1、TEM4Composition,1,高校英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試大綱將寫作分成兩個(gè)部分：SectionA:Composition測(cè)試目的：檢查學(xué)生在基礎(chǔ)階段末期的英語寫作能力。測(cè)試要求：根據(jù)所給的題目及具體要求，寫一篇200字左右的短文。測(cè)試時(shí)間：35分鐘測(cè)試短文類別：說明文、議論文或記敘文。評(píng)閱標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：內(nèi)容切題完整，條理清楚，意思明確，文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語法正確，語言通順恰當(dāng)。,2,CompositionMarkingCriteria,15points:文章內(nèi)容切題，思想表達(dá)清楚，行文通順流暢，論證嚴(yán)密，論據(jù)充分，基本上無語言錯(cuò)誤。14-12points:文章內(nèi)容切題，思想表達(dá)清楚，語言比較通順、連貫、只

2、有極少量語法錯(cuò)誤。11-9points:文章內(nèi)容基本切題，尚能表達(dá)中心思想，但說理不夠清楚，文字連貫不夠好，有少量語法錯(cuò)誤。8-6points:基本切題，思想表達(dá)不夠清楚，連貫性差，語言錯(cuò)誤多。5-3points:文章條理不清，語言缺乏連貫，句子錯(cuò)誤很多，或語言雖通順流暢，但完全偏題。注：白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無法表達(dá)思想，則給0分。,3,1.如題目中給出主題句，起始句，結(jié)束句，均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)2.只寫一段者：04分；只寫兩段者：09分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）長度計(jì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):170150詞:扣1分130150詞:扣2分110130詞:扣3分90110詞:扣4分90詞以下:至

3、多給5分,4,經(jīng)原國家教委批準(zhǔn)，四、六級(jí)考試已從1997年6月份起采用“作文最低”制計(jì)算成績(jī)，其中足見國家對(duì)提高大學(xué)英語寫作能力的重視程度。按規(guī)定，考生作文若為0分，無論其總分是否高于60分，均作不及格處理；若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，報(bào)導(dǎo)成績(jī)時(shí)，需從總分中減去6分，再加上實(shí)得作文分。也就是說，要從總分中減去實(shí)得作文分與6分之間的差額部分。,5,英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試委員會(huì)要求閱卷人員評(píng)分時(shí)綜合考慮以下四個(gè)問題:1.作文是否體現(xiàn)主題思想;即是要求作文文章切題,全文統(tǒng)一,無不相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容.2.組織結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理;主要體現(xiàn)在全文條理清楚,組織連貫和諧,善于使用銜接語以增強(qiáng)文章的邏輯性.3.語言文字是否有

4、重大錯(cuò)誤;4.卷面布局是否整潔.,6,2006年TEM-4作文試題及樣卷評(píng)分,7,Topic,RecentlyaBeijinginformationcompanydidasurveyofstudentlifeamongmorethan700studentsinBeijing,Guangzhou,Xian,Chengdu,Shanghai,Wuhan,NanjingandShengyang.Theresultshaveshownthat67percentofstudentsthinkthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitwhiletherestbelievethatusingto

5、morrowsmoneytodayisbetter.Whatdoyouthink?,8,Instructions,Writeacompositionofabout200words.Youaretowriteinthreeparts.Inthefirstpart,statespecificallywhatyouropinionis.Inthesecondpart,supportyouropinionwithappropriatedetails.Inthelastpart,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorasummary.Youshould

6、supplyanappropriatetitleforyourcomposition.Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.,9,Sample1,TheGoodHabitNowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeoplethinkthatitisbetterthatusingtomorrowsmoneytodaythansavingmoney,whileinmyopinion,I

7、thinkitsright.Forthefirst,ourcontrairhastodevelop.Soitcallsustousemoremoneytoletthenationdevelop.Andthen,thatmaymakeourlifemorecomfortable.Forexample,Iheardastory.Therearetwoman.AusetomorrowsmoneytobuyanewhouseashehastopaymoneytothebankeverymonthswhileBstartkeepingmoney.Twentyyearslater,Bfinallykeep

