第1講名詞和冠詞[特別說明]本講主要涉及名詞的單復數和所有格，有關名詞的詞性轉換將在“第6講構詞法”中具體講解。eq\a\vs4\al(——如何確定填名詞的單復數還是所有格)判定方法應用體驗提示詞為名詞時，分析句子成分后若發現詞性不需要改變，則一般考查所給名詞的復數形式；如果作定語表示“……的”，則一般考查名詞的所有格。①(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)Shehasturneddownseveralinvitations(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.②(2017·湖南師大附中模擬)ThiscouldbeMary’s(Mary)motto—theexpressionthatbestcapturesherspirit.當確定所填詞是可數名詞時，需要考慮其單復數問題。除了根據上下文語境之外，還可以通過以下信息判斷。1.不定冠詞a,an后用名詞單數形式。2.有these,those,several,many,all,both等詞修飾時名詞用復數形式。3.名詞前有oneof時用名詞復數形式。4.如果空格處作主語，且謂語動詞是單數形式，則空格處應填名詞單數形式；若謂語動詞是復數形式，則空格處應填名詞復數形式。③(2017·桂林市聯考)Tothem,lifeisapetition(pete)—theyhavetodobetterthantheirpeerstobehappy.④(2017·山師大附中模擬)Shehadseveralillnesses(illness)whenshewasveryyoung,includingpneumoniaandheadache.⑤(2017·綿陽市模擬)Itisoneoftheworld’smost-visitedcities(city)intermsofinternationalarrivalsandhastheworld’slargestcityairportsystem.⑥(2017·成都市模擬)Thedependence(depend)onmobiledevicesisevenhavingphysicalandmentaleffects.⑦(2017·漳州市八校聯考)Chances(chance)arethatyouwillreceivethreedifferentanswers.eq\a\vs4\al(——名詞單復數的常考點)(一)名詞復數的規則變化自主練悟謹記規律①(2017·浙江高考)LastOctober,whiletendinghergardeninMora,Sweden,LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmallcarrots(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.一般在名詞詞尾直接加s。例如：friend(朋友)→friendsnation(國家)→nationsinterest(興趣)→interestschange(變化)→changesmember(成員)→memberswing(翅膀)→wings②(2017·湖南師大附中模擬)Thenewpilotsaysit’snevertoolatetospreadyourwings(wing)andtrysomethingnew.③(2017·河南省天一大聯考)Ilearnedthatspiesusuallyhidimportantlettersinanumbrella,inashoe,oreveninapairofordinaryglasses(glass)．④(2017·銀川一中二模)Butwithoutsunlightandgoodsoil,soontheleavesbegantofalldownandthebranches(branch)begantodry.詞尾是s,x,ch,sh時一般加es。例如：bus公共汽車→busesfox狐貍→foxescoach教練→coachesbranch樹枝→branchesbush灌木叢→bushes注意：stomach(胃部)的復數形式是在詞尾直接加s。⑤(2016·四川高考)Anysmellmightattractnaturalenemies(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.詞尾是輔音字母＋y時，變y為ies；詞尾是元音字母＋y時，直接加s。例如：enemy敵人→enemieshobby業余愛好→hobbiesdifficulty困難→difficultiestoy玩具→toyskey鑰匙→keys⑥(2017·唐山市一模)The220-poundQizaihasbeeasuperstar,andmanytoys(toy)inhiscolorhavebeenmade.⑦(2017·石家莊市一模)Ontheotherhand,ifthewaterisnothotenough,thetealeaves(leaf)won’topenupandyouwillmissthepleasantlyfreshflavor.詞尾是f或fe時，多將f或fe變為ves。例如：shelf架子→shelvesknife刀子→knivesleaf葉子→leaveshousewife家庭主婦→housewives⑧(2017·江西省重點中學盟校聯考)Tomatoes(tomato)andpotatoestooksometimetobeepopular.詞尾是以輔音字母＋o結尾，直接加es；以元音字母加o結尾，直接加s。