直接引語與間接引語,DirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech,Review,賓語從句,引導詞,語序：,時態：,that,if/whether,疑問詞,陳述語序,主句為現在時態，從句可以是需要的任何時態,主句為過去時態，從句應使用相應的過去的時態。,從句如果描述的是客觀真理、科學理論等則永遠用一般現在時態。,陳述句,一般疑問句,特殊疑問句,直接引語：直接引述別人的原話.直接引語的前后必須加引號。,間接引語：轉述別人的話。間接引語前后不加引號。,間接引語在多數情況下構成賓語從句,直接引語與間接引語的定義,直接引語變間接引語可分為三大類：,1）直接引語為陳述句,2）直接引語為疑問句（一般疑問句、特殊疑問句）,3）直接引語為祈使句,直接引語如果是陳述句，變為間接引語時，用連詞that引導，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動詞可直接用引語中的say,也可用tell來代替，注意，可以說saythat,tellsb.that，不可直接說tellthat,陳述句,e.g.Heoftensays,“Chinaisgreat.”Heoftensays(that)Chinaisgreat.Tomsays,“Iamastudent.”Tomsays(that)heisastudent.,Hesays,“Ileavemybookinyourroom”Hesaid(that)helefthisbookinyourroom.,一般疑問句,Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?”Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,arentyou?”HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.,間接引語用連詞whether或if引導，原主句中謂語動詞say要改為ask，語序要變為陳述語序,Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?”HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench.Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?”Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.“Isheallright?”Theycriedout.Theycriedoutwhetherhewasallright.,注意：大多數情況下，if,whether可以互換，但句中出現or(not),或放在介詞后作連接詞，只用whether。,特殊疑問句,Hesaidtome，“Whatsyourname?”Heaskedmewhatmynamewas.Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?”Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.,原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動詞用ask(sb.)來表達，語序改為陳述句語序,直接引語是祈使句，則改為tell/order/asksb.(not)todosth.其他變化同上。,祈使句,Hesaid,“Pleasecomeheretomorrow.”Theteachersaid,“Donttalkanymore.”,Heaskedmetogotherethenextday.,Theteachertoldusnottotalkanymore.,）人稱的變化,一隨主,二隨賓,三不變,引號內的第一人稱變間引后與主句主語的人稱保持一致,引號內的第二人稱變間引后與主句賓語的人稱保持一致,引號內的第三人稱在變間引后人稱不變,Shesaid,“IlikeTennis.”,Shesaidthatshelikedtennis.,HesaidtoLily,“youmustgetupearly.”,HetoldLilythatshemustgetupearly.,Shesaidtome,“Theywanttohelphim.”,Shetoldmethattheywantedtohelphim.,一隨主，二隨賓，三不變,Practice:1)Hesaid,“Mybrotherfailedintheexam.”Hesaid_brotherhadfailedintheexam.2)HesaidtoMary,“Howisyourmothernow?”HeaskedMaryhow_motherwasthen.3)Myteachersaid,sheisagoodstudent.Myteachersaid_wasagoodstudent4)Hesaidtome,“Iveleftherbookinyourroom”Hetoldmethat_hadleft_bookin_room.,his,her,she,he,her,my,1.Wewantyoutotakeamessageforher.saidtheGreens.,TheGreenstoldmethatwantedtotakeamessagefor.,2.Areyouwillingtolendusahand?shesaidtohim.,Sheaskedhimwhetherwaswillingtolendahand.,Hesays,“IsTomastudentorateacher？”HeaskswhetherTomisastudentorateacher.Heaskedme,Doyoulikeplayingfootball?“Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedplayingfootball.Mysisteraskedme:“Whatisyourfriend?”Mysisteraskedmewhatmyfriendwas.Jackaskedme,Howdoyoulikethefilm?JackaskedmehowIlikedthefilm.Thesoliderordered,“Bequiet.”Thesoliderorderedustobequiet.Hesaidtoher,“Openthedoor,please.”Heaskedhertoopenthedoor.Shesays,“IwillgotoBeijingnextmonth.”Shesays(that)shewillgotoBeijingthenextmonth.Heoftensays,“Ishalltellyouaboutthem.”Heoftentellsmethathewilltellmeaboutthem.,2)時態的變化,Hesays,Iwilldoittomorrow”Hesaysthathewilldoittomorrow.,如果主句的謂語動詞是現在時，直接引語變成間接引語時，從句的時態無需變化,如果主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，直接引語變成間接引語時，從句的時態要做出相應的改變,一般現在時,一般過去時,現在進行時,過去進行時,現在完成時,過去完成時,一般過去時,過去完成時,過去完成時,不變,一般將來時,過去將來時,1.