ContentsPartIIntroductiontotheDigestiveSystem

PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheDigestiveSystemPartIIICelebrityandDiseasePartIVMedicalTerminologyRelatedtotheDigestiveSystem1PartVFurtherThinkingPartIVideo:IntroductiontotheDigestiveSystem2ThinkandTalkInthedigestivesystem,ingestedfoodisconvertedintoaformthatcanbeabsorbedintothecirculatorysystemfordistributiontoandutilizationbythevarioustissuesofthebody.Thisisaccomplishedbothphysically,bymasticationinthemouthandchurningofthestomach,andchemically,bysecretionsandenzymesofthegastrointestinaltract.Beginningatthemouth,allfoodpassesthroughthealimentarycanalwhichincludespharynx,esophagus,stomach,andintestinesbeforeitreachestheanus,whereundigestedmatteriseliminatedaswaste.Theouterwallsofthedigestivetractarecomposedoflayersofmuscleandtissuethatundergowavesofcontraction,i.e.peristalsis,therebypushingthefoodalongitsdigestivepath.Theinnerliningcontainsglandsthatsecretetheacidsandenzymesnecessarytobreakdownfoodintoaformutilizablebythebody.Reference3TaskOne:TrueorFalseT

(2)F(3)T (4)F(5)T WatchandDo4TaskTwo:BlankFilling1.Salivaisreleasedintothemouthtobegindissolvingthefoodandtomakeitslipperysothatitcanpasseasilythroughthethroatandesophagus.2.Astronautsinspacecandigestfoodeveninweightlessconditionswherethereisn’tanygravitybecauseofthemuscularcontractionsofperistalsis.WatchandDo5TaskTwo:BlankFilling3.Afteraboutthreetosixhours,thefoodcontinuestomovealongthroughthe

digestivetractandfromthestomachentersthesmallintestine.4.Imaginethisgardenhosewhichissevenmeterslong,allcurledupand

foldedarounditselfinsideahumanbeing.5.Theliverislocatedtotherightofthestomach,oneofitsimportantjobsisto

producebile,asubstancethatwillhelpindigestion.WatchandDo6TaskTwo:BlankFilling6.Thepancreasalsoproducessodiumbicarbonatewhichwillneutralizetheacidityofthecholine.Ittakesanywherefromthreetofivehoursforfoodinthesmallintestinetobedigested.7.Todothat,thenutrientsmustbeabsorbedintothebloodvesselsofthecirculatorysystem.Thecirculatorysystemwithitsnetworkofthebloodvesselsreachingeverycellofthebodywillbethetransportsystem.WatchandDo7TaskTwo:BlankFilling8.Thewallofthesmallintestinearenotsmooth,butareactuallycoveredwith

millionsofasmallfinger-likestructurecalledvilli.9.Asthefoodcontinuesonfromthesmallintestine,itisnowmadeupan

undigestedfoodandwater.10.Finally,materialsthatarenotabsorbedareformedintosolidwaste;thisincludessuchthingsasdeadbacteria,foodroughage,fatandprotein.WatchandDo8TaskThree:TableFillingWatchandDo9MovementDigestiveJuicesUsedFoodBrokenDownMouthChewingSalivaStarchesEsophagusSwallowingNoneNoneStomachUppermuscleinstomachrelaxestoletfoodenterandlowermusclemixesfoodwithdigestivejuiceStomachacidProteinSmallintestinePeristalsisSmallintestinedigestivejuiceStarches,protein,andcarbohydratesPancreasNonePancreaticjuiceStarches,fats,andproteinLiverNoneBileacidsFatsPartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheDigestiveSystem10PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheDigestiveSystemVideoOneHepatitisAorBVideoTwoTheRoleandAnatomyofthePancreasAudioWhatisCrohn’sDisease11VideoOneHepatitisAorB12ThinkandTalkHepatitisBspreadsthroughbloodorotherbodyfluidsofaninfectedperson.Peoplecanspreadthevirusevenwhentheyarefreeofsymptoms.HepatitisBisverycontagious.Itispassedtoanotherpersonthroughhavingunprotectedsexualactivities,sharingneedlestoinjectdrugs,sharingpersonalhygieneutensilssuchastoothbrushesandrazors.Peoplemayalsogetinfectedduringmedicalpracticesinhospitalifdisinfectionisnotcomplete.Itcanalsobepassedfrommothertobaby.KeepingpersonalhygieneamountstotheNo.1preventionofhepatitisB.Peopleshouldconstantlywashtheirhandsaftertoiletuseandbeforemealbecausetheviruscanliveonobjectsfor7daysormore.Don’tsharepersonalhygieneutensilswithanybodyanddon’tsharesyringeforinjection.Vaccinationisrecommendedforpeopleofallages.Reference13PartII-VideoOneWatchandDoTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers1.hepaticlobules2.bile3.gallbladder4.Itwilllimitbloodflowandpermanentshrinkingandhardeningwillappearontheliver.5.alivertransplantoperation14PartII-VideoOneTaskTwo:BlankFillingWatchandDoWatchandDo15PartII-VideoOnesoft

