動詞不定式,To do that sort of thing is foolish。,I want to see you this evening.,All you have to do is to finish it quickly.,We found a house to live in.,She came here to study English.,I warned the patient not to drink cold water after the operation.,主語,賓語,表語,定語,狀語,賓補,不定式或不定式短語可起名詞，形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語和賓語補足語。 一，不定式在句中的作用： 1、主語：不定式做主語時，可以直接放在謂語動詞之前。 eg: To make a new dress takes her a lot of time. Not to get there in time is your fault. 注：常用it做形式主語，將to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。,句型1：It + 謂語 + to do eg: It takes us an hour to get there by bus. 句型2：Its + n. + to do eg: Its our duty to help the poor. 句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 注：for/of sb to do sth 為不定式復合結構。 1) of引起的復合結構只能做主語。 eg: Its very kind of you to help me.,2) for引起的復合結構在句中可做主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語等。 eg: Another method is for them to leave at once. (表語) Wed better find some work for the children to do. (定語) He put the paper on desk for you to read. (狀語) What he told her made it impossible for him to go on her work. (賓語) Its common for leaves to fall from the trees in autumn. (主語),2、做表語：主語+系動詞+不定式 1). 其主語多為抽象名詞(wish, need) eg: My wish is to be a scientist. The main thing is to keep our room clean. 2). 不定式to blame做表語,主動表被動. eg: He is to blame. 3). be to do可構成將來時態,表 “準備/打算/計劃/需要”; be是助動詞，無詞義,其主語為具體名詞(人/事物); to be可用be going to或will/shall代替,此時不定式是謂語的一部分,而不是表語. eg: She is to return next week. He was about to leave when it started to rain.,3. 做定語: 不定式做定語總是放在它所修飾的名詞之后,不定式表示的行為通常是未來的行為,它們常和被修飾的詞有動賓關系,主謂關系和修飾性關系. 1). 動賓關系: I have a lot of work to do. Give me a piece of paper to write on. 2). 主謂關系: She is the best person to finish the work. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboat. 3). 修飾性關系(同位),它所修飾的詞多為抽象名詞. need, time, way, right, chance, courage, reason, wish, movement. eg: There is no need for him to come. He has no time to read the book.,4. 做狀語: 1). 目的狀語: 可放于句首,也可放于句末, 前面可加in order/so as/soas to表強調. eg: He went to see the artist himself. He stopped to have a look. He ran so fast as to get to school in time. 2). 結果狀語:主要用在enough to/tooto/only to結構中。 eg: The question is too difficult to answer. They worked hard enough to finish their work.,3). 原因狀語: 主語+系動詞+adj.+ to do a). 表感情的adj.有: happy, surprised, pleased, glad, sorry, anxious(憂慮), disappointed, careful, afraid, wrong. eg: Im very happy to see you. He was afraid to leave him home. b). 說明句中主語在哪個方面存在形容詞所表示的情況時,即與句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系，主動表被動. interesting, difficult, easy, important, possible, expensive, dangerous, useful. eg: The question is easy to answer. He is difficult to teach.,5. 做賓語: 不定式做賓語的情況，一般表示將來的行為,這時謂語和不定式的動作都是主語發出的. 1). 下列動詞只能加不定式做賓語. . plan, choose, manage, learn, pretend, agree, decide, refuse. promise, prepare, offer, fail, hope, wish, expect, ask;demand, want, hesitate,2). 不定式做動詞tell, teach, know, show, find out, discover, see(understand)的賓語時,不定式前常加連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞how, when, where構成不定式短語做賓語. eg: I dont know how to get there. 注: why不能與不定式連用. 3). begin, start, continue 后接不定式,動名詞意思一樣. 4). like, love, hate, prefer動名詞表經常性的動作，不定式表一次性動作.,5). remember, forget, regret后動名詞表已經做過的動作,不定式表沒有做過或將要做的動作. 6). stop, try, go on, mean, be afraid, propose 后兩者都可, 但意義不同. propose to do計劃,打算做 propose doing 建議做 7). a). prefer doing to doing prefer to do rather than do b). its no use doing its useless to do c). be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy to be done,6. 做賓補(與賓語之間的關系實際上是邏輯上的主謂關系) 1). 有些動詞(短語)必須接to的不定式做賓補 talk, ask, warn, want, allow, permit, order, advise, force, beg, cause, encourage, invite, persuade, get, require, prefer, call, leave, expect, use(allow/permit/advise doing sth),四, 不定式的時態和語態 時態: 三態 to do/ to be doing/ to have done 一般式表示的動作通常與句中謂語動作同時或在其后發生 eg: We saw him go to the shop. 進行式表示不定式的動作正在進行. eg: He pretended to be working hard. 完成式表示不定式動作在謂語動作/狀態前發生. Im glad to have seen your mother. eg: I happened to have read the book.,動詞不定式To 的幾種常見的省略形式,非謂語動詞歷來是高考中的重點，不定式結構在考點中常占很大比重。其中TO的用法很復雜，現就TO在一些結構中常被省略的情況作如下小結。 1感官動詞和使役動詞在主動語態中不需要帶to，即我們常說的“一覺二聽三讓五看”：feel, listen to 、hear ,let、make、have, see、watch、notice、observe、look at. He noticed Tom take a branch of flowers in his hand. 他注意到湯姆手中拿著一束鮮花。 The teacher has us write a composition every week. 老師要我們每周寫一篇文章。 注： 除let 外其他在變成被動語態時要加上to。 The person was seen to enter the shop by us . 