.,名詞性從句,Grammar and usage,Noun Clauses,.,在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses)。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞或名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。,名詞性從句,.,His job is important.,What he does is important.,This is his job.,This is what he does every day.,名詞性從句在功能上相當(dāng)于名詞,主語,表語,.,I dont like his job.,I dont like what he does every day.,I dont know about the man, Mr. White.,I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.,賓語,同位語,.,She is having lunch.,The baby looks uncomfortable.,To talk with friends would be a pleasure.,Doing like this is very interesting.,-,-,-,-,找出主語,.,主語從句（Noun Clauses as the Subject）,定義： 用作主語的從句叫主語從句，它是名詞性從句之一。引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞有：連詞that, whether；連接代詞who, what和which；連接副詞when, where, how和why。,.,主語從句三要素,he became a great scientist is known to us all.,Is what you told me really true?,謂語動詞用單數(shù),從句用陳述語序,不能省略關(guān)聯(lián)詞,How,.,主語從句,that whether who whom whose what which when where why how,從 句引導(dǎo)詞:,1. That he knows Japanese is known to all.,他懂英語,這一點大家都知道,令我驚訝的是在這兒見到他.,3. When he will come is unknown .,4. Whether he is coming doesnt matter much.,他來不來沒什么要緊的,他什么時候來不清楚.,他們是怎么登上山頂?shù)娜允莻€秘密.,5. It remains a secret how they climbed up the mountain.,主語從句的位置 1.在句首 2.主語較長時通常放在后面,句首主語用 It,主語太長了!放到句尾,Details,Details,Details,Details,That無詞義,不可省略,What “什么”, “所.的”,2. What surprised me was to see him here .,When “什么時候”,主語從句不用 if,位于句首,.,為避免主語冗長,句子頭重腳輕,經(jīng)常用it作形式主語,主語從句放在后面作真正的主語。,1. It is certain that he will succeed.2. It is not known whether he will go there.3. It has not been decided yet when theyll start the project.,“It” is used as empty subject.,形式主語,.,Its likely / possible / important / necessary / clear that 很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚Its said / reported that 據(jù)說/據(jù)報道It seems / appears / happens that 似乎/好像/碰巧.Its been announced / declared that已經(jīng)通知/宣布Its no wonder that 并不奇怪/無疑Its a pity / a fact / common knowledge (眾所周知)/ a common saying (俗話說) that,在下列句型中常使用that引導(dǎo)主語從句,.,It 作主語的常用句型有:,1. It + be +形容詞 + that 從句,2. It + be +名稱詞組(duty/pity.) + that 從句,3. It + be + 過去分詞(said/thought.) + that 從句,4. It +不及物動詞(seem/happen.) + that 從句,It is a pity that we cant go swimming.,It is said that he told her everything.,It happened that I was out that day.,It is certain that he will do well in the exam.,真可惜我們不能去游泳.碰巧那天我外出了.他考試肯定會考好.據(jù)說他已告訴了她一切.,注意: It looked that he was right. ( ) 可以說: It looks as if.,happen只有 it 句型,It is said只有 it 句型,More,.,疑問句中應(yīng)該用 形式主語It 句型,1,Whatever we do must be in the interest of the people. ( )It must be in the interest of the people whatever we do ( ),2,名詞性關(guān)系代詞whatever/whoever/whichever/wherever/what引導(dǎo)的主語從句一般放在句首,改錯,1. It is true what he said.,What he said is true. 放在句首,2. Is that he will come certain?,Is it certain that he will come? 問句,3.He can swim is known to all.,That he can swim is known to all. 從句必須有引導(dǎo)詞,.,1 That he will succeed is certain.2 Whether he will go there is not known.3 What he said is not true.4 Where he hid the money is to be found out .5 Whoever comes is welcome.6 How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 7 When theyll start the project has not been decided yet.,Subject Clause,主語從句,.,1. _ you dont like him is none of my business. 2. _ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present3. _ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.4. