Lesson 1 A puma at large1. at large 在逃的，未被捕獲的a prisoner/suspect at largeThe disease is still at large（蔓延，肆虐）.2. Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. cat-like animals bear-like animals child-like simplicity angel-like girl crystal-like eyes flu-like symptomsFoxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. (CET4, 2002.1) be found in 一般過(guò)去時(shí) “被發(fā)現(xiàn)”一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) “存在于，產(chǎn)于”Many plant and animal species are found only in the rain forests.Vitamin C is found in citrus fruit. 造句：大熊貓是一種大型的，類似于熊的動(dòng)物，產(chǎn)于中國(guó)四川省。Giant pandas are large, bear-like animals which are found in Sichuan Province, China.3. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. come intoe.g. He came into the classroom.However, a new type of humor, which stems largely from the US, has recently come into fashion.（NCE 3, P138）The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it.（NCE 3, P158）無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)/物稱主語(yǔ)（inanimate subject）e.g. The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom.（NCE 3, P150）滿堂花醉三千客，一劍光寒十四洲。唐 貫休和尚癲狂柳絮隨風(fēng)舞，輕薄桃花逐水流。 唐 杜甫一條雪浪吼巫峽，千里火云燒益州。 唐 李商隱 送崔玉往西周無(wú)邊落木蕭蕭下，不盡長(zhǎng)江滾滾來(lái)。 唐 杜甫造句： 我想到了一個(gè)好主意。I thought of a good idea.A good idea came into my mind.A good idea flashed into my mind.他喪失了信心。He lost his confidence.Confidence deserted him.那一夜我無(wú)法入睡。I couldnt sleep that night.That night sleep eluded（躲避）me.他進(jìn)城辦事去了。He went to the town on business.Business took him to the town.到了黃昏的時(shí)候，我們才走了一半的路。We only travelled half the distance at sunset.Sunset met us halfway.最近這些年來(lái)，有大批的外國(guó)人涌入中國(guó)，或是來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)，或是來(lái)旅游，或是做生意。The past few years witnessed the great influx of foreigners to China, for travelling, studies or business.我們?nèi)胰嗽谝粋€(gè)風(fēng)和日麗的星期天到海濱去遠(yuǎn)足。A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for an outing at the beach. 同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：a. 從定義上看b. 從形式上看The proposal that John should be dismissed is unacceptable.The proposal that John put forward is unacceptable.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Thomas Jefferson spot n. 地點(diǎn) e.g. a shady a scenic spot v. 發(fā)現(xiàn) had been seen/found/observed in/ on/ to the south of e.g. Shanghai is in the south of China. Vietnam is on the south of China.Indonesia is (to the) south of China. 100 kilometers (to the) south of Xian takeseriously takelightly they were taken lightly 造句：當(dāng)消息傳到了國(guó)家博物館，說(shuō)在西安以南100公里處發(fā)現(xiàn)了一座古墓的時(shí)候，這則消息收到了重視。When news came into the national museum that an ancient tomb had been found 100 kilometers south of Xian, it was taken seriously.4. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. however 轉(zhuǎn)折標(biāo)志 aswith be/feel obliged to do感到必須做be/feel compelled to do（由于外界壓力）不得不做 e.g. President Nixon felt compelled to pel v. 迫使 com- together -pel pushbe/feel impelled to do （由于內(nèi)心動(dòng)力）必須做 investigate the marketinvestigate the casethe FBI: the Federal Bureau of investigationcensus 對(duì)數(shù)量的調(diào)查，人口普查 e.g. the Fifth National Censussurvey/ poll/ opinion poll民意調(diào)查，民意測(cè)驗(yàn)e.g. The noise pollution survey revealed a rather surprising and possibly amusing old fashioned source of noise. (NCE 3, P216) for/because/since/as/in that/now (that)a. because 回答why 句中，句首b. since/as 語(yǔ)氣弱 句中，句首c. for/in that 最弱 只能在主句后面，for當(dāng)介詞可以在句首d. now (that) 同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間和原因 “因?yàn)椤薄艾F(xiàn)在” 句中，句首注意：不能表示過(guò)去的事情e.g. Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveler is in difficulty. (NCE 3, P42) give descriptionsdescriptions (which were) given by people非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)e.g. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw a large cat only five yards away from her. (NCE 3, P14)John had a very good day and put his wallet containing $3000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping. (NCE 3, P38)For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travelers crossing the dangerous Pass. (NCE 3, P42)novels written by Lu Xun movies directed by Zhang YimouThe man leaning against the wall named George is my brother. claim to have doneclaim to do e.g. So far, no organization has claimed to be responsible for the accident.