PeriodSixGrammar&Writing語(yǔ)法感知Ⅰ.用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空1．People(enjoy)thebenefitsofcyclinginAmsterdamforyears.2．Solarracers(e)toAustraliaforyearsfortheWorldSolarCarChallenge.3．People(worry)aboutpollutioncausedbyfuelslikepetrolandgasforalongtimenow.4．You(design)solarracingcarsforalongtime.5．I(design)fiveorsixdifferentcarssofar.6．I(build)anewcarwithateamfromQueenslandUniversity.Ⅱ.使用for或since以及現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)為每個(gè)情形寫一句話例：ThereseemsnoendtothecivilwarinSilonia，whichbeganthreeyearsago.Thetwosidesarestillfighting.→Thetwosideshavebeenfightingforthreeyears.1．Paulistryingtosetanewworldrecordforplayingthepiano.Hestarted32daysago，andheisstillplaying.→Paul.2．Thepolicehavearrestedaman.Theybeganquestioninghimearlythismorning，andtheyarecontinuingtodoso.→Thepolice.3．Thatdogisarealnuisance(討厭的東西)．Itbeganbarkinghalfanhourago，andithasn’tstoppedsince.→Thatdog.4．OurfriendsaregoingonholidaytoIndiasoon.Theirpreparationsstartedmonthsago.→Ourfriends.5．Thegovernmentcan’tdecidewhattheyshoulddoaboutrisingcrime.It’sabigproblem.Discussionsbeganlastyearandhavenotyetfinished.→Thegovernment.語(yǔ)法精析一、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have/hasbeen＋現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。1．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或離現(xiàn)在不遠(yuǎn)的時(shí)間，其動(dòng)作是否繼續(xù)下去，則由上下文而定。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)多用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如live，learn，lie，stay，sit，wait，stand，rest，study等，并常和allthisweek，thismonth，allnight，allthemorning，recently等狀語(yǔ)以及since和for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(與since和for連用時(shí)，動(dòng)作常會(huì)繼續(xù)下去)。Ihavebeenwaitingforanhourandhestillhasn’tturnedup.我已經(jīng)等了一個(gè)小時(shí)了，可他還沒來。I’vebeenwritinglettersallthismorning.我寫了一上午的信。Howlonghaveyoubeenlivinghere?你在這里住了多久了？(2)有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作并不是一直在不停地進(jìn)行，而是在斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地重復(fù)。這時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于瞬間動(dòng)詞。He’sbeenshavingsincelastyear.他是從去年開始刮臉的。Youhavebeensayingforayearthatyouwillstudyabroad.整整一年你都在說要出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。2．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的省略現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)在上下文清楚時(shí)亦可不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。這種現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)多指“剛才”或“近來”發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，一般不再繼續(xù)，并往往含有一種直接的結(jié)果。You’vebeenworkingtoohard.你工作太辛苦了。(直接結(jié)果可能是你一定很累了)You’vebeensmokingagain.你又抽煙了。(暗含結(jié)果你身上有煙味)Who’sbeeninsultingyou?誰欺負(fù)你了？(對(duì)方可能在哭)3．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的感情色彩現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和其他進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)一樣，也可以帶有感情色彩。Ihavebeenwantingtomeetyouforalongtime.和你見面是我盼望已久的事。Toomuchhasbeenhappeningtoday.今天發(fā)生太多事了。二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是兼有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)二者基本特點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)。由于它有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它可以表示某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響；由于它有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它也可以表示某一動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性、臨時(shí)性、重復(fù)性、生動(dòng)性乃至感情色彩。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較：1．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性。Haveyoubeenmeetinghimrecently?你最近常和他見面嗎？Haveyoumethimrecently?你最近見過他嗎？2．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般是平鋪直敘。Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufortwohours.我一直等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(可能表示不滿)Ihavewaitedforyoufortwohours.我等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(說明一個(gè)事實(shí))3．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。Whohasbeeneatingtheoranges?誰一直在吃橘子呀？(還剩余一些)Whohaseatentheoranges?誰把橘子吃了？(強(qiáng)調(diào)吃得一個(gè)不剩)4．有些動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：be，have，exist等；表示感情的動(dòng)詞：like，love等；表示感覺的動(dòng)詞：see，hear，know等。Hehashadacoldforaweek.他已經(jīng)感冒一周了。IhavelikedjazzsinceIwasateenager.從青少年起我就喜歡爵士樂了。Ihaveknownherforalongtime.我認(rèn)識(shí)她已經(jīng)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。5．與一段時(shí)間連用時(shí)可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；但與次數(shù)連用時(shí)只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(Ithasn’trainedforsixweeks.,已經(jīng)六個(gè)星期沒下雨了。,Ithasbeenrainingsinceyesterdayanditisstillraining.,從昨天起，雨就沒停過，而且現(xiàn)在還在下。))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(Hehasrungmeupfivetimessince12o’clock.,從十二點(diǎn)后，他已經(jīng)給我打了五次電話。,Hehasbeenringingmeupallthemorning.,他整個(gè)上午一直在給我打電話。))6．這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，可以說是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。Wehavebeenlivingherefortenyears.Wehavelivedherefortenyears.我們?cè)谶@里住了十年了。7．在沒有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束。Thestudentshavebeenpreparingfortheexam.學(xué)生們一直在為考試做準(zhǔn)備。(還在進(jìn)行)Thestudentshavepreparedfortheexam.學(xué)生們?yōu)榭荚囎隽藴?zhǔn)備。(已經(jīng)結(jié)束)[題組訓(xùn)練]用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空1．Inordertofindthemissingchild，villagers(do)alltheycanoverthepastfivehours.2．—Alvin，areyouingwithus?—I’dloveto，butsomethingunexpected(e)up.3．—Irememberyouwereatalentedpianistatcollege.Canyouplaythepianoforme?—Sorry，I(not，play)thepianoforyears.4．—Look!Somebody(clean)thesofa.—Well，itwasn’tme.Ididn’tdoit.5．Themanager(tell)theworkershowtoimprovetheprogramsince9am.6．Tom(work)inthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.7．Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilms(produce)allovertheworld.8．I’msureyouwilldobetterinthetestbecauseyou(study)sohardthisyear.9．Hisfirstnovel(receive)goodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.10．ItisthemostinstructivelecturethatI(attend)sinceIcametothisschool.高考鏈接Ⅰ.用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空1．Sarah(tell)thatshecouldbeBritain’snewsupermodelearningamilliondollarsinthenextyear.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅲ)2．Dashan，who(learn)crosstalk，theChineseedictradition，fordecades，wantstomixitupwiththeWesternstand-uptradition.(2016·江蘇)3．I(read)halfoftheEnglishnovel，andI’lltrytofinishitattheweekend.(2016·北京)4．Inmyhometown，thereisalwaysaharvestsupperforthefarmersafterallthewheat(cut)．(2015·重慶)5．Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks，noagreement(reach)sofarbythetwosides.(2015·天津)6．Marty(work)reallyhardonhisbookandhethinkshe’llhavefinisheditbyFriday.(2015·陜西)7．Inthelastfewyears，China(make)greatachievementsinenvironmentalprotection.(2015·北京)8．—WhereisPeter?Ican’tfindhimanywhere.—Hewenttothelibraryafterbreakfastand(write)hisessaythereeversince.(2015·福建)9．Sincethetimehumankindstartedgardening，we(try)tomakeourenvironmentmorebeautiful.(2014·湖南)Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤)1．Ihadgrownnotonlyphysically，butalsomentallyinthepastfewyears.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅲ)2．Lotsofstudieshavebeenshownthatglobalwarminghasalreadybeeaveryseriousproblem.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ，短文改錯(cuò))3．Theearlymorningbarkinghavebeendisturbingusasweareoftenupallnightwiththebaby.