8、ingenoughmoneytobuyanewhouse,butAhasbeenlivedinitfortwentyyearsandpayenoughmoneytothebank.Attheend,ifwehavetheabililetopaythelist,whywedontusetomorrowsmoneytoletourlifemorewonderful?So,thatswhatIthink.,10,5-6分。結(jié)構(gòu)基本符合，但語言過于簡(jiǎn)單，語法錯(cuò)誤多，內(nèi)容模糊不清，題目不正確，字?jǐn)?shù)少于170。舉例不可信。舉例應(yīng)該真實(shí)可信，比如親身經(jīng)歷、朋友體驗(yàn)或者名人軼事等。文章結(jié)尾太簡(jiǎn)單。,11,Sa

9、mple3：SavingMoneyisaGoodHabit,Ithinksavingmoneyisagoodhabit.Becausesavingmoneycanmakeyoulearnhowtouselessmoneytobuymorethings.Savingmoneycanmakeyoubecomearichman.Ifsomethinghappenoneday,youmustusesomemoneytosolvetheproblem,butnobodycanlendtoyouthemoney.Yoursavingmoneycanhelpsolvetheproblem.Nowdays,s

10、omestudentsusetheirparentsmoneytobuyalotofunnessarythings.Suchas,Somestudentschangetheirmobilphoneeverymonth.Itsnotagoodhabit.Althoughtheirparentshavealotofmoney,theycantusemoneyinthatway.Itswasteofmoney.Ifyousavemoneyasahabit.Youcanthinkcarefullybeforeyoubuyeverything.“Thisthingisnecessaryforme?Can

11、Ibuythecheaperone?”Allthosequestionscanbeaskedbyyourself.Ifyouwanttobuyaveryusefulthing,butyoudonthaveenoughmoney,youcansavemoneyforit.Aftersometime,youcanbuyitforyour-self.Savingmoneyisagoodhabit.Itmakeyoubecomerich.Itmakeyoulearnhowtouselessmoneytobuymorethings.,12,本卷得分8-9分。文章基本切題，結(jié)構(gòu)基本正確。但語言簡(jiǎn)單，重復(fù)動(dòng)

12、詞，語法錯(cuò)誤多。開始段沒有引入主題，而是直接提出作者觀點(diǎn)，太突然。而且有許多非完整句。文章沒有深度，思考膚淺。,13,Sample2:Savingmoneyisagoodhabit,Theotherday,Iheardaconversationbetweenaboyandagirl.“Whyareyoualwayslackofmoney?AsfarIknow,yourparentsgiveyouamplemoneyforyourdailylife”.saidthegirl.“Yes,Ialwaysusetomorrowsmoneytoday”.Saidtheboy.“Itsabadhabit,

13、andyoushouldyourmoney!”thegirlshouted.Thisisaverycommonphenomenonamongtheuniversitystudents.Owingtotheirargument,certainly,Iaminfavorofthegirlsview.Whatpossiblycontributestothepreferencecanbelistedasfollow.Inthefirstplace,moneyisveryimportantforus.Weusemoneybuyfood,buyclothesandsoon.But,moneyisveryp

14、recious,becauseitsveryhardtomakemoney.Somoneyshouldbeusedwhenitsnecessary.Inthesecondplace,therearesomanypoorchildrenwhoquitschoolforlackofmoneyinpoorreligion.Soitsverysignificanttosaveourmoneytohelpthosepoorchildren.Andtheyarelookforwardtoyourhelp!Thelastbuttheleastimportantisthatifyoualwaysusetomo

