名詞、主謂一致、介詞、代詞名 詞【要點點撥】一. 可數名詞的復數構成規則:1.規則變化:加-s, -es; 輔音字母加y結尾的去y加ies;把f/ fe變成ves;(1)keys , three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes A(2) 縮寫,數字,字母等在后面加s或s都可,如: some VIPs (VIPs); in his 50s / 50s; in the 1990s / 1990s; There are two ts in the word “letter”. 2.不規則變化:(1) men , children , feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等;(2) 單復數形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工廠); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals等表示種類);(3)只有復數形式:trousers, glasses(眼鏡);remains(遺體/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目錄); goods; customs(海關); arms(武器); (4)復合名詞的復數形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law(5)表示某國人的復數形式:A:單復一樣:Chinese / Japanese) B: 把man變成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C:其它加s (包括Germans)一、 不可數名詞1.量的表示：用some / a little / much等表示數量的詞（組）及單位名詞（量詞），用得較多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a piece of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle2.不可數名詞具體化： These games are great successes; The party was a great success.二、 名詞的所有格：1.表示有生命的名詞后加s, 如一樣東西為幾人共有，則在最后一個名詞后加s: Jack and Toms room(兩人共有的房間); Jacks and Toms rooms（兩人各自的房間）；表示無生命的名詞的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room;(但表示時間、距離、國家、城市、團體、機構等無生命的名詞后也可加s: Chinas industry; todays paper; ten minutes walk)2.表示“某人家里”“某店鋪”等的名詞所有格后省略所修飾的名詞：at my aunts (house); at the doctors (office); go to the chemists (shop);3.雙重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名詞+of +.s / 名詞性物主代詞（表示“部分”的概念或表示某種感情色彩，如：贊賞、討厭等）；比較：a friend of her mothers她母親的一個朋友（強調她母親的朋友中的一位，為雙重所有格）a friend of her mother她母親的朋友（強調兩人間的關系，為of所有格）a picture of his brothers(他弟弟的所擁有的照片中的一張，照片上不一定是他本人)a picture of his brother（他弟弟本人的一張照片，照片上就是他本人）三、 名詞作定語修飾名詞：前一個名詞表示后一個名詞的特點、性質及用途；(1)一般前面的名詞用單數形式，復數加在后面主體名詞上：shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 個別名詞修飾另外一個名詞用復數形式：sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman與另一個名詞構成復合名詞兩者都變復數：men/ women doctors; (2)比較名詞作定語及形容詞作定語的不同意義：a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 裝灰塵的袋子/ a dusty bag布滿灰塵的袋子 a chemical change化學變化(具有化學性質的變化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一個化學老師a gold watch 一只金表(表材質)/ a golden watch一只金黃色的表五.英語中”很多”的表達:只修飾可數名詞:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of只修飾不可數名詞: a great deal of / a great amount of ( great amounts of) 既可修飾可數也可修飾不可數名詞:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of【各個擊破】1.No regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to stick to the _of his advertisement.A. standard B. level C. message D. promise2.-What do you think of his composition? -Much better, but theres still some _for improvement.A. space B. room C. area D. place3. Sometimes doctors make higher _ for their work than they should.A. bills B. charges C. costs D. prices4. The _of a big snake made her frightened, so she sat there still.A. sight B. look C. view D. scene5.No _ she fell ill, considering that she had been overworking for years.A. problem B. way C. wonder D. matter6. -How is it that you lost your way? -When I came to the crossroads, I went the wrong _.A. way B. direction C. distance D. path7. Little Tom asked me for small _ for his _piece, so I gave him _.A. change; ten pennies; ten pence B. changes; ten pennies; ten penceC. change; ten pence; ten pennies D. changes; ten pence; ten pennies8. Will you please tell me _you are talking about?A. which Zhang Yimous film B. which film of Zhang YimouC. which film of Zhang Yimous D. zhang Yimous which film9. The baby broke a _which is made of _just now.A. tea cup; glass B. cup of tea; glass C. teas cup; glasses D. tea cup; glasses10. Look, Mother has just bought three _ and _.A. fruit; lots of vegetables B. fruits; a number of vegetablesC. fruit; a great many of the vegetablesD. fruits; a great amount of vegetables11. If you get the job youll have to make business _every now and then.A. journeys B. trips C. travels D. voyages12. I