1、2020/8/31,1,Chapter 5,Social Interaction,2020/8/31,2,Role behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status Role set a number of roles attached to a single status,2020/8/31,3,By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:,1. have a better understanding of the conventions and expectation

2、s of different cultures in areas such as: Forms of address Greetings Farewells Complimenting and responding Inviting Paying for a meal Showing hospitality Disagreeing, etc.,2020/8/31,4,2. be more aware of your own behavior patterns and how they are shaped by Chinese culture. 3. know how to avoid or

3、lessen misunderstanding in intercultural communication and be able to convey your ideas more successfully.,2020/8/31,5,A. The young lady Marilyn in America addresses her mother-in-law by her first name, Ellen. How do you account for this? Could the same thing happen in China? Why? B. In China we add

4、ress a stranger with an advanced age Grandpa or Grandma. Why do we do so since that stranger is not connected to us by blood? How does this sound to an English ear? C. We Chinese routinely use many position-linked or occupation-linked titles to address people, such as wang jinling (王經(jīng)理), ma juzhang

5、(馬局長), zhang zhuren (張主任), li yisheng (李醫(yī)生) , etc. Do Americans have similar customs?,Activity 1 Forms of address,2020/8/31,6,Case study,A Situation: What to say E.G. A conversation between Susan and Mrs. Zhang, her mother-in-law, at the airport when leaving China. The husband is interpreting for th

6、em.,2020/8/31,7,Susan: Mrs. Zhang, come to New York if you want. Husbands translation: 媽媽，您可一定要來紐約看看。 Mother: 不去了，給你們添麻煩。 Husbands translation: Oh, it depends on the physical condition. Susan: Yes, oh thanks for your delicious food, I like them very much. Husbands translation: 謝謝媽媽給我們做了那么多好吃的。 Mothe

7、r: 自家人謝什么，蘇珊，你以后可不要再減肥了，身體健康才最重要哪！ Husbands translation: Its my pleasure, Susan, I hope you become even more beautiful. Susan: Thank you! The same to you. Husbands translation: 謝謝媽媽，我祝您身體健康。 Mother: 謝謝，謝謝。,2020/8/31,8,Doctor, Professor, Judge, Preseident, Senator, Governer, Mayor, Colonel, Captain,

8、etc.,Activity 1 Forms of address,2020/8/31,9,Work in pairs. List some common forms of greeting among the English-speaking people and Chinese people. then try to spot some differences, if there are any. Chinese culture is relation-oriented. Maintaining or promoting relation calls for something interp

9、ersonal, so it is quite acceptable in China to greet each other by asking private questions, while English people have a very strong sense of privacy.,Activity 2 Greetings,2020/8/31,10,“Good-bye” or “Bye-Bye” is acceptable both in English and Chinese, and it is a very formal way. English people also

10、 say “See you”, “See you later”, “Good night”, and “Have a nice day”. Those expressions convey less personal concerns than Chinese routines such as “Walk slowly”, “Stay longer”.,Activity 3 Farewells,2020/8/31,11,Compliments and praises are of great social functions. Concerning compliments and compli

11、ment responses, the pragmatic rules are various in different cultures. In American culture, the topic of compliments can be varied. Their response to compliments is positive. Chinese people are shy to compliment others and also shy to accept compliments.,Activity 4Compliments and responses,2020/8/31

12、,12,A. A Canadian woman acquaintance of a Chinese art teacher asked him to look over an article that she had written about Chinese painting. He agreed, but added something politely. What do you think he would like to add? B. A famous Chinese actress married a German. One day when she was acting, her

13、 husband was there watching, saying again and again that she was the best actress. The actress colleagues present asked her afterwards to tell her husband not to praise his own wife like that in public. On learning this, the German wondered what he did wrong.,Activity 4Compliments and responses,2020

14、/8/31,13,Activity 5 Inviting,Now study the following statements and think how you would respond to each of them. Discuss in small groups. Lets get together soon. I haven t seen you for a long time. You must come round for dinner sometime. Its good seeing you. Ill invite you to tea later. Im going to