15、rrowsmoneytoday,youwillformabadhabit.Butyourmoneyislimited.Soyoumayrobothersofmoney.Inshort,Iholdafirmbeliefthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitandweshouldkeepitforever.Itsthehightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosavemoney!,14,9-10分。文章切題，結(jié)構(gòu)正確，有內(nèi)容，有句式變化。但語法錯(cuò)誤多，隨意，粗心漏詞。說理缺乏邏輯。比如很多小孩失學(xué)不是我們需要節(jié)約用錢的理由，再比如錢不夠用就會(huì)去搶別人的錢嗎？文

16、章的入題不錯(cuò)，但故事交代很馬虎，語言也很平凡，且不夠簡(jiǎn)練。文章結(jié)尾主題被簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，思想沒有升華。,15,Sample4:SavingMoneyorUsingTomorrowsMoney,AsurveybyaBeijinginformationcompanywhichistorevealhowstudentsthinkofthewaytodealwithmoneydidrecently,withtheresultthat67percentofstudentsthinkthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitwhiletherestbelievethatusingmoneyoftom

17、orrowtodayisbetter.AsfarasIamconcerned,itdepends.,16,Firstofall,savingmoneyisagoodhabitoftraditionalconcept,whichmakespeoplefeelsecure.However,usingtomorrowsmoneytodayissuggestedandcouragedaccordingtosocietysneeds.Economicscandeveloprapidlybythegreatamountofmoneyusedbypeople.Thatistosay,peoplesconsu

18、mptionurgetheeconomicstodevelop.Secondly,differentpeoplehavedifferentlifegoals.Somepeopleprefertoworkhardwhentheyareyoungandthenenjoythehappyandrichlifewhentheyareold.Otherswouldliketoenjoylifeeveryminuteanddonotthinkaboutthelifeaftertheyretirefromtheircompany.Theybelieve“timeismoney”,astheproverbgo

19、es.Therefore,itgoeswithoutsayingthatnotenjoyingtodayslifeisagreatpityforthem.Moneycanbeearnedafteritsspent,whiletimepastwillnotcomeback.,17,Allinall,savingmoneyorusingtomorrowsmoneytodaydependsonpeoplesperception.Thepassitiveofsavingmoneydoesnotoutweighthatofusingtomorrowsmoneytoday.Inaword,peopleco

20、ulddealwithmoney,accordingtotheirthoughts.,18,11-12分。文章切題，結(jié)構(gòu)正確，內(nèi)容充實(shí)，觀點(diǎn)有代表性，語言通暢。但長句有一點(diǎn)語法錯(cuò)誤。單詞和拼寫有個(gè)別失誤。,19,Sample5,Thereisnoconcensusamongthepeopleontheissueofthechoicebetweensavingmoneyandusingtomorrowsmoneytoday.Theattitudestowardthisproblemvaryfrompersontoperson.Andinmyhumbleopinion,itisessentialf

21、orustosavemoremoneytodayinsteadofusingtomorrowsmoney.Therearemanyreasonsthatmayaccountformypoint,andthefollowingarethemostconspicuousaspects.,20,Tostartwith,weChinesepeopleboastagoodtraditionofbeingeconomical.ThetraditionalChinesecultureregardswasteasapoormoralstandard.Asauniversitystudent,weneedtok

22、eeponcarryingforwardournationsfinemoralstandard,i.e.saving.Andsavingmoneyisconducivenotonlytothecultivationofagoodmoral,butalsotoreleasetheheavyburdenresultingfromsomeaccidentsinthefuture.Inotherwords,savingtodaysmoneycouldmeetoururgentneedofitinthefuture.Lastbutnotleast,thefiercecompetitionwellface

23、afterwegraduateisfullofuncertainties.Oncewecouldnotfindajobwhichoffershighsalaries,itwillbeimpossibleforustoreturnthemoneytothecreditors.Toputitintoanutshell,Iamagreatbelieverthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitbecauseitreallyexertspositiveimpactsonboththepresentandthefuture.,21,本卷得分12分。語言通暢，詞匯豐富，觀點(diǎn)明確，條理清楚，結(jié)