例如：tomato番茄→tomatoeszoo動物園→zoos注意：外來詞piano與縮略詞photo直接加s。⑨(2017·四川省龍泉市模擬)TheymayletyousurftheInternet,listentomusicandtakephotos(photo)whereveryouare.(二)名詞復數的不規則變化自主練悟謹記規律①(2017·長沙市聯考)Manyenjoytheopportunitytobuypresentsbecausegift-givingoffersapowerfulmeans(means)tobuildstrongerbondswithone’sclosestpersons.單復數同形的名詞：例如：sheep綿羊deer鹿aircraft飛行器Chinese中國人Japanese日本人means手段works工廠series系列②(2017·石嘴山市模擬)Ofthefifteenchildren(child)borntothefamily,onlyeightsurvived.③(2017·濰坊市復習過關)IntheUS,forexample,morethan14%ofwomen(woman)between18and34plantohavejustonechild.自身有特殊變化的名詞：例如：child孩子→childrenman男人→menwoman女人→womentooth牙→teethfoot腳；英尺→feetmouse老鼠→micecriterion標準→criteriamedium傳播媒介→mediaphenomenon現象→phenomena自主練悟謹記規律①(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.year→years名詞數與格的錯用1.可數名詞單復數的錯用：一般考查錯把復數用作單數，偶爾也考查錯把單數用作復數。2.不可數名詞單復數的錯用：不可數名詞沒有復數形式。3.可數名詞與不可數名詞混淆：有些詞既可用作可數名詞也可用作不可數名詞，應注意具體語境。4.誤把名詞的所有格用作普通格：表示“……的”應用所有格形式。②(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)Besides,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheIrmations→information③(2014·遼寧高考)We’vecalledseveraltimeaboutCleo’searlymorningbarking.time→times④(2017·陜西師大附中模擬)Itwasalongwalktotherepairershop.repairer→repairer’s⑤(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.honest→honesty⑥(2013·全國卷Ⅱ)Thismadeforthegrowintheporcelainindustry.grow→growth⑦(2017·寶雞中學模擬)Youngpeoplemaketheirparentsangrywiththeirchooseinclothes.choose→choices名詞與形容詞、名詞與動詞的錯用1.該用名詞卻誤用形容詞：作表語時，與主語構成同位關系一般用名詞，形容詞一般是對主語的描述。2.該用名詞卻誤用動詞：在冠詞、所有格或介詞后一般用名詞。eq\a\vs4\al(——如何確定填冠詞)判定方法應用體驗如果空格后有名詞(短語)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含義，或者有序數詞、最高級、表示特指意義的比較級等形式，那么空格處一般是填冠詞。①(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-year-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-termresting.Instead,sheisearning￡6,500adayasamodelinNewYork.②(2017·吉林大學附中模擬)Thedaythatyouenjoyallthesatisfactionofhavingallthehouseworkdonebyarobotmightstillbeafewdecadesoff.eq\a\vs4\al(——冠詞的常考點)(一)不定冠詞a/an的常考點自主練悟謹記規律①(2017·山西省實驗中學質檢)Andtheytalkedaboutturninganembarrassingsituationintoasweetone！②(2017·馬鞍山市模擬)Butnowwehavealreadybeenstandingbythisroadforoveranhour.③(2017·湖北省七市聯考)Unfoldedbeforemewasauniqueimageofthiswatercountry—thestonebridgeandthewaterflowing,alllikefairytalestome.不定冠詞有兩種形式：(1)當緊跟著冠詞的第一個音素為輔音音素(注意：不是輔音字母)時用a；(2)當緊跟著冠詞的第一個音素為元音音素(注意：不是元音字母)時用an。④(2017·浙江高考)ForPahlsson,itsreturnwasawonder.不定冠詞a/an放在單數可數名詞前，泛指一個人或一個事物。⑤(2015·四川高考改編)Brianisgiftedinwritingmusic;heisverylikelytobeaBeethoven.