(2)flexible(3)hepaticlobule (4)filter(5)bleeding (6)nutrients

(7)

bile(8)digest (9)contaminated(10)unprotectedsex VideoTwoTheRoleandAnatomyofthePancreas16ThinkandTalk

Pancreas,alargelobulatedglandinhumansliesinfrontoftheupperlumbarvertebraeandbehindthestomachandissomewhathammer-shapedthatsecretesdigestiveenzymesandthehormonesinsulinandglucagonthathelpthebodydigestfood.

Acutepancreatitisisaself-limiteddiseaseinwhichmostcasesaremild.Gallstonesandalcoholaretheleadingcausesofacutepancreatitis.Thediseaseoccursatasimilarfrequencyamongvariousagegroups,butthecauseoftheconditionandthelikelihoodofdeathvaryaccordingtoage,sex,race,body-massindex,andotherfactors.

Thepathogenesisofacutepancreatitisrelatestoinappropriateactivationoftrypsinogentotrypsinandalackofprompteliminationofactivetrypsininsidethepancreas.Reference17PartII-VideoTwoThinkandTalkTheclinicaldiagnosisofacutepancreatitisisbasedoncharacteristicabdominalpainandnausea,combinedwithelevatedserumlevelsofpancreaticenzymes.Ingallstonepancreatitis,thepainistypicallysudden,epigastric,andknife-likeandmayradiatetotheback.Inhereditaryormetaboliccasesorinthoseassociatedwithalcoholabuse,theonsetmaybelessabruptandthepainpoorlylocalized.Serumamylaselevelsthataremorethanthreetimestheupperlimitofnormal,inthesettingoftypicalabdominalpain,arealmostalwayscausedbyacutepancreatitis.Lipaselevelsarealsoelevatedandparalleltheelevationsinamylaselevels.Thelevelsofbothenzymesremainelevatedwithongoingpancreaticinflammation,withamylaselevelstypicallyreturningtonormalshortlybeforelipaselevelsintheresolutionphase.

Reference18PartII-VideoTwoThinkandTalk

Inmildacutepancreatitisnutritionalsupportisusuallynotrequired.InseverepancreatitisnutritionalsupportwilllikelyberequiredwiththeenteralroutepreferredoverTPNbecauseofbothsafetyandcost.Determinationofthecauseisimportantforguidingimmediatemanagementandpreventingrecurrence.Reference19PartII-VideoTwoTaskOne:MultipleChoicesWatchandDo20PartII-VideoTwo1.D2.B3.C4.B5.C6.ATaskTwo:BlankFilling1.pancreas,isremoved,enzymes2.breaksapart,droplets,lipase3.healthy,contributesto4.doesnotfunction, digestingfood,maintainingWatchandDo21PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:BlankFilling5.diarrhea,bloating,foul-smelling,weightloss,poorbloodsugar6.consumption, high-fat,beingoverweight,putstresson,workless7.genetic,cysticfibrosis8.richinfruits,asfavoritesources,limithigh-fat,watchyourcholesterolWatchandDo22PartII-VideoTwoTaskThree:ErrorCorrection1.Thepancreasisanimportantorganinthedigestivesystem.2.Peopleneedaverydietthatisrichinfruitsandvegetablesforthesakeofhealthypancreas.3.Thepancreashastwofunctions:endocrineandexocrine.Itsexocrinefunctionistoproduceenzymesthathelptodigestfood.4.Proteasesbreakdownproteinintoaminoacidsandlipasesbreakdownfats.WatchandDo23PartII-VideoTwoTaskThree:ErrorCorrection5.Bilefromthegallbladderalsoenterstheduodenum

atthemajorpapilla.6.Thepancreasiscomprisedprimarilyofpancreaticductsthatreleaseliquidsintotheduodenum.7.Favoritesourcesofproteinarefishandwhitemeat.8.Inordertokeepthepancreashealthy,itisadvisableforyoutomaintainahealthyweightandwatchyourcholesterolandtriglyceridelevels.WatchandDo24PartII-VideoTwoAudioWhatisCrohn’sDisease25ThinkandTalk

Thedigestivetractisresponsibleforthebreakdownoffoodintoitscomponentparts,andfortheabsorptionoftheproductsintothebody.Thetractconsistsofatuberunningfromthemouthtotheanusthatisvariouslyknownasthealimentarytract,gastrointestinaltract,orgut.