24、構(gòu)正確。但有少量語法錯(cuò)誤和拼寫錯(cuò)誤。沒寫題目（如果有題目可給13分）。,22,CharacteristicsofaGoodComposition,23,(RobertKaplan),TheclassicorganizationalpatternthatreadersofEnglishexpectisastraightlineofdevelopmentwhichincludes:introductions,mainideas,topicsentences,supportingdetails,conclusions,etc.,Thisorganizationalpatterncanbestated

25、simply:Tellyouraudiencewhatyouaregoingtotellthem;thentellthem;thentellthemwhatyoutoldthem.,24,1.Acompositionmusthaveunity.,Allthefactsandalltheideasinanessayshouldcontributetothepresentationofitsthesisorcentralthought.Irrelevantthings,howeverinterestingtheyare,shouldbeexcluded.,2.Eachparagraphshould

26、haveonecentralthought.,Allparagraphsmustbearrangedinsomekindoforder,sothatoneparagraphleadsnaturallytoanothertoformanorganicwhole.,3.Proportionisasimportanttoanessayasitistoapainting.,Theessentialpartofanessayisthebodyorthemiddlepart.Itwillbejustrighttogivethispartaboutseven-or-eight-tenthsofthetota

27、lspace.,SomePrinciplesofOrganization,25,OrganizationofanEssay,Isthereaclearlystatedpurpose/objective?Arethereeffectivetransitions?Aretheintroductionandconclusionfocusedonthemainpointoftheessay?Asareader,canyoueasilyfollowthewritersflowofideas?Iseachparagraphfocusedonasingleidea?Atanypointintheessay,

28、doyoufeellostorconfused?Doanyoftheideas/paragraphsseemoutoforder,tooearlyortoolatetobeaseffectiveastheycould?,26,StepsinWritingaComposition,27,.Prewriting:choosingatopicandexploringideas.Writingthefirstdraft:gettingyourideasonpaper.Revisethefirstdraft:Strengthenyourcomposition.Makingthefinalcopy,28,

29、.Prewriting:choosingatopicandexploringideas,Itisimportanttonotethatwritingisaprocess,nota“product.”Thismeansthatapieceofwriting,whetheritisacompositionforyourEnglishclassoralabreportforyourchemistryclass,isnevercomplete;thatis,itisalwayspossibletoreviewandrevise,andreviewandreviseagain.1.Choosingand

30、NarrowingaTopicIfyouaregivenaspecificwritingassignment(suchasanessayquestiononanexamination),whatyoucanwriteaboutislimited.Ontheotherhand,whenyouaregivenafreechoiceoftopicsandcanwriteaboutsomethingyouareinterestedin,youmustnarrowthetopictoaparticularaspectofthatgeneralsubject.,29,1:ChoosingandNarrow

31、ingaTopic,GeneraltopicEnvironmentPollutionSpecifictopicOceanPollutionVeryspecifictopicEffectsonSeaLife,30,2.BrainstormingAfteryouhavechosenatopicandnarrowedittoaspecificfocus,thenextprewritingstepistogenerateideas.Thisisdonebyaprocesscalledbrainstorming.Althoughthesebrainstormingactivitiesmayseemunn

32、ecessaryatfirst,afterdoingthemafewtimes,youwillrealizetheirusefulness.Brainstormingforideascangetyoutostartwritingmorequicklyandsaveyoutimeinthelaterstagesofthewritingprocess.Listingisabrainstormingtechniqueinwhichyouthinkaboutyourtopicandquicklymakealistofwhateverwordsorphrasescomeintoyourmind.,31,

33、II.Prewriting,Writedownthegeneraltopicatthetopofyourpaper.Thenmakealistofeveryideathatcomesintoyourmindaboutthattopic.Keeptheideasflowing.Usewords,phrases,orsentences.Rewritethelist,groupsimilarideastogetherandcrossouritemsthatdontbelongorthatareduplications.,Listing,32,II.Prewriting,communicationpr