(2014·遼寧，短文改錯(cuò))4．Hardworkhavemadehimveryill.(2013·遼寧，短文改錯(cuò))5．IhavebeenmissingyouverymuchafterIwenttocollegeayearago.(2012·重慶，短文改錯(cuò))6．Unfortunately，bythetimeIgotback，theyhavefinishedthesceneandtheactorcouldn’tbeseenanywhere.(2011·陜西，短文改錯(cuò))寫作指導(dǎo)本單元講的調(diào)查報(bào)告屬于應(yīng)用文的范疇，旨在將調(diào)查結(jié)果真實(shí)、詳細(xì)、有條理地呈現(xiàn)出來。有關(guān)調(diào)查報(bào)告的英文書面表達(dá)題目多以圖表作文的形式呈現(xiàn)。題目往往要求我們根據(jù)要求將圖表信息以文字的形式呈現(xiàn)出來。1．結(jié)構(gòu)安排根據(jù)所給圖表的數(shù)目及題目所要求呈現(xiàn)的信息的種類等確定段落結(jié)構(gòu)。2．開篇要明確地指出所做調(diào)查的目的，這樣也就明確了調(diào)查報(bào)告所要傳達(dá)的是哪方面的信息。3．主體段落主體段落是呈現(xiàn)調(diào)查信息的段落，對(duì)于圖表類調(diào)查報(bào)告而言，主體段落是最終實(shí)現(xiàn)圖文轉(zhuǎn)換的段落。寫主體段落時(shí)要注意以下幾個(gè)方面：(1)圈定所要轉(zhuǎn)換的信息時(shí)，要在題目的具體要求下提取信息，并對(duì)信息進(jìn)行明確的分類。(2)重組信息時(shí)，要注意根據(jù)題目要求去確定信息表述的詳略，重要的信息要明確、詳細(xì)地說明；一般的了解性信息一筆帶過即可。(3)對(duì)所給信息的轉(zhuǎn)述要使用不同的表達(dá)方法，反映在文章中也就是要使用不同的詞、短語(yǔ)、句型等。4．末段末段通常用于對(duì)調(diào)查結(jié)果進(jìn)行總結(jié)，也就是根據(jù)調(diào)查結(jié)果推出一個(gè)結(jié)論，或是針對(duì)調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)表個(gè)人的看法。寫此段時(shí)要注意結(jié)論的客觀性、看法的合理性，不可妄加評(píng)斷。常用句式1．Wehavemadeasurveyabout...2．Inordertoworkout/findout/...wemadeasurvey...3．Thesurveywemaderecentlyshowsthat...4．Thereareseveralgoodthings.5．Ontheonehand...，ontheotherhand...6．Therearesomeadvantages/disadvantagesabout...7．However，therearemanythingswhichcouldbeimproved.8．Inconclusion，somethingneedtobedoneto...9．Wecanmakeaconclusionthat...10．Itcanbeconcludedthat...典題示例下面是某高中對(duì)150名高三學(xué)生睡眠時(shí)間不足及其原因所做的調(diào)查結(jié)果。請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖1提供的信息描述高三學(xué)生的睡眠情況，并針對(duì)圖2中任何一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)所反映的情況分析原因，并提出你的看法，詞數(shù)100左右。參考詞匯：圖表chart審題謀篇第一步明確要求這篇習(xí)作是一篇有關(guān)問題的調(diào)查報(bào)告，因此時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)以為主；人稱以為主；寫自己的看法時(shí)應(yīng)該合情合理，合乎邏輯。第二步確定段落本篇習(xí)作可以從以下幾個(gè)方面入手：Para.1：Para.2：第三步詞匯熱身1．做調(diào)查2．有足夠的睡眠3．熬夜學(xué)習(xí)4．感到更清醒5．充分利用白天時(shí)間6．以一種有效的方式第四步句式升級(jí)1．62%的學(xué)生每天睡覺少于7小時(shí)，37%的學(xué)生能睡七到八個(gè)小時(shí)。(一般表達(dá))Sixty-twopercentofthestudentssleepforjustlessthansevenhourseachday.Thirty-sevenpercentofthemcansleepforseventoeighthours.(句式升級(jí))Sixty-twopercentofthestudentssleepforjustlessthansevenhourseachday，thirty-sevenpercentofthemcansleepforseventoeighthours.(并列連詞)2．我們可以得出大部分高三學(xué)生睡眠不足的結(jié)論。(一般表達(dá))WecanconcludethatmostofSenior3studentsdon’thaveenoughsleep.(句式升級(jí))WecanmostofSenior3studentsdon’thaveenoughsleep.(conclusion)3．從圖2我們了解到大部分高三學(xué)生睡眠不足的原因。(一般表達(dá))FromChart2，welearnwhymostSenior3studentsdon’thaveenoughsleep.(句式升級(jí))FromChart2，welearnmostSenior3studentsdon’thaveenoughsleep.(reasonn．)第五步連句成篇

答案精析語(yǔ)法專題語(yǔ)法感知Ⅰ.1.havebeenenjoying2.havebeening3.havebeenworried4.havebeendesigning5.havedesigned6．havebeenbuildingⅡ.1.hasbeenplayingthepianofor32days2．havebeenquestioningamansinceearlythismorning3．hasbeenbarkingforhalfanhour4．havebeenpreparing(fortheirholidayinIndia)formonths5．have/hasbeendiscussing(theproblemof)risingcrimesincelastyear語(yǔ)法精析題組訓(xùn)練1．havebeendoing2.hase3.haven’tplayed4．hascleaned5.hasbeentelling6.hasbeenworking7.havebeenproduced8.havebeenstudying9.hasreceived10.haveattended高考鏈接Ⅰ.1.hasbeentold/wastold2.hasbeenlearning3.haveread4.hasbeencut5.hasbeenreached6.hasbeenworking7.hasmade8.hasbeenwriting9.havebeentryingⅡ.1.Ieq\f(had,have)grownnotonlyphysically，butalsomentallyinthepastfewyears.2．Lotsofstudieshavebeenshownthatglobalwarminghasalreadybeeaveryseriousproblem.3．Theearlymorningbarkingeq\f(have,has)beendisturbingusasweareoftenupallnightwiththebaby.4．Hardworkeq\f(have,has)madehimveryill.5．Ihavebeenmissingyouverymucheq\f(after,since)Iwenttocollegeayearago.6．Unfortunately，