listened to his lecture about biology , but I missed the key _.A. messages B. sense C. notes D. points13. He is always full of _as though he never knew tiredness.A. strength B. force C. power D. energy14.There has been a great _ in the number of cars in our city in the past five years.A. increase B. improvement C. result D. effect15. I dont think its my _ that the TV doesnt work. I just turned it off.A. mistake B. fault C. duty D. error16. - Whats the _ of this pair of shoes? - 500 yuan. - Oh, its really too expensive. - But its comfortable, so I think its good _ for money.A. cost; value B. price; value C. price; cost D. cost; price17. How did you like the _of the interpreter(口譯員)at the conference on TV? A. performance B. achievement C. material D. words18.She is not in good _for such heavy work.A. state B. condition C. position D. situation19.Its bad _ for a man to smoke in public places where smoking is not allowed.A. manners B. action C. movement D. manner20. Johnson is an honest businessman. Our company and his has had a lot of _ in the past few years.A. agreements B. sales C. deals D. bargains主謂一致【要點點撥】英語句子中謂語動詞的數必須與主語的人稱和數取得一致，這就叫做主謂一致。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。1：either , neither , each , one , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , somebody , someone , something , everything ,everybody , everyone ,no one , nothing ,nobody 做主語時，謂語一般用單數。Neither of the two sentences is correct .Everything around us is matter .(注意：none , neither, all ,any作主語時，謂語可用單數，也可用復數，具體取決于說話人的意思。)None of them owns/own a car .Neither of the boys are / is interested in geography.All are here. And all that can be done has been done.2 ：表示“時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積”等度量的名詞做主語時，謂語用單數。Five minutes is enough .Four hundred francs is a lot of money .3：each and each ，every and every ;no and no ;many a and many a 等結構由于強調個體行為，因此謂語動詞使用單數。Each boy and each girl has got a new English-Chinese dictionary .No sound and no voice is heard for a long time .4：從句、不定式、動名詞或短語作主語時謂語動詞使用單數形式。To say something is one thing , to do it is another .（to say something , to do 是不定式） “How do you do?” is not a question but a greeting .（How do you do ?是句子，作主語） (注意：what 引導主語從句時應注意其所指的具體內容來確定謂語的單復數。)What we need is more time ,while what they need are more doctors and medicines .5：one and a half 后面帶名詞的復數，謂語動詞常用單數。One and half bananas is left on the table .6：用and 連接的兩個名詞表示單一概念時謂語動詞使用單數。The headmaster and Party secretary is going abroad next month .Bread and butter is my usual breakfast .7 ：有些名詞呈復數形式，但并不表示復數概念。The news is disappointing that a chemical works is to be built in the west of the city .8：名詞由and 或both and 連接主語時，謂語動詞使用復數形式。Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop .9：people , public , police , cattle 做主語時，謂語動詞習慣上使用復數。The police have caught the murderer. And people are talking about the news.考點10：表示成雙、成套的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞使用復數。Your trousers are too long, but these shoes fit you quite well.但有a pair of 連接時，謂語動詞使用單數。A pair of gloves is a nice present for her.11: 不可數名詞作主語，但前面有表示數量的復數名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復數。Three million tons of oil are exploited every year in the oil field.12: 在or , either -or - , neither- nor - ,not only - but also - , not - but - , there be 等結構中，采取就近原則，即謂語動詞使用單數還是復數取決于最靠近的主語的單復數。Either the teacher or the students are to blame.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.考點13: 下列結構用于引起一個附加的成分，謂語動詞的形式應不受附加成分的影響而于前面的主語取得一致: as well as ; rather than ; like ; except ; besides ; with ; along with ; including ; such - as- ; No one but Jack and Mary knows about it .I as well as they am ready to help you .考點14：some of ; plenty of ; a lot of ; most of ; the rest of ; all(of ) ; half (of );分數或百分之+of +名詞做主語時，以名詞的單復數為準。A lot of students are waiting outside .And lots of the time has been wasted .More than 70% of the earths surface is covered by water .Ten percent of the apples are bad .The rest of the story needs no telling .He stayed at home and the rest of the boys were out at play .15：由a kind of ; this kind of ; many kinds of 和名詞+ of this kind 等以及與kind 意思相近的type , sort 等構成的類似的短語做主語時，謂語動詞與of 前的名詞取得一致。This kind of apple sells well in China .Apples of this kind are highly priced .16：more than 開頭的句子，看其后面的名詞。More than one answer is written on the blackboard .More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle .17: 定語從句中謂語動詞的形式與先行詞一致，但one of +復數名詞+who/ that / which 引導的定語從句的謂語動詞的形式看one 的前面是否有the (only )等修飾語，有為單數，無為復數。This is one of the best books that have appeared this year.She is the only one of those women who doesnt know a thing about knitting(編織) .18: population ; company ; class . team ; family ; group ; nation ; world ; government 等詞做主語時，如果強調整體，謂語動詞使用單數；如果強調組成成員，謂語動詞使用復數。Our family has a reunion every year .His family are waiting for him .19 ：the +形容詞，表示一類人，謂語動詞用復數;若指單數，則用單數謂語動詞。The rich are for the plan , but the poor are against it .The true is to be distinguished from the false .真實應與假相區別。(the true / the false表單數概念)20：a number of + 復數名詞 結構應用復數動詞。the number of + 復數名詞 結構應用單數動詞。如：A number of people were killed and injured in the explosion .The number of people who were killed in the tsunami(海嘯) has grown to 160,000. 【各個擊破】1.Have you heard that Tian Liang , along with his parents , _ to Canada ?Really ? No wonder I havent seen him these days .A. has been B. has gone C. have been D. have gone2.Over three-quarter of the city _ destroyed in the Iraq War .A. is B. are C. were D. was 3.This kind of stories _ instructive while stories of that kind _ harmful to children .A. is ; seems B. are ; seem C. is ; seem D. are ; seems 4.Everybody in our hometown , men and women , young and old , _ sports and games .A. are fond of B. joins C. enjoys D. go in for 5.The Whites family , which _ rather a large one , _ very fond of their house .A. were ; were B. was ; were C. were; was D. was ; was6.Not his son but his two daughters _ to Canada , never to be seen again .A. has gone B. have gone C. has been D. have been 7.When the injured _ to the hospital , they came to _.A. was rushed ; life B. were rushed ; life C. rushed ; lives D. were rushed ; lives 8.Despite much research , there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that _ not fully understood .A. are B. were C. is D. was 9. _ visitors to Hong Kong were asked by newspaper reporters what their impressions of the people were.A. The number of B. A numbers of C. Numbers of D. Any numbers of 10. Though small , the ant is as much as a creature as _ all other animals on earth .A. are B. is C. do D. have 11. Between the two rows of trees _ the teaching building .A. have B. has C. stands D. are 12.Every possible means _ tried but without much result .A. have been B. had C. has D. has been 13.The rest of the story _ no telling . Half of the students _ no interest in it .A. need ; has B. needs ; have C. needs ; has D. need ; have 14. John and Mary, _ sure to come to our party this evening.A. be B. are C. is D. to be15. This is the only one of the books on the subject _ ever been written in English .A. that has B. which have C. that have D. which is 16.Every boy and every girl as well as some teachers who _ to visit the museum_ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.A. are, are B. is , is C. are, is D. is , are17. A great many people_ present at the meeting . But many a man _ late for the meeting because of the traffic jam .A. are ; are B. is; is C. were ; was D. was ; are 18. He is the only one of the children who often _ ill of others behind their backs .A. have spoken B. were speaking C. speaks D. speak 19. Its I who _ the Christmas gift to you .A. has sent B. have sent C. is going to fetch D. are going to fetch 20. What were your problems a year ago _ mine now .A. has become B. have become C. becomes D. became 介 詞【要點點撥】復習時要把握三點：A. 