34、oblems,homelesspeopleshockingsight,poorverbalskills,familiesdontspendtimetogether,childrendisrespectful,classroomenvironment,newlanguage,unclearexpressions,Americanfamilylife,publictransportationisnotgood,33,lackvocabulary,usefirstnameswithteachers,showaffectioninpublic,collegeprofessorswearjeans,Am

35、ericanstalktoofast,studentsaskquestions,theyarefriendly,noformaldresscode,useslangandidioms,professorsrole,everyoneeatsfastfood,studentscanchallengeprofessors,34,Nowrewriteyourlistandgroupsimilarideastogether.,35,Nowcirclethemainideaandcrossoutirrelevantitems.,36,3.Thinkingofaproperthemeanddecidingo

36、nourpurpose,Alloutlinesshouldbeginwithathesisstatementofsummarizingsentence.Thisthesissentencepresentsthecentralideaofthepaper.Itmustalwaysbeacomplete,grammaticalsentence,specificandbrief,whichexpressesthepointofviewyouaretakingtowardsthesubject.Thethesisofacompositionisitsmainpointoritscentralidea.

37、Afterthat,youshouldlookatthelistoffactsagain,eliminatethoseunnecessaryorunimportantones,rearrangetheminalogicalorder,andwriteanoutline.,37,4.Makeanoutline,Oncethethesisisformulated,certainfactsonthelistwillbecomemoreimportantthanothers,whileafewmayseemirrelevant.Afterthosesuitableitemsarepickedout,a

38、noutlinemaybeprepared.SupposethetopicassignedisTheSchoolLibrary.,38,Topic:TheSchoolLibraryThesis:Thelibraryplaysaveryimportantpartinastudentslife.Outline:I.Astudenthastoborrowbooks,fromthelibrary.A.Heneedsreferencebooksforhiselectivecourses.B.Hemaywanttoreadnovels,storiesandplays.II.Hereadsnewspaper

39、sandmagazinesinthelibrary.A.ManynewmagazinesareondisplayintheFirstReading-Room.B.Therearenewspapersfromallprovinces.C.Backnumbersmaybeborrowedatthecounter.III.Heneedsthelibraryallthemoreinhisjuniorandsenioryears.A.Thelibraryprovideshimwithbooksforhisresearch.B.Hewouldnotbeabletowritehisgraduationpap

40、erwithoutusingthelibraryConclusion:studentsshouldmakegooduseoftheirschoollibrary.,39,TypesofOutlines,Thesis(controllingidea)I.IntroductionII.Mainidea:A.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea:1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetail:a.Fact1b.Fact2III.Mainidea:A.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea:1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetail3.Suppor

41、tingdetailC.Sub-ideaIV.Conclusion,40,TwoCommonlyUsedTypesofOutlines,thetopicoutlinethesentenceoutline,41,ATopicOutline,Thesis:Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations.I.Introduction:thefoundationofforeigntradeII.ThenecessityofvisibletradeA.LackofcertaincommoditiesB.Insufficiencyofpart

42、icularitemsC.ComparativeadvantageincertainitemsD.Latestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommodities.E.TheimportanceofafavorablebalanceoftradeIII.Thenecessityofinvisibletrade-exchangeofservicesbetweennationsA.TransportationB.InsuranceC.TourismD.TechnologyIV.Conclusion:thepurposeofforeigntradeandtheimpo

43、rtanceofthebalanceofpayments,42,ASentenceOutline,Thesis:Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations.I.Introduction:theutilizationofdifferenteconomicresourcesandthedevelopmentofdifferentskillsformthefoundationofforeigntrade.II.Tradeincommodities(visibletrade)isnecessarybetweennations.A.No

44、nationhasallthecommoditiesitneeds.B.Anationmaynothaveenoughofcertaincommodities.C.Anationmaysellcertaincommoditiesataprofit.D.Latestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommoditiesmaymakeforeigntradenecessary.E.Allnationsstrivetomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradesoastobeassuredofthemeanstobuynecessarygoods.