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.5. _ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.,That,What,Whether,Whether,Whoever,.,劃出表語,The mouse is fat.,The dog becomes happy.,The ice cream tastes sweet.,The cat seems angry.,-,-,-,-,.,The question is whether we can rely on him. Thats because we were in need of money at that time.He looked as if he was going to cry.Thats why I was late.表語從句:在句中充當(dāng)表語成分，一般放在系動詞之后。 作用:對主語進行解釋說明。,表語從句,.,連接詞,when / where / why / how / because,that / whether / as if / as though (if不引導(dǎo)表語從句),連接代詞,who / whom / whose / which / what,連接副詞,.,從 句 同主語從句 (11個), 外加引導(dǎo)詞: as if as though,1. The truth is _ he has never been to the countryside.,2. The question is _ we can finish the experiment by Friday.,3. It looks _ it were going to rain.,4. This school is no longer _ it was before.,Predictive clause(表語從句),that,whether,as if,what,.,1.It now appears _ they are in need of help. A. that B. which C. what D. how2.It is good news _ they will arrive in a few days. A. which B. what C. that D. how3.It _ Joe drives badly. A. thought that B. thinks that C. is thought that D. is thought that4.It _ he is late for class. A. may that B. might that C. may be that D. might be what5.This is _ she was born. A. where B. which C. that D. what6.The question is _ we cant go there today. A. that B. what C. which D. when,.,7.The question is _ it is worth doing. A. if B. whether C. which D. what8.The reason he has made such great progress is _ he has never wasted his time. A. because B. why C. that D. what9.My suggestion is _ we should turn the land into rice fields. A. what B. that C. which D. where10.His proposal is that the dam _ at the foot of the mountain. A. build B. will build C. be built D. will be built11.My advice is that he _ regular house. A. keep B. would keep C. keeps D. kept12._ knows the truth will tell you about it. A. Who that B. Whoever C. Whom that D. That who,.,注意下列表語從句中where, how, why 的譯法,This is where Lu Xun once lived.That was how they won the match.This is why she got up so early this morning.,這就是魯迅曾經(jīng)住過的地方.,他們就是這樣贏得這場比賽的.,這就是她今天早上起得這么早的原因.,.,我們就是這樣克服困難的.那就是他昨天缺席的原因.這就是我們上星期碰頭的地方.,This is how we overcame the difficulties,That is why he was absent yesterday.,This is where we met last Sunday.,.,_ the baby could speak made his parents very happy. A. That B. What C. Why D. If2. I wonder _ you will go shopping or stay at home. A. that B. if C. whether D. what,主語從句,賓語從句,.,3. This is _ he was often late for school. A. what B. that C. why D. whether4. We all know the truth _ the earth _ around the sun. A. if; moved B. that; moves C. why; move D. whether; move,表語從句,同位語從句,.,At lunch time, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.What surprised me most was that the old man couldnt see anything. The fact that Polly didnt ask for the mans name is a pity.,Find clauses from the following sentences and tell the functions of them.,Appositive Clause (同位語從句),Subject Clause (主語從句),Object Clause (賓語從句),Predicative Clause (表語從句),.,Do the Exercise on page 9,.,Useful Phrases,reduce paina scientific studybreath insniff pleasant smelltake the painbe related to be linked to,減少疼痛一次科學(xué)研究吸進聞香味忍受疼痛與相關(guān)和有聯(lián)系的,.,.,分析下列賓語從句中的連詞,I dont doubt (that) you will succeed.I dont know whether/if he will come tonight.I doubt if /whether you will keep your promise.,3個句子中的連詞that, whether, if (是否)在名詞性從句中只起連接作用，在句中不擔(dān)任成分,被稱為連接詞。注意: A. that 本身無意義，在賓語從句中可以省略，但在別的三種名詞性從句中不可以省略。B. whether 和if有是否的意義，在賓語從句中二者通常可以互換。但whether 可以用于所有的四種名詞性從句,而if 僅可以用于賓語從句。,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞,連接詞,.,一、名詞性從句的語序,(1) 名詞性從句構(gòu)成有兩種,a. That + 陳述句,That light travels in straight lines is known to all.,This is what we are looking for.,名詞性從句考點歸納,b. 