不定式的完成式（先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生）e.g. Everyone went to the funeral, for the “ghost” was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. (NCE 3, P142)When I was a boy, my grandfather told me how a German taxi driver, Franz Bussman, found a brother who was thought to have been killed twenty years before. (NCE 3, P166) extraordinaryextraordinarily 重音后移primarily, absolutely, necessarily, temporarilywere extraordinarily similar = were particularly alike = had a lot in common = had considerable commonalitiese.g. well, I saw the ad on the back of the bus stop today. And uh though it was not exactly like looking in the mirror, you cant deny that there is a certain commonality in our visages（面貌）.I guess we do look a little bit alike. 造句：隨著病例開(kāi)始慢慢增多，醫(yī)學(xué)專家們覺(jué)得必須要調(diào)查了。因?yàn)榈昧诉@種病的人的癥狀特別的相似。As the cases began to accumulate, specialists felt obliged to investigate, for the symptoms of people who had caught the disease were extraordinarily similar.5. hunt fore.g. Im hunting for a job now. The hunt for a job will begin tomorrow.“的”翻譯（不一定用介詞 of）the winter in America the entrance to the parking lota witness to the accident a longing for love the reason for the disaster6. woman villager 村姑7. onlyjustmerelyno more thannot more than 不多于8. confirm證實(shí)說(shuō)e.g. President Hu Jintao confirmed that he would visit the United States next month.I dont know whether what she said is true, but Ill try to _ it.A. conform B. confirmC. confessD. confine9. prove (to be) + adj./n. 被證明是e.g. His injury proved (to be) fatal. The operation proved (to be) a success/successful.turn out to be + adj./n. 原來(lái)是e.g. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. (NCE 3, P22)10. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. 疑問(wèn)詞 + ever（whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whatever）a. 表示“無(wú)論”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 = no matter + 疑問(wèn)詞e.g. No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplins early films. (NCE 3, P22)b. 表示“到底”用于疑問(wèn)句中e.g. Where did you go yesterday?Wherever did you go yesterday?“Whatever are you doing up here Bill? “asked the vicar in surprise.(NCE 3, P18)When ever am I going to see you again?When will you ever learn?A. These things take time to learn.B. Will you study anymore?C. Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?D. It will be a good learning experience for you. a trail of 一連串的e.g. Wherever he went, he left a trail of behind him. （描述特征） Wherever he went, he left a trail of unpaid bills behind him. Wherever he went, he left a trail of broken hearts behind him.11. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)突出重點(diǎn)造句：人們對(duì)下崗工人的生活狀況越來(lái)越關(guān)注了。People have paid more attention to the condition of the laid-off workers.Increasing attention has been paid to the condition of the laid-off workers.（China Daily） fur a fur coat裘皮大衣feather fur and feather（借代，頭韻）= birds and beasts飛禽走獸（拼寫短的單詞在前） fin, fur and feather = all kinds of animals The crown should not yield to the cross. 王權(quán)不應(yīng)該屈服于神權(quán)。中文的借代：臣本布衣，躬耕于南陽(yáng)。諸葛亮 出師表巾幗不讓須眉過(guò)盡千帆皆不是，斜暉脈脈水悠悠金陵十二釵 三千粉黛無(wú)顏色12. complain of/about sth.claim聲稱confirm 證實(shí)說(shuō)add 補(bǔ)充說(shuō) e.g. Then I added with a smile, “Its strange mixture I make myself. (NCE 3, P54)put it 措辭e.g. , as one of them put it “ate like kings”. (NCE 3, P58)Let me put it this way. 讓我這么跟你說(shuō)吧。To put it another way, 換句話說(shuō)state聲明說(shuō) e.g. The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands. (NCE 3, P86)13. on a fishing trip on a business/honeymoon tripon a journey/voyage/expedition/toure.g. President Hu Jintao is on a five-nation tour.14. be convinced thatconvince sb. of sth.in that except/but thatAfter telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out（副詞）that his neighbor, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. (NCE 3, P74 )15. report missinge.g. report your ID card missing In the accident, 200 people were reported missing.16. must have done對(duì)過(guò)去的肯定的推測(cè) e.g. You must have been ill yesterday. You looked do pale.must do e.g. She knew that it must be the baker. (NCE 3, P62)may/might have donecan not/could not have donee.g. You cant have been ill yesterday. I saw you going shopping with your wife.The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake. (NCE 3, P268)should/ought to have done 虛擬（責(zé)備）should not/ ought not to have done e.g. You should have finished your work yesterday. She looks very happy. She _ have passed the exam.I guess so. Its not difficult at all. (NMET 2007)A. ShouldB. couldC. mustD. mightI cant find my purse anywhere. You _ have lost it while shopping. (NMET, 2008)A. mayB. canC. shouldD. wouldIm sorry. I _ at you the other day. Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.A. shouldnt shoutB. shouldnt have shouted C. mustnt shoutD. mustnt have shoutedThe policeman dec