45、,43,III.Exchangeofservicesbetweennations(invisibletrade)ispartofforeigntrade.A.Nationsvieinprovidingtransportationforforeigntrade.B.Prudentexporterspurchaseinsurancefortheircargoes.C.Tourismbringsanationhugeprofits.D.Technologyisalsoexportedandimported.IV.Conclusion:thepurposeofforeigntradeistoearnm

46、oneyfornecessaryimportsanditisimportanttokeepthebalanceofpayments.,44,RulesforWritingOutlines,Avoidsinglesubdivisions.Ifthereisamajorpointmarked“I”,theremustbeatleastanothermarkedII;ifthereisanA,theremustbeaB,andsoon.Avoidmixingtypes.Atopicoutlineiswritteninnounphrases,andasentenceoutlineinsentences

47、.Donotmixthesetwotypes.Useparallelstructuresfortheheadingsofthesamerank.Makesuresubheadsoflikerankareofequalimportantandarerelatedtotheheadingandarrangedinlogicalorder.Makesurethethesisisacompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmative;donotuseaquestion,aphraseoradependentclause.,45,.Writingthefirstdraf

48、t:gettingyourideasonpaper,Itisnecessarytowriteafirstdraftinwhichthereshouldbeenoughspacebetweenlinesforfuturecorrectionsandimprovements.Whilewritingthedraft,youneednotbeafraidofdepartingfromtheoutlineatoneplaceoranother.Youdbetterstoptoreviseyouroutlineorworkoutanewoneifyoufindyouroriginaloutlineent

49、irelyimpracticable.,46,.Revisethefirstdraft:Strengthenyourcomposition,I.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawholeII.Organization:LookatthearrangementofthematerialIII.Sentences:IV.Diction:V.Capitalizationandpunctuation,47,Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole,A.Whatisthetopicoftheessay/composit

50、ion?Doesthedraftfulfilltheassignment(e.g.modeofdevelopmentortypeofcomposition)?B.Isthethesisclear?Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts(details,examples,reasons,etc.)?C.Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved?D.Isthelogicreasonable?Aretheregapsinthelogic?,48,Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial,

51、A.Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper?B.Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea?Doesitrelatetotheessaysmainideaortothepreviousparagraph?Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections?Aretheparagraphsarrangedinclimacticorder?C.Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionof

52、whatthepaperintendstosay?,49,Sentences,A.Iseachsentenceclearlyrelatedtothesentencethatprecedesitandtothesentencethatfollows?B.Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved?C.Aretherestructuralmistakes?D.Aretherewordyandredundantsentences?E.Istherevarietyinsentencetype?F.Arethereanygrammaticalmistakes

53、inthefollowingrespects?,50,Diction,A.Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorthestyleofthewholeessay(e.g.toocolloquialortooformal)?B.AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish?C.Aretherecollocations,whichmaybeincorrectbecausetheyareta

54、kenfromChinese(e.g.abigrain)?,51,.Makingthefinalcopy,Afterthedraftiscarefullyrevised,acleanfinalcopyhastobemade.Theverylaststepinwritingacomposition,astepthatshouldneverbeforgotten,istocheckthefinalcopy.Indoingsoyouarelikelytofindthatyouhavemadecarelessmistakesingrammarandspelling,andyoumayalsowanttochangeawordhereandthere.,52,Exercises:,Chineseyoungpeopleofthe20thcentury,53,Exercises:,1)happyandlucky2)eagertolearn3)fullofideasandaspiration4)havingexploringminds5)havingastrongdesireforpromotingdemocracyandcleaningupcorruption6)readytogivefullsupporttotheopenpolicyandall-round