疑問詞+句子的剩余成分,.,Could you tell me where he lives? ( )Could you tell me where does he live? ( ),(2) 疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句要求使用陳述 句語序，不能用一般疑問句語序。,How was he successful is still a puzzle. ( )How he was successful is still a puzzle. ( ),你能告訴我他住在什么地方嗎？,F,T,T,F,他是怎么成功的仍然是個謎。,.,二、名詞性從句連接詞的選用,(1) that 和what 的選用,that 和 what 都可引導(dǎo)所有的名詞性從句。但是，what除起連接作用外，還在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)成分，可作從句的主語、賓語、或表語。而that在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，只起連接作用。,.,that / what,1. _ he wants is a book.2. _ he wants to go there is obvious.3. The result is _ we won the game.4. This is _ we want to know.5. Is _ he told us true?6. We should pay attention to _ the teacher is saying.7. I have no doubt _ he will come.8. I have no idea _ he did that afternoon.,What,That,that,what,what,what,that,what,.,a. 主語從句b. 表語從句c. 同位語從句d. 介詞后的賓語從句e. whether to do 做動詞賓語不能用if to do.f. 與 or not 連在一起引導(dǎo)賓語從句 時不用if.,if和whether的選用,不能使用if 的情況:,.,1. I asked her _ she had a bike.2. _ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.3. Were worried about _ he is safe.4. I dont know _ he is well or not.5. I dont know _ or not he is well.6. The question is _ he should do it.7. The doctor can hardly answer the question _ the old man will recover soon.8. I havent decided _ to go there.,if / whether,Whether,whether,whether / if,whether,whether,whether,whether,if / whether,.,其它連接代詞和副詞的使用,主要根據(jù)名詞性從句中的具體意義，正確的選擇 who, which, when, where, why, how 等連接詞，這些連接詞既具有疑問含義，又起連接作用，同時在從句中充當(dāng)各種成分。,.,我們何時舉行運動會還沒有決定。_ we shall hold our sports meeting is not decided.我不知道昨天誰打破了玻璃。I dont know _ broke the glass yesterday.我不知道他長的什么樣子。I have no idea _ he looks like.這就是我忘記眼鏡的地方。This is _ I left my glasses.,When,who,what,where,.,that可省略的情況：,that不可省略的情況：主語從句表語從句同位語從句用it做形式賓語的賓語從句并列的賓語從句中的后幾個從句的引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略,引導(dǎo)詞that的省略,單個賓語從句中的that可省略,.,1. I dont think _ she is coming.2. It is a pity _ he has made such a mistake.3. The reason is _ he is careless.4. The news _ our team won the match inspired us.5. I dont think it necessary _ you should read English aloud.6. He told me _ his father had died and _ he had to make a living alone.,(that),that,that,that,that,(that),that,that / (that),.,1.同位語從句的格式：2.能接同位語從句的名詞有：3.連接詞通常是that,也可根據(jù)含義選用,三、同位語從句的引導(dǎo)和辨別,n. + 連接詞 + 從句,fact, idea, news, order, belief, suggestion, advice, information等,whether, what, when, where等來引導(dǎo)同位語從句。,.,1. I have no idea _ he comes from.2. He cant answer the question _ he got the money.3. He gave us many suggestions _ we should get up earlier and take more exercise.4. I have no doubt _ he will win.5. I have some doubt _ he will win.,where,how,that,that,whether,that / whether / where / how,.,定語從句是先行詞的修飾語, 它不涉及 先行詞的具體內(nèi)容。定語從句中that不但起連接作用, 而且在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個句子成分, 充當(dāng)從句的賓語成分時可省略。,2. 同位語從句對中心詞的內(nèi)容作進一步的 解釋和說明, 表明中心詞的具體內(nèi)容。 引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that在同位語從句中 不做任何成分, 只起連接作用, 無具體含 義, 且不可省略。,同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別,.,We expressed the hope that they had expressed.2. We expressed the hope that they would come to China again.,1. The information has been announced that more middle school graduates will be admitted into university.2. The information that he revealed at the meeting is of great value.,AT,AP,AP,AT,Attributive or Appositive,.,He gave me a suggestion that I (should) be calm now.,名詞demand, suggestion, proposal, advice等詞后的同位語從句的語氣要用虛擬語氣, 結(jié)構(gòu)為 should + do, should可省略,.,a.他相信他的夢想總有一天會實現(xiàn)的。 He believes _ . b.請告訴我你昨天這個時候在干什么。Please tell me _ .,his dream will come true some day,at this time yesterday,賓語從句的時態(tài)呼應(yīng),1. 