Thesalivaryglands,liver,gallbladder,andpancreasaredistinctorgans,buttheyareintimatelyassociatedwiththedigestivetractandpassjuicesintoitthatarerequiredfordigestion.Reference26PartII-AudioTaskOne:TopicIdentificationThetopicsmentionedare:1,2,3,5and7.ListenandDo27PartII-AudioTaskTwo:TrueorFalseListenandDo1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F

28PartII-AudioTaskThree:QuestionsandAnswers1.Thethreemainfactorsaregeneticpredisposition,environmentalfactorsanddysregulatedimmuneresponseintheGItractwhichcausesinflammation.2.Thedifferenceisthattheimmunesystemisnotabletoturnitselfoffafterithasgotridofthebacteriumorvirus.ListenandDo29PartII-AudioTaskThree:QuestionsandAnswers3.MostpatientswithCrohn’sdiseasehaveabdominalpainanddiarrhea.OthersymptomsrelatedtotheGItractcanincludeabdominaltenderness,lossofappetite,weightloss,fever,fatigue,rectalbleeding,analskintagsandulcers.4.Inchildren,Crohn’sdiseasemayresultinstuntedgrowthandfailuretothrive.ListenandDo30PartII-AudioTaskFour:

DescriptionCrohn’sdiseaseisachroniccondition,whichispersistentandwillbepresentthroughoutapatient’slife.Characterizedbyinflammationinthegastrointestinaltract,Crohn’sdiseasemostlyoccursintheileumandthelargeintestine.ItiscurrentlybelievedthatCrohn’sdiseaseisageneticdiseasecausedbyabnormalregulationoftheimmunesystem.TheGItractisfrequentlyconfrontedwithbacteriafromourdietandenvironment.Geneticpredisposition,environmentalfactorsanddysregulatedimmuneresponseintheGItractwhichcausesinflammationarethethreemainfactorsthatmaycontributetoCrohn’sdisease.ListenandDo31PartII-AudioTaskFour:

DescriptionInCrohn’sdisease,inflammationandulcersappearwithintheGItract,andtheimmunesystemworkstocombatthebacteriaandviruses.Butbecausetheimmunesystemisnotabletoturnitselfoffafterithasgotridofthebacteriumorvirus,theulcersremainuntiltheyaretreatedwithmedicineorsurgery.AndthischronicinflammationiswhatcausesthesymptomsofCrohn’sdisease.ThesymptomsofCrohn’sdiseasevarydependingonwherethediseaseislocatedanditsseverity.ThismeansthateverypatientwithCrohn’sdiseaseexperiencesthediseasedifferently.Fortunately,patientswithCrohn’sdiseasecanworkwithhealthcareproviderstomanageit.ListenandDo32PartII-AudioPartIIICelebrityandDiseaseVideoOneStevenPaulJobsVideoTwoLookingforAudreyVideoOneVideoTwo33VideoOneStevenPaulJobs34ThinkandTalkHeisStevenPaulJobs.1.WhatimpressesmemostiswhatheputatStanfordUniversity:“Ihavelookedinthemirroreverymorningandaskedmyself:‘Iftodaywerethelastdayofmylife,wouldIwanttodowhatIamabouttodotoday?’Andwhenevertheanswerhasbeen‘No’fortoomanydaysinarow,IknowIneedtochangesomething.”“Yourtimeislimited,sodon’twasteitlivingsomeoneelse’slife.Don’tbetrappedbydogma—whichislivingwiththeresultsofotherpeople’sthinking.Don’tletthenoiseofothers’opinionsdrownoutyourowninnervoice.Andmostimportant,havethecouragetofollowyourheartandintuition.Theysomehowalreadyknowwhatyoutrulywanttobecome.Everythingelseissecondary.”Reference35PartIII-VideoOneThinkandTalk2.ThemostimportantthingIlearnedfromStevenPaulJobsishisentrepreneurship,thatis,neverbeaquitterinfaceofanycrisis.Itismoreimportantthathenotonlykeepsawatchfuleyeontheinnovationofscienceandtechnologybutalsothemarketdemandofinnovationanduser'sexperience.3.Whatimpressesmemostishisinnovation,aninsistenceonanexcellence,andhisridingtheinitialwaveofenthusiasmforvideogaming.JobsneverletupandcontinuetonotchimportantsuccesseswellawayfromApple,HistriumphantreturntoApplesignaledanewbeginningforthecompanyandlauncheditonanupwardspiralofsuccess.Reference36PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers1.WhatdaywasStevenPaulJobs’birthday?February24th.2.Whatarethenamesofhisadoptiveparents?Hisadoptiveparents’nameisPaulandClaraJobs.WatchandDo37PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers3.HowdidJobsperformduringhiselementaryschoolyears?EarlyschoolingrevealedJobstobeaproblemchildoftenboredwithschoolroutine.4.WhatinterestedJobsathisearlyage?Forwhatwasheinterestedinit?AtanearlyageJobsfoundhisinterestinelectronics,forthereexistedrichopportunitiesintheBayArea.WatchandDo38PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers5.WhomdidJobsmeetduringhishighschoollife?Duringhighschool,Jobsmetthefutureco-founderofAppleComputer,SteveWozniak,whoatthetimewasworkingatHewlettPackard.6.WhatdrewJobs’attentionwhenhewasadmittedtoReedCollegeinPortlandOregon?JobsenrolledatReedCollegeinPortlandOregonafterfinishinghighschool.Hequicklyrealizedhisoverwhelminginterestinelectronics.WatchandDo39PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers7.WhatdidJobsdowhenhereturnedtotheBayArea?HeworkedasatechnicianatAtariIncorporated,ridingtheinitialwaveofenthusiasmforvideogaming.8.WhatisStevenPaulJobs’personality?(Open)WatchandDo40PartIII-VideoOneTaskTwo:BlankFillingWatchandDo41PartIII-VideoOne

