancy.一種擴散機制，這時候原子的凈遷移過程是從晶格結點位置移動到鄰近的空位中。Activation energy (Q): 激活能，QThe energy required to initiate a reaction, such as diffusion.開動某一反應或過程，例如擴散過程，所需要的能量。Carburizing: 滲碳The process by which the surface carbon concentration of a ferrous alloy is increased by diffusion from the surrounding envir

37、onment.從周圍環境中向鐵基合金表面擴散碳，從而使其表面碳濃度提高的工藝過程。Component: 組分A chemical constituent (element or compound) of an alloy, which may be used to specify its composition.合金的任一組成（可以是元素或化合物），可以被用于區分其構成成分。Composition (Ci), Concentration: 成分，CiThe relative content of a particular element or constituent (i) within an

38、 alloy, usually expressed in weight percent or atom percent. Also call it concentration.合金中某一元素或組分的相對含量，通常用質量百分數或原子百分數來表示。也稱為濃度。Concentration gradient (dC/dx): 濃度梯度，The slope of the concentration profile at a specific position.濃度曲線某一點處的斜率。Concentration profile: 濃度曲線The curve that results when the co

39、ncentration of a chemical species is plotted versus position in a material.在材料中，某種化學物質的濃度隨其位置關系變化的曲線。Interdiffusion, impurity diffusion: 互擴散Diffusion of atoms of one metal into another metal.一種金屬中的原子向另一種金屬中的擴散叫互擴散，又稱為雜質擴散。第七章 力學性能Anelasticity: 滯彈性In most engineering materials, elastic deformation wi

40、ll continue after the stress application, and upon load release some finite time is required for complete recovery. This time-dependent elastic behavior is known as anelasticity.應力施加后，大多數工程材料彈性形變都會持續，并且撤去加載，樣品的完全回復也需要一定的時間。這種與時間相關的彈性行為稱為滯彈性。Design stress: 設計應力For static situations and when ductile m

41、aterials are used, design stress, d, is taken as the calculated stress level c (on the basis of the estimated maximum load) multiplied by a design factor, N, that is d= Nc, where N is greater than unity.對于靜態條件以及延展性材料的情況下，設計應力d是計算的應力c（即估算的最大載荷）乘以一個設計因子N，即d= Nc，其中N大于1。Ductility: 延伸度Ductility is a meas

42、ure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture. 延伸度是指材料在斷裂時發生的塑性形變程度的量度。Elastic deformation: 彈性形變Deformation in which stress and strain are proportional is called elastic deformation. Elastic deformation is nonpermanent, which means that when the applied load is release

43、d, the piece returns to its original shape.應力與應變成正比關系的形變稱為彈性形變。彈性形變是非永久性的，即撤去加載后，樣品可恢復初始的形狀。Elastic recovery：彈性回復Elastic recovery means that when the applied load is released, the piece returns to its original shape.彈性回復是指當樣品所受應力撤銷后，其完全回復到初始形狀的現象。Elastomer: 彈性體Elastomer is a class of polymers whose

44、deformation displayed by strain-stress curve is totally elastic, i.e., large recoverable strains produced at low stress levels. 彈性體是聚合物的一個種類，它的應力應變曲線表明其變形是完全彈性的，即很低的應力變化就會產生很大的可回復應變。Engineering strain: 工程應變Engineering strain is defined according to = (li-l0)/l0 = l/l0, in which l0 is the original le

45、ngth before any load is applied, and li is the instantaneous length. Sometimes the quantity li-l0 is denoted as l, and is the deformation elongation or change in length at some instant, as referenced to the original length. Engineering strain is unitless.工程應變由方程 = (li-l0)/l0 = l/l0定義，這里l0是樣品加載前的初始長度

46、，li是加載瞬間的長度，有時li-l0也用l來表示，即代表與初始長度相比較，某一時刻樣品形變的延長率或長度的變化。工程應變是沒有單位的。Engineering stress: 工程應力Engineering stress is defined by the relationship = F/A0, in which F is the instantaneous load applied perpendicular to the specimen cross section, in units of newtons (N), and A0 is the original cross-sectio