如果主句時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,從句謂語可根據(jù)句意需要而選用任一種時態(tài)。,what you were doing,.,他告訴我他正在為考試做準備。He told me _.他說他已離開家鄉(xiāng)十年了。He told me _.老師告訴我們光是沿直線運行的。The teacher told us _.,he was preparing for the examination,he had been away from his hometown for ten years,light travels in a straight line,2. 如果主句謂語是過去時,從句謂語動詞一般用過去的某種時態(tài),但從句表達的是客觀事實、真理、自然規(guī)律等時,從句謂語通常用一般現(xiàn)在時。,.,The reason _ we didnt trust him was _ he often lied2. The reason _ he gave for his absence was _ he was ill.,reason后面的表語從句只能用that引導(dǎo), 不能用why引導(dǎo), 但reason后面的定語從句可以用why或者that 引導(dǎo)。,在名詞性從句中，我們還需特別注意以下問題：,why,that,that,that,.,Part A and Part B on page 11.,.,have anything to do withoverall healthmake the most ofmisuse our sensesignore our sense of touchrather thanwear a nightshirtbe pleasant to touchsleep deeplygive sb. chance to do sth.,與有任何關(guān)系全身健康充分利用誤用我們的器官忽視我們的觸覺而不是/勝過穿著睡衣手感好睡得深給某人機會做某事,Language Points,.,at the North Polemake ones way toget to my destinationwalk through the thick snowbecome worseIt is/becomes impossible to do sth.lose sight ofcontinue walking sweat with fear,在北極朝某地走去到達我的目的地走過厚厚的積雪變得更糟做某事不可能看不見繼續(xù)走害怕得出汗,.,高考鏈接,.,By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of _ you read. (2007上海春) A. that B. what C. which D. whether2. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best jobs are. (2007浙江) A. where B. what C. when D. why,.,3. You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that4. It is none of your business _ other people think about you. Believe yourself. (2007福建) A. how B. what C. whichD. when,.,.,They expressed the hope _ they would come over to China. A. which B. that C. whom D. when2. The fact _ he didnt see Tom yesterday is true. A. that B. which C. when D. what3. I have no idea _ he will come back. A. where B. when C. what D. if,Choose the best answer,.,4. One of the men held the view _ the book said was right. A. what that B. that which C. that what D. which that5. Word has come _ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week. A. what B. whether C. that D. which,.,6. The question is _ the film is worth seeing. A. if B. what C. whether D. how 7. They received orders _ the work be done at once. A. which B. when C. / D. that 8. The reason _ I have to go is _ my mother is ill in bed. A. why; why B. why; because C. why; that D. that; because,.,9. _ I cant understand is _ she wants to change her mind. A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because10. _ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if,.,11. It is known to us _ where there is pollution, there is harm. A. which B. where C. what D. that12. I have the information _. A. of what hell come soon B. that hell come soon C. of that hell come soon D. his coming soon,.,13. - I saw your neighbor break your window with a basketball. - _ it made me nearly mad. A. That he broke B. What he broke C. He broke D. His break14. It remains a question _ we can get so much money in such a short time. A. how B. that C. when D. what,.,15. - Can I help you? - Yes, do you know _? A. when comes the bus B. when will come the bus C. when does the bus come D. when the bus comes16. He made a promise _ anyone set him free he would make him very rich. A. that B. if C. what D. that if,.,17. They lost their way in the forest and _ made matters worse was _ night began to fall. A. what; that B. it; that C. what; when D. which; what,.,18. It now appears _ they are in need of help. A. that B. which C. what D. how19. It is good news _ they will arrive in a few days. A. which B. what C. that D. how20. It _ Joe dr