河北省2025年高二年級第二學期期末模擬檢測英語本試卷共12頁，滿分150分。考試用時120分鐘。注意事項：1．答卷前，考生務必將自己的姓名、班級和考號填寫在答題卡上。2．作答選擇題時，選出每小題答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對應題目選項的答案信息點涂黑;如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案。非選擇題必須用黑色字跡鋼筆或簽字筆作答，答案必須寫在答題卡各題目指定區域內相應位置上;如需改動，先劃掉原來的答案，然后再寫上新的答案;不準使用鉛筆和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案無效。答案不能答在試卷上。3．考生必須保持答題卡的整潔，考試結束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分聽力(共兩節，滿分30分)做題時，先將答案標在試卷上。錄音內容結束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉涂到答題卡上。第一節(共5小題;每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分)聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。例：Howmuchistheshirt?A．￡19.15.B．￡9.18.C．￡9.15.答案C。1．Whenwilltheman’strainprobablydepart?A．At2:20pm.B．At2:30pm.C．At2:45pm.2．Whatmusicalinstrumentdoesthemanenjoyplayingwithfriends?A．Thepiano.B．Theviolin.C．Theguitar.3．Wherearethespeakers?A．Inasupermarket.B．Inarestaurant.C．Athome.4．Whatisthemangoingtodo?A．Signacontract.B．Typeadocument.C．Waitforaclient.5．Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A．Brotherandsister.B．Husbandandwife.C．Fatheranddaughter.第二節(共15小題;每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分)聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘;聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6．Whatistheman’smajorconcern?A．Whetherhecangetapriority.B．Whetherabuffetserviceisoffered.C．Whethertherestaurantisopenforlunch.7．Whatisthewomanprobably?A．Acook.B．Areceptionist.C．Atourist.聽第7段材料，回答第8、9題。8．Whattopicisthewomanpreparing?A．Differenttypesofpollution.B．Variouskindsofgreenenergy.C．Thehistoryofenergyproduction.9．Whydidthewomanwritealistofwords?A．Totestthestudents’spelling.B．Togivestudentsanassignment.C．Tohelpstudentsbetterunderstandthelesson.聽第8段材料，回答第10至12題。10．Whydoesthewomanthinksheisunsuitabletobeagoodlawyer?A．Sheistooshy.B．Shehateshelpingpeople.C．Sheprefersoutdoorjobs.11．Whichcareerdoesthewomanconsidersuitsher?A．Architect.B．Baker.C．Designer.12．Whatdoesthemansayaboutthepersonalitytestresults?A．Theyare100%accurate.B．Theyofferageneralguideline.C．Theyshouldbetakenseriously.聽第9段材料，回答第13至16題。13．Whatdoesthefitnesscoachthinkisthekeytogettinginshape?A．Reducingfoodintake.B．Regularexercise.C．Healthyeatinghabits.14．Howistheman’seatinghabit?A．Heeatstoocasually.B．Heeatsveryhealthy.C．Heconsumesmorefat.15．Whydoesthewomansuggestthemancutbackonfastfood?A．Tostayinshape.B．Tokeepenergetic.C．Topleasehisgirlfriend.16．Whatdoesthemandecidetodointheend?A．Workoutmore.B．Changehisdiet.C．Readfitnessarticles.聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。17．Whatisafeatureoftheproperty’slocation?A．ItisonLakeAthebbe.B．It’snearabusycitycenter.C．It’ssurroundedbymountains.18．Whatdoestheoutsideofthehouselooklike?A．Modern.B．Outstanding.C．Old-style.19．Whatdoesthespeakerthinkoftheproperty?A．Itsellswell.B．Itisexpensive.C．Itisdisappointing.20．Whatisthespeakerdoing?A．Traveling.B．Purchasing.C．Promoting.第二部分閱讀(共兩節，滿分50分)第一節(共15小題;每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。