我們看見那個人進了那家商店。,2當主句中存在do 動詞的任何形式， 介詞but 后就省去to, 而只接do(只是do動詞，不能是其他行為動詞) 其結構為can not do but（do)，can not help but (do)不得不等句型， eg. She can do nothing but/except sing. 她除了唱歌什么也沒做。 There is nothing he could do but play all day long。他除了整天玩，別無它事可做。 I couldnt do anything but sleep I did nothing but wait He had nothing to do but cry. I had no choice but to sleep,3不定式做help后的賓語補足語或賓語時，可帶to也可不帶。 Can I help（to） carry it for you? 我可以幫你搬嗎？ I helped him（to） mend the bike. 我幫助他修理自行車。 4在had better，would rather，rather than之后省略to。 Youd better not tell him the news . 你最好不把這個消息告訴他。 Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi. 我決定乘出租車回家而不愿等候任何人。,學習動詞不定式時要特別注意以下幾點： 一、后接不定式的動詞 1.后接不定式做賓語的動詞hope, agree, dare, decide, determinebegin, start, refuse, prepare,offermanage,try, aim, forget, remember ，chooseseem, pretend, learn, love, hate等。 (可記：希望同意敢決定，開始拒絕備提供，設法瞄準忘記選，似乎假裝學愛憎。) 2.后接不定式作賓補的動詞 permit,request,allow,command,tell,invite,cause,encouragewarn,adivse,persuadeforce,order,remind,teach等。 (可記首字母：practice wap fort 實踐攻克堡壘。) 3.后接不定式既作賓語又可作賓補的動詞 ask,beg,like,preter,help,promise,wish,want,expect等。 （可記：請求、愿、助、諾、希望。）,二、不定式省略to的現象： 1.在had better,would rather, why not,do nothing but,would ratherthan以及情態動詞后。如： Tom would rather play tennis than swim. I could do nothing but wait for you. 2.在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,let,make,have等感官動詞和使役動詞后接不帶to的不定式作賓補，但當這些動詞為被動時其后的不定式必須帶to.如： He saw two men enter the room. I was made to do it 三、不定式的否定式 否定不定式時，否定副詞not或never,seldom,hardly等要置于to前。如:She checked the names so as not to make mistakes.,The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier _ it more difficult. (MET99) A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. (NMET2000) A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects,高考題匯集：,3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer. (MET1998),to invent B. inventing C. to have invented C. having invented,4. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home. (MET2003),much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much,5. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. (NMET95),A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,6. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. (MET 97),to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking,7.There are five pairs _,but Im at a loss which to buy.(1999上海高考),to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing,8. _late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. (2001年北京春季高考),A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep,9. With a lot of difficult problems _,the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (2002年上海春季高考),settled B. settling C.to settle D. being settled,10. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_in making the earth a better place to live. (2003上海春季高考),A.to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing,11. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are trying _their products more competitive. ( 2002上海春季高考),to make B. making C. to have made D.having made,12. The teacher asked us_so much noise. (2003北京春季高考),A.dont make B. not make,C. not making D. not to make,7. Wet umbrellas are not allowed into this hotel according to the rule. A. to be taken B. to take C. taken D. taking,8. Robert is said _ abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in. A to have studied B to study C to be studying D to have been studying,9. In Australia he made a lot of friends _a very practical knowledge of English. get B. getting C. to get D. got,EXERCISES 1.You had better _ your hair cut. A. had B. have C to get D to have 2 We _ put the meeting off for a week. A can as well B. will as well C. shall as well D . may as well 3 He _ live in the country than in the city. A prefers B likes to C had better D. would rather 4 The boy told his father that he would rather _ an astronaut. A. become B. to become C becoming D became,5 Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 6 - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 7 He wants to do nothing but out. to go go going goes 8 He wants to believe anything but_ the medicine. A to take B take C take D takes,9 Compared with women. men always prefer _ at home rather than _ so much time shopping . A to finish ,to spend B to finish ,spend C finish ,spend D finish ,to spend,鞏固性練習 1. She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. to