47、nal area before any load is applied (m2). The units of engineering stress are megapascals, MPa.工程應力的定義為 = F/A0，這里F是加載在垂直樣品橫截面的瞬間載荷，單位為牛頓，A0是加載前樣品的初始橫截面積（單位m2），工程應力單位為MPa。Flexural strength: 抗彎強度For the brittle ceramic materials, flexural strengths are determined by the stress at fracture in transvers

48、e bending tests.對脆性陶瓷材料來說，抗彎強度即為橫向彎曲試驗中樣品斷裂時的應力。Hardness: 硬度Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localize plastic deformation.硬度是材料抵抗局部塑性形變的量度。Modulus of elasticity: 彈性模量For most metals that are stressed in tension and at relatively low levels, stress and strain are proportional to each other

49、through the relationship = E. This is known as Hookes law, and the constant of proportionality E (GPa) is the modulus of elasticity, or Youngs modulus.大多數金屬在較低的拉力作用下，應力和應變成正比關系，可表達為 = E，這就是胡克定理，比例常數E（GPa）就是彈性模量，或楊氏模量。Plastic deformation: 塑性形變As the material is deformed beyond the strain that elastic

50、 deformation persists, the stress is no longer proportional to strain, and permanent, nonrecoverable, or plastic deformation occurs. 當材料的形變超出彈性形變發生的范圍，其應力將不再與應變成正比，永久的、不可回復的形變發生，即為塑性形變。Poissons ratio: 泊松比Poissons ratio represents the negative ratio of transverse and longitudinal strains.泊松比的定義為樣品橫向應

51、變與軸向應變的相反數。Proportional limit: 比例極限For metals that experience the gradual elastic-plastic transition, the point of yielding is determined as the initial departure from linearity of the stress-strain curve and this is sometimes called the proportional limit.對于金屬逐步的彈塑性形變轉變，其屈服點確定為應力應變曲線非線性關系的開始，這個點也被稱

52、為比例極限。Resilience: 彈性Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb energy during elastic deformation.彈性是指材料在彈性形變中吸收能量的能力。Safe stress: 安全應力Safe stress is based on the yielding strength of the material and is defined as the yield strength divided by a factor of safety, N, or w=y/N.安全應力是基于材料的屈服強度，它

53、定義為屈服強度除以一個安全因子N，或w=y/N。Tensile strength: 抗拉強度Tensile strength corresponds to the maximum tensile stress that may be sustained by a specimen. 抗拉強度是指樣品可能承受的最大拉伸應力。Toughness: 韌性Toughness is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture.韌性是指材料在斷裂前所能吸收能量的量度True strain: 真應變True s

54、tain T is defined by T=ln(li/l0), in which l0 is the original length before any load is applied, and li is the instantaneous length.真應變T的定義為T=ln(li/l0)，其中l0是樣品加載前的初始長度，li是瞬間長度。True stress: 真應力True stress T is defined as the load F divided by the instantaneous cross-sectional area Ai over which defor

55、mation is occurring, or T = F/Ai.真應力T定義為形變發生時，載荷F與瞬間橫截面積Ai的比值，或者T = F/Ai。Yielding: 屈服For metals, the phenomenon of yielding occurs at the onset of plastic or permanent deformation.金屬的屈服是指塑性或者永久形變開始發生的現象。Yield strength: 屈服強度Yielding strength is indicative of the stress at which plastic deformation be

56、gins.屈服強度是指塑性形變開始發生時的應力。第八章 形變和強化機理Cold working: 冷加工、冷變形The plastic deformation of a metal at a temperature below that at which it recrystallizes.金屬在再結晶溫度以下進行的塑性變形。Critical resolved shear stress( tcrss): 臨界剪切分切應力That shear stress, resolved within a slip plane and direction, which is required to init

57、iate slip.使得晶體開始滑移所需要的純剪切應力，在某一特定滑移面和滑移方向上的分量。Dislocation density: 位錯密度The total dislocation length per unit volume of material; alternately, the number of dislocations that intersect a unit area of a random surface section.材料單位體積內的位錯線的總長度，或者在一個隨機切面上的單位面積內切斷的位錯根數。Grain growth: 晶粒長大The increase in average grain size of a polycrystalline material; for most materials, an elevated-tempe