ALearnmoreabouttheaquaculture(水產業)industryaboardSalmonEye,theworld’slargestfloatingartinstallation(裝置)locatedintheheartoftheHardangerfjord.TheRestaurantIrisisalsolocatedinsideSalmonEye.Everexperiencedexpeditiondining?SalmonEyeismorethanavisitorcenterfortheaquacultureindustry!LocatedintheheartoftheHardangerfjord,thefisheye-shapedbuildingistheworld’slargestfloatingartinstallation.SalmonEyetakesyouthroughalearningexperiencewhereyougettodiveintotheaspectsofaquaculture.AtSalmonEye,youwillalsofindtheRestaurantIriswhichoffersaunique18-coursetastingmenu.Theconceptiscalled“expeditiondining”,asitisafoodjourneyfromstarttoend.Theaimistoinspireandinformabouthowwecanprovidetheworldwithmorefoodfromtheocean.Allindustriesleavefootprints,bothpositiveandnegative,andSalmonEyerevealshowtheaquacultureindustryaffectsourworld.Whatopportunitiesandchallengesexistwithintheaquacultureindustry?AtSalmonEye,youwillalsofindtherestaurantIris,whichoffersaunique18-coursetastingmenuinformoftheconcept“expeditiondining”.HowtogettoSalmonEyeandRestaurantIris?ThereareseveralwaystoreachRosendal,whereSalmonEyeandRestaurantIrisarelocated.Herearesomeoptions:FromBergen:Bycar:ViaGjermundshamnferryterminal:2.5hoursViaT?rvikbygdandJondal:3hoursHardangerfjordekspressenR?dne:Afjordcruise(游輪)thattakeslessthan2hoursfromBergentoRosendal.ThiscanalsobeboardedfromBergenAirportFlesland.1.WhatisthemainpurposeofSalmonEye?A.Toserveasaluxuryfloatinghotel.B.Toactasaresearchlabformarinebiologists.C.Toeducatevisitorsabouttheaquacultureindustry.D.ToprovideatraditionalNorwegiandiningexperience.2.WhatisuniqueabouttheRestaurantIris?A.Itonlyservesvegetariandishes. B.Itofferslocalseafoodonacruise.CItprovidesakindof“expeditiondining”. D.Itisaself-servicebuffetwithoceanviews.3.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?A.Atravelbrochure. B.Ageographybook.C.Adininginstruction. D.Aaquacultureguide.BNathanielWellen,a15-year-oldhighschoolstudentfromLosAngeles,hasmadearemarkableimpressiononABC’s“SharkTank”withhisinnovativeproduct,TheDuo.Thisumbrellafeaturesasecondextendablehandle,allowingtwopeopleofdifferentheightstocomfortablyshareit.Wellenfirstcameupwiththeideaatage8andcooperatedwithhisfatherthefollowingyeartodevelop,design,andpatenttheumbrella.Duringhisappearanceontheshow,Wellensought$100,000inexchangefor10%ofhiscompany,whichwasstillintheprototype(雛形)stageduringfilming.TheinvestorsontheshowwereimpressedbyWellen’sinitiativeandcreativity.LoriGreinerpraisedtheumbrella’scompact(緊湊的)design,whileMarkCubannotedthatWellenservedasanexcellentrolemodelforyoungambitiousentrepreneurs.However,WellenrevealedthathealreadyhadapartnershipwithShedRain,aweatheraccessoriesbrandthatowned49%ofhiscompanyandwouldassistwithproductionanddistribution,helpingtoplacetheproductinmajorstoreslikeTarget,Walmart,Kroger,andCostco.ThejudgeswereparticularlyimpressedthatWellenhadsecuredthispartnershipthroughcold-callingandbuildingarelationshipwiththeCEO.Despitethis,theypointedoutthatShedRainwasalreadyperformingtasksthatpotentialinvestorsmighthaveundertaken.MarkCubanexpressedconcernthatacceptingadealfromthejudgescoulddiluteWellen’sequity(股權)below50%,advisinghimtobecareful.LoriGreiner,BarbaraCorcoran,andKevinO’Learyalsodeclinedtomakeoffers,withO’LearycitingWellen’sageandschoolscheduleasconcerns,notingthathepreferredtohavedirectaccesstohisCEOsatalltimes.RobertHerjavec,however,sawpotentialinthepartnershipwithShedRainandoffered$100,000for20%ofthecompany.Aftersomenegotiation,theyagreedon18%equity.Onhiswayout,Wellenofferedadvicetootheryoungentrepreneurs:“Justkeepmoving.Keepgoing.ReachforyourgoalsandmaybeyoutoowillmakeadealwithRobert.”4.WhatisthespecialfeatureofTheDuoumbrella?A.Itiswidewhenunfolded. B.Itismadeofunbreakablematerial.C.Itcanchangecolorsautomatically. D.Itsuitstwopeopleofdifferentheights.5.ForwhatdidMarkCubanpraiseWellenduringhisappearanceon“SharkTank”?A.Hisnegotiationskills. B.Hisproduct’smarketpotential.C.HispartnershipwithShedRain. D.Hisinspirationtoyoungentrepreneurs.6.Whatistheclosestmeaningoftheunderlinedword“dilute”inparagraph3?A.Replace. B.Cancel. C.Lower. D.Protect.7.HowmuchequitydoesWellenholdafterthedeal?A18%. B.31%. C.33%. D.36%.CSomepeoplerememberbeginninghighschoolsportsclassesbyreachingfortheirtoes.Then,overtheyears,weweretolditwasbettertostretchafterexercise.Itturnsoutthatboththosethingscanbetrue,butdifferentadvicehasmadesomepeoplemixed-up.DavidBehm,fromMemorialUniversityofNewfoundlandinCanada,spoketoAssociatedPresstogivehisadviceonsafestretching.“It’salmostalwaysgoodtostretch,butit’sbetterifyouwarmupfirst,”saidBehm.Herecommendsactivitiessuchasjogging,walkingorcyclingfor5or10minutes.Followthatwithsomestatic(靜態的)stretching,thetraditionalwayofreachingandholdingaposition.Youcanthendoactivity-specificdynamicstretching,inwhichyouwarmupthemuscleswithrepetitiveexerciseslikeleglifts.Shouldyoualwaysstretchbeforeexercising?Ifit’straditionalstretching,notnecessarily.“Weighttraining,forexample,canbeagoodformofstretching,ifyoustartwithweightsthataren’ttooheavy,”Behmsaid.“Youprobablydon’thavetodoextrastretchingunlessyou’reagymnast,afigureskater,orevenagolfer.”Youdon’tneedtostretchfirstifyou’regoingforaneasyrun,either.Juststartwithaslowjogtowarmup.Afterexercise,“LightstretchingisOK,aslongasyoudon’treachapointwhereyou’refeelingpain,”Behmsaid.Ifyou’replayingasport,staticstretchingbeforeyoustarthelpspreventmuscleinjury.Andmakesuretodothesameamountofstretchingonbothsidesofyourbody:Lackingflexibilityononesidecanleadtoinjury,headded.Differentstudiesovertheyearshaveeitherencouragedordiscouragedstretchingbeforeexercise.Behmsaidthatthisispartlybecausesomestudiesweredesignedwithtop-levelathletesinmind,notregularpeople.“Ifyou’reUsainBolt,itmakesadifference,”saidBehm.Notsomuchfortherestofus.8.WhatdoesDavidBehmrecommenddoingbeforestaticstretching?A.Reachingforthetoesrepeatedly. B.Startingwithheavyweighttraining.C.Warmingupwithactivitieslikejogging. D.Doingactivity-specificdynamicstretching.9WhichgroupmightneedextrastretchingbeforeexercisingaccordingtoBehm?A.Officeworkers. B.Regularjoggers.C.Highschoolstudentsingeneral. D.Gymnasts,figureskaters,orgolfers.10.WhatdoesDavidBehmthinkofstretchingbeforeaneasyrun?A.It’sabsolutelynecessary. B.It’senoughtohaveajog.C.Itshouldbedonebyprofessionals. D.It’sdangerousandshouldbeavoided.11.Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?A.Toofferadviceonsafestretching. B.Toadvocatestretchingbeforeexercising. C.Todiscussthebenefitsofweighttraining. D.Tocomparedifferentstretchingtechniques.DGlobalscientistswarnedthat45%ofknownfloweringplantspeciesareatriskofdisappearing,highlightingtheurgentneedforinternationalactiontoaddresstheplanet’ssixthmassextinction,drivenbyhumanactivity.Thisfindingispartofthefifthannualreport,“StateoftheWorld’sPlantsandFungi(菌類)”,fromtheU.K.’sRoyalBotanicGardens(RBG),Kew,whichexploresthebiodiversitycrisisandclimateemergency.Thereportemphasizesthattheresourcesandservicesnatureprovide,suchasfoodandfreshwater,aretheresultoflong-termecosystemdevelopment.Rapiddeclineofecosystems,greenhousegasemissions,andwaterpollutionriskareaffectingtheglobalbalanceestablishedthroughevolutionary(進化的)processes.Effectivemanagementofplantsandfungiiscrucialtopreventingbiodiversitylossandrestoringecosystems.“Everyspeciesweloseisapotentialsourceofnewmedicinesorsolutionstohunger,”thereportnotes.Thereportreliesontwomajoradvances:ThecompletionofthefirstgeographicallycompleteWorldChecklistofVascularPlantsandnewdataonfungaldiversityfromenvironmentalDNAanalyses.Thechecklistincludes350,386knownvascular(維管的)plantspecies,butasmanyas100,000moreremainunidentified.Expertsestimatethatthreeoutoffourundescribedvascularplantsarelikelyalreadyatrisk.Kewscientistssuggesttreatingallnewlydescribedspeciesasthreatenedunlessprovenotherwise.Thefungisectionofthereporthighlightsthatonly155,000specieshavebeenformallynamed,withestimatesoftotaldiversityrangingfrom250,000to19million.Scientistsnowestimatethereare2.5millionfungalspecies,meaningover90%remainunnamed.However,effortstoidentifyspeciescontinue,withover8,600plantspeciesand10,200fungalspeciesnamedsince2020.TheKewreportfollowsotheralarmingstudiesthisyear,includingfindingsthat34%ofplantspeciesand40%ofanimalspeciesintheUnitedStatesareatriskofextinction.ItalsocomesaftertheKunming-MontrealBiodiversityFramework,apact(公約)aimedatsafeguardingnature,thoughsomeadvocatesargueitisnotstrongenough.12.Whatisthemaincauseofthebiodiversitycrisisaccordingtothereport?A.Naturaldisasters. B.Humanactivities.C.Climatechangealone. D.Lackofscientificresearch.13.Whatcanweinferaboutundescribedplantspecies?A.Theyexistmainlyinlaboratories. B.Theyareallsafefromextinction.C.Scientistsaren’tinterestedinthem. D.Mostofthemmayhavebeenindanger.14WhatdoweknowabouttheKunming-MontrealBiodiversityFramework?A.Itlacksenoughstrength. B.Itofferswaystorestorewildlife.C.Itisaboutprotectinganimalspecies. D.Ithassolvedtheextinctionproblem.15.Whatisthebesttitleforthistext?A.ResearchintoPlantandFungi B.NewDiscoveriesinPlantScienceC.PlantsandFungiAreinDangerofExtinction D.TheKunming-MontrealBiodiversityFramework第二節(共5小題;每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分)閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Screenshavealottoanswerfor—soreeyes,childrenspendingmoretimeindoors,TikTok.Andhere’sanotherthingtoaddtothelist;____16____Ithasbeencalled“screenapnea(窒息)”,andthepersonwhocoinedthetermthinksthatmanyofusholdourbreathwhenwe’recheckingemails.Youmayhaveheardof“sleepapnea”,whichisacommonconditionthatcausessuffererstotemporarilystopbreathingwhiletheyareasleep.____17____Atthattime,shenoticedshewasholdingherbreathasshelookedthroughheremailinbox.Callingit“emailapnea”atthetime,Stone,whoisnotascientist,wentontodosomeamateurresearchtofindoutifshewastheonlyonedoingthis.