April1stIn1976(1)AppleComputerwasfoundedIn1977Thisvisionledto(2)thebirthofpersonalcomputingwhentheAppleIIcomputer(3)wasreleased.In1979 TheAppleIIwasextremelypopularinbusinessesafterthe1979(4)introductionofVisiCalc,(5)thefirstsoftwarespreadsheetprogram.In1980InDecemberof1980,(6)initialpublicofferingofstockinAppleComputermadeSteveJobs(7)amulti-millionaire.Attheageof23-25“I(8)wasworthaboutoveramilliondollarswhenIwas23and(9)overtenmilliondollarswhenIwas24andover100milliondollarswhenIwas25…um…and(10)itwasn'tthatimportant.”Attheageof30Jobshadtoendurethetragedy(11)beingfiredfromtheverycompanythathestartedtenyearsbefore.In2001PerhapsJob’sgreatest(12)achievementinrecenttimeshasbeenthe2001introductionatthei-Pod,itbecame(13)arunawaysuccessforApple(14)withover67millionunitssoldandacurrentmarketshare(15)hoveringaroundseventypercent.VideoTwoLookingforAudrey42ThinkandTalk

AudreyHepburnwasnotonlyafamousactress,butalsoafashionicon,modelandhumanitarian.Someofherwell-knownclassicmoviesareRomanHoliday,MoonRiver,BreakfastatTiffany’sandSabrina.ManypeoplelovedAudreyHepburnbecausewhileshecouldhavebeenconsideredadiva,sheneveractedlikeone.Shealwaystreatedpeoplewithrespect,asenseofclassandhadaveryhumbleattitude.AudreyHepburnisalsoahumanitarian.ShespentagreatdealoftimeworkingwithUNICEFandmakingtripstodifferentcountries,whereshewouldmakethecampaignsforthepeople.Shehasadreamtohelpasmanychildrenasshecould.Unfortunately,shewasstruckoncoloncanceranddiedattheageof63.Reference43PartIII-VideoTwoTaskOne:TrueorFalse1.True2.False3.False4.True5.FalseWatchandDo44PartIII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:BlankFilling1.loss2.beliefs3.devastated4.crushed5.messagesWatchandDo45PartIII-VideoTwoPartIVMedicalTerminology46PartIVMedicalTerminologyRoot1gastr/oRoot2enter/o47Root1gastr/o48ThinkandTalkcardiafundusgastritisgastricjuicechymeheartburngastrectomygastroscopestomachalstomachicReference49PartIV-Root1TaskOne:Matching1.b2.c3.a4.e5.d6.fPracticeandProduce50PartIV-Root1Tas