“Iamilltoday.”saidmymother.,Mymothersaidthatsheillthatday.,2.“WeworkhardatEnglish.”hesaid.,was,HesaidthattheyhardatEnglish.,worked,1.Theysaidtome,“Weareworkinghardatacompany.”,Theytoldmethattheyatacompany.,wereworking,2.“Iamwritingaletternow.”shesaid.,Shesaidthatshealetterthen.,waswriting,Practice:.Johnsaid,“Ilikereadingadventurestories.”Johnsaidthathe_readingadventurestories.Shesaidtome,“IbrokeyourCDplayer.”Shetoldmethatshe_myCDplayer.Hesaid,“Illcomeherethismorning.”Hesaidhe_gotherethatmorning.Hesays,“Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”Hesaysthathe_hishomework.Hesaid,“theyareplayinggamesoverthere?”Hesaidthatthey_playinggamesoverthere.,liked,hadbroken,would,hadfinished,were,直接引語轉為間接引語時，下列情況下時態不變,注意：,.直接引語若表示的是客觀事實或真理時，變間接引語時時態不變.當引語中的時間狀語表示過去某一具體時間時，謂語動詞時態不需改變,1.Ourteachersaid,“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”,Ourteachersaidthatlight_muchfasterthansound.,travels,2.“Igraduatedin1966.”Mybrothersaid.,Mybrothersaidthathein1966.,graduated,1.Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Theearthisround.”2.Myfathersaidtome,“Iwasbornin1961.”,Theteachertoldthestudentsthattheearthisround.,Myfathertoldmethathewasbornin1961.,直接引語中的時間狀語轉換規則：,直接引語中動詞come在間接引語中用go:,直接引語中副詞here在間接引語中用there：,直接引語中的指示代詞轉換規則：this變為that;these變為those本來就是that/those則不變。,1.“Whatdoesthiswordmean?”sheaskedme.,Sheaskedmewhatwordmeant.,that,2.“Canyouseethatmaponthewall?”heaskedme.,HeaskedmeifIcouldseemaponthewall.,that,3.“Doyoulikethesetoys?”Janeaskedus.,Janeaskedusifwelikedtoys.,those,4.“Bringthoseballstome.”saidmysister.,Mysisteraskedustobringballstoher.,those,1.“Ilikereadingadventurestories,”saidJohn.Johnsaidthathelikedreadingadventurestories.2.“Idontlikecomputers,”Sarahsaidtoherfriend.Sarahtoldherfriendsthatshedidntlikecomputers.,ExerciseI,3.“Ann,haveyouseenmybluenotebook?”Peterasked.PeteraskedAnnifshehadseenhisbluenotebook.4.“Howcanyoudothat?”MarysaidtoAnn.MaryaskedAnnhowshecoulddothat.5.“Whatdifferencedoesitmake?”PeteraskedJim.PeteraskedJimwhatdifferenceitmade.,1.Jacksaidtome,“Youlookworriedtoday.”Jacktoldmethat_worried_.A.helookstodayB.youlooktodayC.welookedthatdayD.Ilookedthatday,ExerciseII,2.Wesaidtoher,“Theyrewalkingthroughthestreetnow.”Wetoldherthat_throughthestreet_.A.wewerewalkingthenB.youarewalkingnowC.theywerewalkingthenD.theywalkingnow,3.MrBlacksaid,“Ihavewalkedalongwaythisweek.”MrBlacksaidthat_alongway_.IhadwalkedthatweekhehadwalkedthatweekIwalkedlastweekhehaswalkedthisweek,4.Themanthought,“Ishalltakeitbacktomorrow.”Themanthoughtthat_takeitback_.A.IshalltomorrowB.IshallthenextdayC.heshouldtomorrowD.hewouldthenextday,5.Theysaidtous,“Areyouafraidtoleavethishouse?”Theyaskedus_afraidtoleave_house.A.thatwerewethisB.thatwewerethatC.ifwerewethisD.ifwewerethat,6.Janesaid,“Whatdidhehearaboutaweekago?”Janeasked_about_.A.thathe