____18____Shetested200peoplesheinvitedintoherhome,monitoringtheirheartratesandbreathingwhiletheycheckedtheiremail.About80%ofpeoplestoppedbreathingnormallywhilechecking,eitherholdingtheirbreathorchangingtheirbreathingpattern.Butwhy?StephenPorges,aprofessorofpsychiatry,saidthatitmaybeareflex.Aswithanythingnewthatwearefacedwith,anemailrequiresaresponsefromournervoussystem.Itneedstochecktoseeifthatnewthingisathreat—andthisgovernsourreaction.Butasourbodydoesitschecking,ourbreathingoftengetsshallowerandourheartrateslowstoallowustofocus—thisisourbodymakingaplan.Andthismaybewhat’shappeningwhenwe’relookingthroughourmessages.____19____Butifwe’redoingitforhourseveryday,it’sgoingtohaveanegativeimpactonourbodies.____20____Beawareofyourbreathing,saidpsychotherapist(心理治療師)BryanRobinson,writingforForbes.Youcouldevensetreminderstocheckyourbreathing,andtakebreaksfromscreensduringthedaytogetupforsomeexercise.A.Sowhatcanwedo?B.Anditturnedoutshewasn’t.C.Theycanaffectourbreathingtoo.D.Sowhyscreenapneatakesplace?E.Mostpeoplearenotawareofscreenapnea.F.Thatmightbeokaynowandagain,saysPorges.G.LindaStonefirstwroteaboutscreenapneain2008.第三部分語言運用(共兩節，滿分30分)第一節(共15小題;每小題1分，滿分15分)閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。Bothofourparentswereemployedinthe1950swhilemybrotherandsistersandIweregrowingupinoursmalltowninsouthernWisconsin.Mymother,OliviaGoede,secureda____21____atEdgertonHospital,andmyfather,Paul,wasa____22____.Intheearly1960s,heworkedatMader’s,atopGermanrestaurantinMilwaukee,Wisconsin.Likemostchefs,hewasalways____23____withdifferentfoodandnewrecipes.Hefinishedthirdin1960inanationalsandwich____24____withhiscreation“Dreamy,Creamy,NuttyTuna.”MysisterSandy____25____thename.His____26____includedatriptoNewYorkCity.Aftermyfatherboughttheticketandthesuitforthetrip,mymother____27____hehadnearlycostallofthemoneyhewon.____28____,thewholefamilywasproudofdadtheworkhedid.Thesandwichwasnothisonlyprize-winning____29____.HewonadessertcontestsponsoredbytheDoorCounty(WI)CherryAssociation,andthat____30____thefamilyaweek’sstayoftheAndersonHotelinEphraim,Wisconsin,inDoorCounty.Beyondhis____31____commitments,myfatheroftendidcatering(承辦酒席)____32____thatinvolvedtheentirefamily,whilemymomworkedfulltimeand____33____fourkids.Wewereso____34____tohaveparentswhoencouraged____35____andgetagoodexampleforallofus.21.A.spot B.donation C.position D.ward22.A.chef B.waiter C.manager D.dishwasher23.A.experiencing B.connecting C.struggling D.experimenting24.A.party B.concert C.contest D.debate25.A.cameupwith B.putupwith C.gotawaywith D.gotalongwith26.A.belongings B.duties C.winnings D.routines27.A.imagined B.estimated C.admitted D.decided28.A.Nevertheless B.Moreover C.Therefore D.Otherwise29.A.recipe B.design C.menu D.technique30.A.promised B.awarded C.reminded D.earned31.A.emotional B.physical C.technical D.professional32.A.games B.sports C.jobs D.chores33.A.treated B.raised C.comforted D.helped34.A.confident B.lucky C.familiar D.unusual35.A.curiosity B.generosity C.enjoyment D.creativity第二節(共10小題;每小題1.5分，滿分15分)閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當的單詞或括號內單詞的正確形式。