英語基礎語法知識介紹名詞一、定義與分類名詞是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名稱的詞。根據名詞的詞匯意義，通常可將其分為專有名詞和普通名詞。專有名詞表示人、地方、組織、機構等的專有名稱，專有名詞的第一個字母通常大寫；普通名詞表示人、物、概念等的一般名稱。普通名詞根據其語法性質可分為個體名詞、物質名詞、集合名詞和抽象名詞四類。二、名詞復數的構成方法1. 在一般情況下，加詞尾 s；而以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等結尾的名詞，通常加詞尾 es。如：desk / desks 課桌 class / classes 班，課box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盤子注：stomach / stomachs(胃)是例外。2. 以y 結尾的名詞，其復數構成要分兩種情況：以“輔音字母+y”結尾的名詞，將 y 改為 ies；以“元音字母y”結尾的名詞，直接加詞尾-s；以 f 或 fe 結尾的名詞，也有兩種可能：即有些直接加詞尾-s，有些則把 f / fe 改為 ves：family / families 家 key / keys 鑰匙thief / thieves 賊wolf / wolves 狼注：在中學英語范圍內，要改 f / fe 為 ves 的只有以下10個詞(它們都是日常生活中的常用詞)：wife(妻子)，life(生命)，knife(小刀)，leaf(樹葉)，thief(賊)，half(一半)，self(自己)，shelf(架子)，loaf(面包)，wolf(狼)。(from )3. 以 o 結尾的名詞，有些加詞尾 -s，有些加-es，有些加-s或-es均可：kilo / kilos 公斤 hero / heroes 英雄zero / zero(e)s 零注：在中學英語范圍內，加詞尾-es 的主要有以下4個：tomato(西紅柿)，potato(土豆)，hero(英雄)，Negro(黑人)。三、單數與復數同形的名詞sheep 綿羊 fish 魚deer 鹿 Chinese 中國人Japanese 日本人 Portuguese 葡萄牙人Swiss 瑞士人 aircraft 飛行器means 方法 series 系列head (牛等的)頭數 works 工廠注：fish 有時也用 fishes 這樣的復數形式，尤其是表示種類時；head 若不是表示牲口的“頭數”，而是表示“人的頭”或“人數”，則要用 heads 這樣的復數形式。四、不規則的復數名詞man / men 男人 woman / women 女人child / children 小孩 tooth / teeth 牙齒foot / feet 腳 goose / geese 鵝mouse / mice 老鼠 ox / oxen 公牛五、名詞的可數性名詞根據其可數性可分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。這兩類名詞的主要特點如下：1. 可數名詞的用法特點：可以有復數形式；可直接在其前使用不定冠詞或數詞；可受 these, those, few, a few, many, a good great many, a great good number of 等修飾。如：There are five rooms in the apartment. 公寓里有五間房。There were many things to be done. 有很多事情要做。A large number of students are Asians. 很多學生是亞洲人(from )。2. 不可數名詞的用法特點：通常沒有復數形式；其前不可直接用不定冠詞或數詞；可用(a) little, much, a great deal, a lot of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of, some, any 等修飾；要表示數量不可在前面直接加數詞，而要用 a piece of 之類的結構。如：Knowledge is power. 知識就是力量。They havent much furniture. 他們沒有多少家具。He lost a great quantity of blood. 他大量失血。六、不可數名詞與可數名詞的轉化有的不可數名詞在某些特殊情況下可轉化為可數名詞，如：1. 有些物質名詞表示不同種類或表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”等數量意義時，可用作可數名詞。如：It was a special tea. 這是一種特別的茶。She brought us three coffees. 她給我們端來三杯咖啡。2. 有些抽象名詞表示具體的事物時，可用作可數名詞。如：The party was a great success. 晚會非常成功。3. 有些由動詞思轉化來的名詞，表示“一場 / 陣 / 件”時，可受不定不定冠詞的修飾(此時通常有形容詞或 of 短語修飾)。如：A heavy snow was falling. 下著一場大雪。Id better go and have a wash now. 我還是現在去洗個澡。七、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格表示所屬關系，它分-s 所有格和 of 所有格兩種形式。1. -s所有格的構成方法為：對于單數名詞和不帶詞尾-s的復數名詞，直接在其后加 -s構成；對于帶詞尾-s的復數名詞只加省字撇()。如：Jims parents 吉姆的父母mens club男子俱樂部the teachers office 教師辦公室注：用and連接的并列名詞的所有格要分兩種情況，即表示各自的所有關系時，要分別在并列名詞后加-s，表示共同的所有關系時，只在最后一個名詞后加-s：Jacks and Mikes rooms 杰克和邁克(各自)的房間Jack and Mikes room杰克和邁克(共同)的房間(from )2. -s所有格的用法：-s 所有格通常用于有生命者，但有時也可用于無生命的東西，如用于表時間或距離的名詞后，用于表示國家、城市、組織機構等的名詞后等。如：Wherere todays papers? 今天的報紙在哪里?Whats your governments policy? 你們政府的政策是什么?It is the countrys biggest city. 它是這個國家最大的城市。3. of 所有格即指在名詞后使用 of 短語來表示所有關系，它既可用于有生命的人或物，也可用于無生命的東西。如：We all like the son of Mr Green. 我們都喜歡格林先生的兒子。Ill never forget the beauty of the lake. 我永遠不會忘記那座湖的美麗。注：of 所有格有時可以與-s 所有格互換。如：(from )That mans name is interesting. = The name of that man is very interesting. 那個人的名字很有趣。4. 雙重所有格。雙重所有格就是指同時既使用 -s 所有格又使用 of 所有格。如：a friend of my fathers 我父親的一位朋友a photo of Mr Smiths 史密斯先生的一張照片注：被雙重所有格修飾名詞前有指示代詞時，通常帶有一定的感*彩(如贊賞、不滿、厭惡等)。如：That little daughter of your cousins is really lovely. 你表哥的那個小女兒真是可愛。(表贊賞)That daughter of your cousins is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那個女兒老是在報怨。(表厭惡)另外，有時是否使用雙重所有格會導致意義的變化。比較：a photo of Mr Smiths 史密斯先生收藏的一張照片a photo of Mr Smith 史密斯先生照的一張照片八. 名詞的功能 名詞在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、補足語、同位語和定語。例句如下：1. These ideas may seem strange to you . 這些想法似乎對我很奇怪。