要注意理解情景意義：同一介詞可表達多種意義，同一場合意義不同則介詞不同。He hasnt come for a month .(for 持續時間)The day is warm for April .（for 就而言）B. 要突破幾個關鍵介詞in , on , at , with , by , from , of , to , for .1 . 表示時間的：at; in ; on , since , from , to , after , within , during , throughout , towards , over , by , till ;2 . 表示穿越的:through , across , over 3表示地理位置的：in ; on; to ;4 表示原因、目的的：for ;with ; from ;5. 表示關于的:about , concerning , regarding , with regard to , as for ,as to ;6. 表示根據：on ; according to ;7. in the corner ;on the corner , at the corner 的區別8between 和among 9besides ;except ; but ;except for 10in 和with C. 要注意介詞搭配，集中歸納，反復練習。1. 固定與to 構成搭配的名詞：key , answer , visit , apology , introduction ,note , etc.2. 與on 有關的：mercy , congratulations 3. 與at有關的：angry , good , bad , clever , terrified , surprised ;4. 與of 有關的：afraid , sure , full , tired , fond , proud , worthy , certain ;5. 與with 有關的：angry , strict , careful , busy , poplar ;6. 與to 有關的：next, good , polite , kind , cruel , rude , known , anxious , married , close , near , similar, due ;7. 與for 有關的：sorry , good , free , fit , unfit , eager, anxious , hungry ;8. 與from 有關的：far , different , free, safe , absent , tired .【各個擊破】1.-What do you want _ those old boxes ?- To put things in when I move to the new flat .A. by B. for C. of D. with 2.Luckily , the bullet narrowly missed the captain _ an inch .A. by B. at C. to D. from 3.The train leaves at 6:00pm, so I have to be at the station _ 5:30 pm.A. until B. after C. by D. around 4.The little boy was quite alone in the world _ an aunt in the United States .A. except for B. except C. besides D. except that 5._ his great surprise , his shop was robbed _ computers .A. To ; of B. For ; of C. From ; with D. To ; with 6.We offered him our congratulations _ his passing the driving test .A. at B. for C. of D. on 7. Einsteins special theory of relativity is quite _ me .A. for B. beyond C. to D. against 8. How much did you pay _ the tickets _ tonights New Year Concert ?A. for; for B. for ; to C. for ; of D. to ; for 9. He has been caught _ the rain and is wet _ skin .A. by ; to B. in ; to C. in ; through D. with ; in 10. -How long have you been like this ? -_ last Friday .A. From B. Since C. In D. After 11. Besides being able to walk on for three days without drinking , camels can also live for a long time _ small quantities of food .A. with B. on C. by D. without 12. Im sorry its _ my power to make a final decision on the project .A. over B. above C. off D. beyond 13. -Did you lose the match ?-Yes , we lost the match _ one goal .A. by B. at C. with D. only 14. The study you have been making _ the living things in the ocean is an instructive job .A. to B. for C. of D. from 15. I felt it rather difficult to take a stand _ the opinion of the majority .A. to B. by C. in D. against 16. -Your daughter is tall enough _ her age. -Yes. I was much _ when I was her age.A. for ; taller B. at ; taller C. at ; shorter D. for ; shorter 17.-When will the game begin ? -It will begin later than usual _ ten minutes .A. in B. on C. by D. at 18.-Is your grandma still with you ?- No . She still prefers to live in the countryside _ all its disadvantages .A. for B. except C. with D. to 19. Lets keep in touch . You can reach me _ this number .A. at B. on C. from D. in 20.-Miss Li , Jack is ill , so he cant come to school .-Then well begin our class _ him .A. except for B. apart from C. except D. without 21.-Its so noisy upstairs .Peter , better go and see what they have been up _.-OK . A. to B. in C. with D. for 22.-Whats your favorite sport? -Jogging . I run _ the river every morning .A. around B. on C. along D. in 23. _ running , learning English needs will .A. As with B. As to C. As for D. As if 24. _ left before the deadline , it doesnt seem likely that he will finish the job .A. Though such a short time B. Because such a short time C. With such a short time D. As such a short time 25.He reminded me _ the time _ the meeting .A. at ; at B . of;