Shadowpuppetry,alsoknownasshadowplayorlampshadowplay,isatraditionalChineseart.Artistscut____36____(figure)fromanimalskinsorhardpaperandmovethembehindalightedscreen.Theshallowslooklikemovingimages.____37____(accompany)bymusic,performerscontrolthefiguresandsing.WithalonghistoryinChina,shadowpuppetry____38____(introduce)tomanycountriesduringtheYangDynasty,attractingmanyforeignaudiences.TheycallthisartformChineseshadowplay.Shadowpuppetryisafolkart,____39____hascaughttheheartsofgenerationsofChinesefor2,000years,sincetheWestHanDynasty.AsaheritageoftraditionalHanculture,shadowpuppetryhas____40____(region)varietiesandsoyouwillbeinforadifferentshowinBeijing,HunanandShanxi.Eachregion’sshadowplay____41____(borrow)fromlocaloperas,andfolksongs,resultingindifferentstylesofsong-storytellinganduseofinstruments.____42____productionprocessofshadowpuppetryislargelyconsistentacrossChina,althoughthespecificmethodsofhandling,carvingandproducingpuppethides(獸皮)differ.Themostpopularhidescomefromthecow,sheep,donkey,andpig,withcowhidebeingthemost____43____(wide)usedmaterial.Shadowplayallowsartiststolettheirimaginationfly,____44____(bring)wildstoriestolifeonthescreen.Fromlegendarymonsters____45____historicevents,anyplaycouldbetoldatashadowpuppettheater.第四部分寫作(共兩節，滿分40分)第一節(滿分15分)46.假定你是李華，準備向校刊英語角欄目投稿，請結合自身經歷用英語介紹學生參加志愿活動的好處。內容包括：1．參加志愿活動的好處；2．自身經歷和感受。注意：1．寫作詞數應為80個左右；2．請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。Volunteeringenrichesstudents’livesinmultipleways.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第二節(滿分25分)47.閱讀下面材料，根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。Nellyhasalwayslookeddifferentfromtheotherbees.Shewasbornwithsomeextraweightandfluff(絨毛)andcouldn’tremoveit.Whenshewasababy,theotherbeesnoddedonher,butnowtheyoftentalkedbadlyabouther.“Shouldn’tshelosesomemoreweight?”Theyoftensaid,or“She’snotworkingashardasusotherbees.”Whensheheardthesemeanwords,sheputonherbravefaceandsmiled,butwhenshecamehome,sheoftencriedandwonderedifthosebeesareright.Oneday,itwasthefirstdayofautumn,Nellycouldn’ttakeitanymoreandflewaway.Itwaslunchbreak,andnobeewasworkinginthefields.Nellywasabouttoturnaroundtoflyback,butthebirdsweresingingsuchalovelysong,andtheflowersbrokeintoblossominthemiddaylight,thatNellydecidedtousethelunchbreaktoexplorethefields.First,sheflewtothegroundandnoticedsmallbrownanimalswithtinyarmsandlegs.Theycalledthemselvesants.Nellythoughttheworldmustbefrighteningifyouarethatsmall,buttheydidn’tseemtocare,fortheywerebusyworking.Next,Nellyflewtoapondwhereshemetaprayingmantis(螳螂).Shelaughedbecausethemantislookedlikegrass.Butwhentheprayingmantisintroducedherselfinsuchanelegantmannerandstartedtosing,Nellyfeltshyandflewawaywithhotcheeks.Onthewaytoreturnhome,shesawabeethatlookedjustlikeher.“Youareasfatasme!”shesaid.Theotherbeeraisedaneyebrow.“Youcallmefat?Thatishowbumblebees(大黃蜂)looklike!”Theotherbeerespondedproudly.“Ah,abumblebee,”Nellysaid.“Then,amIalsoabumblebee?”注意：1．續寫詞數應為150個左右;2．請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。Theotherbee,whosenamewasBlossom,smiledwarmlyandnodded.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________