be cleaning D. being cleaned 2 While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. A. to persuade B. to be persuaded C .persuading D. being persuading 3 We agreed _ here, but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met,4 - You were brave enough to raise the objections at the meeting. - Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to doing C. to have done D. having done 5 Little Tom should love _ to the theatre this evening. A .to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking,6 Ive got a terrible headache. I tried _ some medicine, but it didnt help. A. to take B. having taken C. taking D. to have taken 7 - Would you join us tonight ? - I _, but I have to prepare for tomorrows test. A . would love so B. would love to C. would love it D. would love 8 I would love _ to the party last night, but I had to finish extra hours to finish a report. A .to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone,9 he let me repeat his instructions _ sure that I understood what was _ after he went away. A .to make, to be done B. making, doing C. to make, to do D. making, to do 10 - You should have thanked her before you left. - I meant _, but when I was leaving, I couldnt find her anywhere. A . to do B. to C. doing D. doing so 11 In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour. A . waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting,12 With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly- elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. steeling C. to settle D. being settled 13. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C .to be telling D. to have been told,14.To fetch water before breakfast seemed to be a rule _. A. to never break B. never to be broken C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking 15. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, but _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make,練習：1. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wouldnt have time to _ before the party. (NMET2004全國卷I) A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 2. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. (NMET 2004 北京) A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 3. I dont know whether you happen _, but Im going to study in the USA this September. (NMET 2004 遼寧) A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard 4. The final examination is coming up soon. Its time for us to _ our studies. (NMET 2004 遼寧) A. get down to B. get out C. get back for D. get over,5. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. (NMET 2004 上海) A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 6. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. (NMET 2004 福建) A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 7. It seems that he has no pen _. (NMET 2003 北京 春) A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with 8. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_ in making the earth a better place to live. (NMET 2003 上海 春) A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing,9. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. (NMET 2003 北京) A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make 10. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. (NMET 1996) A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 11. We agree _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. (NMET 1995) A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 12. Hurry up, he is sure _ for us. (NMET 1995) A. to wait B. to be waiting C. waiting D. being waited,13. At the shopping-centre, he didnt know what _ and _ with an empty bag. A. to buy; leave B. to be bought; left C. to buy; left D. was to buy; leave 14. She made a candle _us light. A. give B. gave C. to give D. given 15. Where should I send my form? The Personnel Office is the place _. A. for sending it B. to send it to C. to send D. to send it 16. Its necessary _ some English grammar. A. for us students to learn B. for we students to learn C. of us students to learn D. for our students learning,17. _ kind to the enemy is _ cruel to the people. A. Be; be B. To be; to be C. To be; being D. Being; to be 18. No matter how busy he is, he _ at least 15 minutes a day. A. makes a rule read B. makes a rule reading C. makes it a rule read D. makes it a rule to read 19. If Mary doesnt come to work on time, she may be fired. Surely she is