ideas 作主語 2. Both of them are doctors .他們兩個都是醫生。 doctors 作表語3. We love our great motherland . 我們熱愛我們偉大的祖國。motherland 作賓語4.We elected him monitor of our class .我們選他當我們班的班長。monitor 作補足語5. This is Mr Black , our department manager. 這是布萊克先生，我們部門的經理。manager 作同位語； department 作 定語四、名詞作定語1）在現代英語中，無論是口語還是書面語，名詞作定語都使用得相當普遍。名詞作定語修飾另一個名詞時，常表示時間、地點、功能、性別、科目 、材料等。如：an evening paper 晚報， afternoon tea 午茶， school life 學校生活，Tianjin Railway Station天津火車站， a wine glass 酒杯， a shoe store 鞋店maths teacher數學老師 sun glasses 太陽鏡 a train ticket 火車票，food industry 食品工業， an iron bridge 鐵橋， a woman astronaut 女宇宙員， 2）注意有些名詞可以用其相應的形容詞形式作定語，用來表示被修飾名詞的特點或屬性，要區別二者意思的不同。如：a gold watch 金表（指手表是含金的） a golden watch 金色的表（指表是金色的，但不一定含金）the history teacher 歷史老師 the historic May 4th Movement 具有歷史意義的五四運動3）在英語中有些詞既可作名詞，也可作形容詞。我們可以把他們看作是名詞作定語，也可以認為是形容詞作定語，但意思不同。如：an English (n.) teacher 一個英語教師an English (adj.) teacher 一個英國教師遇到這種情況，我們只能在一定的語境中，通過上下文，才能判斷其詞類，準確把握其含義九、名詞習語某些名詞可以與其他單詞構成固定搭配，要注意積累有關習語，因為對名詞習語的考查也是考點之一。如：do shopping 購物 ，make room 騰地方 ， make sense 有意義， make fun of 取笑， out of sight 消失 ， all of a sudden 突然， 等等。十、語法要點1、不同國籍人的單復數國籍 總稱(謂語用復數) 單數 復數中國人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亞人the Australians an Australian two Australians俄國人the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希臘人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法國人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美國人the Americans an American two Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德國人the Germans a Germans two Germans英國人the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes2、Chinas與Chinese有何區別（1）Chinas為名詞所有格，強調所屬關系。如：Chinas population is large. 中國人口眾多。(2) Chinese為形容詞，表示屬性，視所修飾的名詞不同，意思稍有不同：Maotai is a Chinese wine. 茅臺是一種中國酒。名詞專項練習1. 判斷下列名詞是否可數名詞,將其可數名詞改為復數形式1. brush 2. tomato 3.radio 4. roof 5. tooth 6. Japanese 7. meat 8. air 9. clothing 10.paper 2.指出下列劃線名詞的語法作用。例：These ideas may seem strange to you . 這些想法似乎對我很奇怪。ideas 作主語 1. The flowers are beautiful . （ ） 2. Both of them are lawyers . （ ）3. We love our great motherland（ ）4. we made him our monitor of our class . （ ）5. This is Miss Alice , our good friend . （ ） 6. They are college students . （ ）7. Mother, please look after your children . （ ）3.用所給名詞的正確形式填空1. The students are making _ for the coming examination . ( preparation)2.He is making a study of fresh-water _ ( fish ) .3.Various _ ( fruit ) are on sale now . 4.Some 260 _ were presented at the meeting . ( paper ) 5. Mary is a daughter of _ . (Mr Brown) 6.In the old days , my father went to the _ school . ( night ) 7.Yesterday I called at _ . ( Marys sister ) . 8. You should do more _ . Dont always sit at the desk busy doing your _. ( exercise)9.Its very cold there . _ temperature can drop below freezing . ( Room ) 10. Where are _ shoes sold ? ( children ) 4. 單項選擇1Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices2. Weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into _ .A. fact B. practice C. reality D. deed3. He dropped the _ and broke it .A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup4. Weve missed the last bus ; Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection5. Heres my card .Lets keep in _ A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friend ship 6. He gained his _by printing _ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; worksC. wealths; works D. wealth; works7. If by any chance someone comes to see me , ask them to leave a _ A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice8. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get around London A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness9. Your performance in the driving test didnt reach the required standard- _ , you failed A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time10. I dont think Ill need any money but Ill bring some _ .A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time 5選擇填空 1MrGaoisateacher.Heworksinanew_. Ashop Bschool Cfactory Dhospital 2Ifyouwanttoknowthemeaningofaword,youcanlookitupina_. Adiary Bdictionary Cnewspaper Ddiagram 3MrShuteisafriendof_. AJohnsuncle BJohnuncles CJohnsunclesDJohnuncle 4-Wouldyoulike_tea? -No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo_. Aany;bottlesoforangeBsome;bottlesoforange Cmany;bottlesoforangesDfew;bottleoforanges 5-Whendoyouusuallyhaveyour_intheevening? AthingsBriceCmealDfood 6Iusuallygotoa_toborrowsomebooks. AshopBcinemaChospitalDlibrary 7Peopleoftenusehorsesfor_. AhardworkingBworkinghardCworkhardDhardwork 8Theword“houses”underlinedpartispronounced_.sizBzizCzisDis9UncleWangboughttwo_yesterday. AwatchsBwatchesCwatchDwatchss10Therearealotof_downtherebuthardlyany_. Asheeps;peopleBsheep;peopleCsheeps;peoplesDsheep;peoples11Thereisa_overtheriver. AshipBboatCbridgeDvillage12In_time,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees,too.fewyearsBafewyearsCafewyearDafewyears13Therearelotsof_inthebasketonthetable. AtomatosBtomatoCtomatossDtomatoes14Whose_arethese?A.photoBphotoesCphotosDphotoss15Thecatcaughttwo_lastnight. AmousesBmiceCmouseDmices 16Jackwenttohavetwo_pulledoutyesterdayafternoon. AtoothsBtoothCteethDtoothes 17Theleaningtowerisabout180_high. AfeetBfootsCfootsDfeets 18Therearemany_onthehill. AsheepsBsheepCsheepesDsheeps 19Therearesix_andfifteen_inthisworkshop. Amans;womansBmen;womenCmen;womansDmans;women 20Inourschooltherearefifty-five_.A.womenteachersB.womanteachers CwomenteacherDwomansteacher21Thedaybeforeyesterdayshetoldme_news. AagoodBsuchagoodCsogoodaDapieceofgood 22Iwontgotherewithyou,forIhavealotof_todo. AworksBjobCworkDworking 23_willconquer（征服）nature.ThemanBAmanCTheme DMan24LiLeiisafriendof_. AIsisterBmysistersCmesisterDmysisterof 25Haveyouread_? AtodaysBtodaypaperCthetodayspaperDtodayspaper 26Theoldwomanfeedsfour_. ApiggsBpigesCpigsDpig 27Thereareseven_inaweek. AdayesBdaysCdaiesDday 28GradeThreeisdividedintoseven_inourschool. AclassBclassesCclasssDclass 29Howmany_arethereintheroom? AboxesBboxCboxsDboxxes 30There_allkindsof_inthisshop.are;watchesBbe;watches Cis;watchsDare;watchs根據句意，選用適當的詞填空（同義近義詞） 31Canyouanswermy_,Jim? (AquestionBproblem) 32Doyouknowthegirl_thosepeople? (AbetweenBamong) 33Hewontgothere,Iwont,_. (AtooBeitherCalso) 34Canyou_meyourpen?(AborrowBlend) 35Whoisgoingto_atthemeeting? (AsayBspeakCtalkDtell) 36Dont_inbed.Itsbadforyoureyes. (AseeBreadClook) 37Doyoulikereadingthis_book? (AinterestingBinterested) 38Mymotherisill.I_stayathomeandlookafterher. (AhavetoBmust) 39Idontknow_ornotshecanspeakEnglish.(AifBwhether) 40Go_thebridge,youllfindthebusstopontheleft. (AcrossBinCacrossDalong)一、用括號中動詞的適當形式填空： 1.One in four people worldwide (be) without good homes. 2.The police (say) the killing of the young man was an accident. 3.Her family (have) been in Los Angeles since the turn of the century. 4.Polities (be) seen as a mans world, but difficult for women to get on. 5.Broadcast(廣播) news (be) true, but not interesting. 6.The United Nations (have) asked for help from the international community. 二、單項選擇填空： 1.We need some more . Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe 2.What big _ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes 3.Please remember to give the horse some tree_. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave 4.On the table there are five_. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 5.He gave us_ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice 6.When we saw his face, we knew _ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news 7.He is hungry. Give him _ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces breads 8.How many _have you got on your farm? Ive got five. A. cow B. sheep C. pig D. chicken 9.Some_came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D.Germanies 10.A group of _will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Canadian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 11.Lets meet at 7:30 outside the gate of_. A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park 12.There are sixty-seven_ in our school. A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher 13.September 10th is _ in China. A. Teachers Day B. Teachers Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day 14.Excuse me, where is the _ ? A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms 15.The football under the bed is _ . A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys 16.In a few _ time, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. year B. years C. years D. years 17.Its about _ walk from my house. A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes 18.Half _ telephone calls are made in English. A. the world B. world C. the worlds D. worlds 19.Miss Smith is a friend of _ . A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers 20.Have you seen Toms and Johns _? A. pencil-box B. pencil-box C. pencil-box D. pencils-box 中考名詞專項練習( )1.I hear we will have a _ holiday in _.A. two days, two days time B. two day, two days timeC. two-day, two days time D. two days, two-day time( )2._ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Chengdu. A. Li Lei and Lucys B. Li Leis and LucysC. Li Lei and Lucy D. Li Leis and Lucy( )3.There are four _ and two _ at _.A. Johns, Marys, doctors B. Johns, Marys, doctorsC. Johns, Marys, doctors D. John, Mary, doctors( )4.-What would you like to drink, girls?-_, please. A. two cup of coffee B. two cups of coffeeC. two cups of coffees D. two cup of coffees( )5.Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers( )6.Oh, dear, I forgot the two _.A. rooms number B. rooms numbers C. room numbers D. rooms numbers( )7.This is Elizabeth Tina Brown, our new teacher. You may call her _.A. Mr. Brown B. Miss Brown C. Mrs. Tina D. Ms. Elizabeth( )8.There are many _ in the basket.A. tomatoes B. tomatos C. tomato D. tomatoes( )9.They are _.A. woman teachers B. women teacher C. woman teacher D. women teachers( )10.-What can I do for you?- Id like some _.A. jar of orange B. jar of oranges C. jars of orange D. jars of oranges( )11.Mr. Black has a _. A. ten year old boy B. ten-year old boy C. boy of ten year old D. boy of ten( )12.Were _ and theyre _. A. China, America B. Chinese, Americans C. Chinas, Americas D. Chineses, Americans( )13.Have you got _? A. enough of bread B. enough of the breads C. enough of the bread D. enough the bread( )14.Miss Smith is a friend of _.A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. Mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers( )15_ are going to see a film.A. Greens B. A Greens C. The Greens D. The Greens綜合能力訓練：組：( )1. There _ many _ in the fields.A. is, sheep B. is, sheeps C. are, sheeps D. are, sheep( )2. That bridge was made of _ in 1919.A. wood B. wooden C. some woods D. woods( )3. If your shoes are too small, you can buy a bigger _.A. one B. shoes C. pair D. pairs( )4. His grandpa has two _.A. son-in-law B. sons-in-law C. son-in-laws D. sons-in-laws( )5. There _ in todays newspaper.A. is two pieces of news B. are two pieces of newC. is two piece of news D. are two pieces of news( )6. Several _ are still watching the traffic on a rainy day.A. hundreds polices B. hundred police C. hundred polices D. hundreds police( )7. I found _ in the city of Guangdong.A. a