不定冠詞a/an意為“某一個……”，相當于acertain。⑥(2017·皖南八校模擬)Itasksyoutoworkoutfourtimesaweekforabouttwomonths.不定冠詞表示“每……”，多用于速度、時間等表達中。⑦(2017·南昌市三校聯考)Finally,itwasagreatsuccesswhichsavedlivesthen,andisstillsavinglivestoday.⑧(2017·焦作市模擬)IacquiredagoodknowledgeofthatafterIreadthedescriptioninthemuseum.具有某些特征、狀態或情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時，可以與不定冠詞連用。如：asuccess“一個成功的人或一件成功的事”。⑨(2017·菏澤市模擬)Thefarmerwasabouttogiveupwhenalittleboywentuptohimandaskedtobegivena_secondchance.序數詞前用不定冠詞表示“另一個”或“又一個”。⑩(2017·黑吉兩省六校聯考)Thishascreateda“throw-awaysociety”whichisawasteoftheearth’sresources.?(2017·福建師大附中模擬)Thissimplewayofhelpingpeopleisnowmakingabigdifferencetosociety.不定冠詞常用在一些固定搭配中。如：awasteof浪費……allofasudden突然地asarule通常asaresultof由于asawhole總體上makeadifference有影響(二)定冠詞the的常考點自主練悟謹記規律①(2017·太原一模)Amouse,becauseofanunluckychance,madeclosefriendswithanevilfrog.Oneday,thefrogplayedatrickonthemousebytyingafootofthemousetohisown.定冠詞the特指某人或某物。②(2017·陜西省渭南市質檢)SmokingisoneofthebiggestcausesofpreventabledeathsinEngland.③(2017·西安市模擬)RobertBruce,leaderoftheScotsinthe13thcentury,washidinginacavefromtheEnglish.④(2017·菏澤市模擬)Theymayhavewantedtohurtyouortheyjustdon’tseethingsinthesameway.在最高級或序數詞前面或由only,very,same等修飾的名詞前面用定冠詞the。⑤(2017·佛山一中模擬)Soldierscametorescuethoseburiedundertheruins,andthegovernmentprovidedfood,clothesandsheltersforthehomeless.定冠詞the和形容詞、過去分詞連用，表示一類人或事物。⑥Intheearly1990s,thelibrarywasnamedafterthebusinessmanwhodonatedmostofthemoneywithwhichtobuyit.定冠詞用在年代或用于逢十的數詞前，也用在表示世紀的某個年代前。⑦(2017·甘肅省白銀市模擬)Newfuelcanbeusedtotaketheplaceofgas.⑧(2017·沈陽二中模擬)Onthewhole,Canadianstudentsdohavealotoffreedom.定冠詞常用在一些固定搭配中。如：taketheplaceof替代；onthewhole總的來說；onthespot當場。(一)冠詞的錯用自主練悟謹記規律①(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)Theylivefarfromtheschool,andittakesthemaboutahourandahalftogotoworkeveryday.第一個a→an②(2017·襄陽市模擬)StudyingatanuniversityintheUKhasbeenagoodexperienceforme.an→a③(2017·肇慶市模擬)I’mWangHong,ainternationalstudentofBeijingUniversity.a→ana和an的錯用元音音素前用an，輔音音素前用a。④(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsofbeingrichintheshortperiodoftime.the→a⑤(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)Oneday,littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparents...Awomansawhimcryingandtoldhimtowaitoutsideashop.shop前的a→the⑥(2017·柳州市模擬)It’sthepitythatalotofpeoplestilldon’tappreciatethevalueoftime.第一個the→a不定冠詞和定冠詞的錯用表示特指時用定冠詞the；表示泛指時用不定冠詞a(n)。注意固定搭配中冠詞的使用情況。(二)冠詞的缺失與多余自主練悟謹記規律