1、3.3 Word formation,李琳,構詞法 Word Formation,“詞”的英語是“Word”。依據詞典“Word”可譯為“語言、言、話、字、文字、詞”等。 eg: The girl who is beautiful is our classmate. 定義：詞、短語、從句等稱為句子組成的要素（Element）。 詞是句子的組成要素中不能再細分的最小表意單位（Sense unit）。 構詞法,語言學家把這種專門研究詞形變化現象和規則的學問稱為詞形學（Morphology），通常簡稱為構詞法（Word Formation）。,構詞法基本上包括下列三項：,1詞根（Root） 2派生詞

2、（Derivative） 3合成詞（Compound Words）,A詞根（Root）,定義：英文詞形成的“根基”部分稱為詞根（亦稱字根）。 現以“like”為例列示如下： Root like. 像 a-like. 相像 un-like. 不像 like-ness. 相像 un-like-ness. 互不相像,B派生詞（Derivative）,定義：由詞根利用前綴或后綴派生而成的詞稱為派生詞（亦稱轉成語）。現以“friend”為例列示如下： 前綴 詞根 后綴 friend. 朋友 friend-ly. 友善的 friend-less. 沒有朋友的 friend-ship. 友誼 un-frie

3、nd-ly. 不友善的,C合成詞（Compound Words）,定義：由兩個或兩個以上獨立且語義不相同的詞結合成一個表達新的語義和語詞功能的詞稱為合成詞。 class（班級）+room（房間）classroom（教室） black（黑色的）+board（木板）blackboard（黑板） hide（躲藏）+ and（和）+seek（尋找）hide-and-seek（捉迷藏）,3.3（1） From Morpheme to Word,What does morphology concern? (refer back to p52) 1) the study of inflections Eg:

4、 bark + -s 2) the study of derivational morphology Eg: purify :pur(e) + -ify,3.3.2 The derivational way of formation,It can be further divided into two sub-types: 1.the derivational type derivation 派生類 (roots + affixes) eg: 2.the compositional type compound 復合類 (word + word),3.3.1 Lexical change pro

5、per,Invention (coinage) (發明法) Blending （混成法） Abbreviation (clipping)（縮寫詞） Acronym （縮略語） Back-formation（逆構詞法） Analogical creation（類推構詞） Borrowing（借詞）,1、Invention,To satisfy the new situation in modern human life, many new lexical items come directly from various fields, especially from technological

6、and economical activities. For example, Kodak, Coke, nylon,2、Blending,A relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. Examples: (i) air+ hot

7、el airtel Fusion (溶合法): Stample (trample +stamp on); crackdown (crackup+breakdown),3、Abbreviation,A shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form. e.g. TV(television) ,Dr(doctor) ,hr(hour), ft(foot or feet) Clippling(截斷法)：a kind of abbreviation of longer words or phrases. (i)

8、 Cutting the final part (or with a slight variation ) pop ; taxi ; kilo ; telly ; expo ;wi-fi (ii) Cutting the initial part phone, bus, copter, plane, chute (iii) Cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly refrigerator(fridge) ,prescriptionscript,4、Acronym ：A word created by combining the

9、initial letters of a number of words. (VOA ;BBC;UFO ; GNP; GRE;VIP,FOB.) 5、Back-formation: a process by which new words are formed by taking away the imagined suffix of an existing word. E.g. donationdonate; oratororate; gloomygloom; helicopt 6、Analogical creation 7、Borrowing : the taking over of wo

10、rds from other languages. A. loanword(借詞): a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter .e.g. kionomo(日)；kowtow(漢)；solo（意）；skoal(丹麥)；coup de main(法),B. loanblend(混合借詞): a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed . C.loanshift(轉移借詞): a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native . D. Loan trans