15、 give a party this weekend. Come if you like. How about joining us for dinner this Friday night?,2020/8/31,14,Activity 6 Footing the Bill,Task 1: Whose Treat? Situation: When someone suggests going for a meal, whos going to pay the bill? Task 2: Customs and Language Task 3 : Meaning from Context go

16、Dutch pool ones money pick up the tab buy ones round,2020/8/31,15,Activity 7Showing Hospitality in Different Ways,Task 1: Too modest?-When “No” Does not Mean No. We Chinese usually say “no” when somebody offers something,because_. After we say “no” , we usually _, but that never happens in a foreign

17、ers home. If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores our “no”, we will_.,2020/8/31,16,Activity 7Showing Hospitality in Different Ways,Task 2: Sharing Knowledge:Yes and No The Japanese word “Hai” Different ways of saying “No” across cultures The Japanese “No”,2020/8/31,17,Activity 7Showing

18、 Hospitality in Different Ways,Task 2: Sharing Knowledge:Yes and No What does it mean to intercultural communication? In English cultures, its easy to say “no” to something they do not want to do. But in many eastern cultures, its difficult to say “no”. To refuse an invitation or a request with “no”

19、 or a similar phrase, is felt to be impolite. Its thought to be selfish and unfriendly.,2020/8/31,18,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 1: Different Approaches to Refusing Requests Direct and Indirect Communication Style (Personal and Contextual Communication Style) (Instrumental and Affective Co

20、mmunication Style),2020/8/31,19,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 1: Different Approaches to Refusing Requests 1. Direct communication style With direct communication style, speaker expresses his intention（need and desire）openly and directly. Direct styles are often used in low-context, individu

21、alistic cultures. Verbal precision and self-expression are valued. 2. Indirect communication style In an indirect communication style, which is often seen in high-context and collectivistic cultures, speakers usually hide or hint their intentions during interaction.,2020/8/31,20,Basic Theory: Commun

22、icative Styles,Individualism Consider individual Distinguish forms of discourse less Pay attention to context less Express explicitly and directly People infer less,Collectivism Consider group Distinguish forms of discourse more Pay attention to context more Express inexplicitly and indirectly Peopl

23、e infer more (Fukushima 2000:134),2020/8/31,21,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2: Face: Goffman Positive face is the desire of being seen as a good human being. Negative face is the desire to remain autonomous.,2020/8/31,22,Face: Brown and Levinson,Face is the public self-image that every memb

24、er wants to claim for himself. It refers to that emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize. Face consists of two related aspects.,Brown disagreements threaten the hearers positive face.,2020/8/31,25,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2: Face Refus

25、als Classification of Refusals (Beebe et al. 1990: 72-73) I. Direct “I refuse” “No” “I cant.” “I wont”. “I dont think so.”,2020/8/31,26,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2: Face Refusals Classification of Refusals II. Indirect A. Statement of regret (e.g., “Im sorry . . .”; “I feel terrible . .

26、. ”) B. Wish (e.g., “I wish I could help you . . .”) C. Excuse, reason, explanation (e.g., “My children will be home that night.”; “I have a headache.”) D. Statement of alternative 1. I can do X instead of Y (e.g., “Id rather . . . ” “Id prefer ”) 2. Why dont you do X instead of Y (e.g., “Why dont y

27、ou ask someone else?”),2020/8/31,27,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2: Face The Confucian legacy of consideration for others and concern for proper human relationships has led to the development of communication patterns that preserve one anothers face. Indirect communication helps to prevent

28、the embarrassment of rejection by the other person or disagreement among partners, leaving the relationship and each others face intact.,2020/8/31,28,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 3: Defending Face “Defending face” is one of the main factors influencing Japanese behavior. Concrete mechanisms

29、 (indirect forms of communication)for defending face-mediated communication(asking someone else to transmit the message);refracted communication(talking to a third person in the presence of the hearer);acting as a delegate(conveying ones message as being from someone else).,2020/8/31,29,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 3: Defending Face A significant difference between North American and East Asian communication patterns. American “The door is open”. Japanese “Its somewhat cold today.”,2020/8/31,30,Task 4 “Face ”in Chinese culture The conception of face in Chinese culture