《英語語言學》導學手冊(下)

語用學基本知識

Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?語用學是什么？

Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessful

communication.

1.1Th.developmen.o.pragmatic,withi.linguistic.!.th.necessar.

conscqucnc.o.th.dcvclopmcn.o.linguisti.studics.cspcciall.tha.o.scmantics.Althoug.bot.pragmatic.an

.semantic.basicall.slud.meaning.pragmatic.differ.fro.trad:tiona.semantic.i.Iha.i.sludie.meanin.no.i.i

solatio.bu.i.context.

sentenc.meanin.vs.uUcranc.meanin.句子意義與話語意義

1.2Sposition.O.th.othe.han

duc.o.sentenc.nieanin.an.context

.iherefor.tli.meanin.o.a.ulteranc.i.riche.tha.th.ineanin.o.th.sentenc.fro.whic.i.i.derived.Utteranc.mea

nin.i.idcntica.wit.th.purpos.fo.whic.th.spcakc.uttcr.th.sentence.

1.3Context語境

2.Contcx.i.a.importan.notio.i.th.pragmati.stud.o.mcaning.I.igcncrall.considcrc.a.constitutc.bth.knowl

edg.share.b.th.speake.an.ih.hearer.I.include.backgroun.knowledge.i.e.knowledg.o.th.world.knowled

munication.a.wel.a.knowledg.o.th.languag.the.use.

3.SpeechActTheory言語行為理論

3.1Tpose.b.Joh.Austi.i.a.importan.theor.i.th.stud.o.meanin.a.relate.t.th.ccxitext.Ac

rnunicatio.i

.compose.o..successio.o.acts.

3.2ConstativeandPerformativeUtterances陳述性話語與行為性話語

3.3Austi.nrs.mad.th.primar.clistinclio.betwee.tw.type.o.ulleninces.constativ.an.performative.Th.consla

tiv.utteranc.i.verifiabl.an.i.i.eithe.tru.o.false.Th.performativ.utteianc.i.use..perfor.a.actio.an.ha.n.tru

.value.Bu.Austi.wa.no.satisfie.wit.it.h.finall.conclude..nc.modeL

3.4Austin、NewModel奧斯汀的新模式

AccordingtoAustin'snewmodel,aspeaker,whilemakinganutterance,isinmostcases

performingthreeactssimukaneously.

a)ALocutionaryAct以言指事行為

Alocutionaryactistheactofsayingsomething;itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningby

meansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

b)AnIllocutionaryAct以言做事行為

Anillocutionaryactistheactperformedinsayingsomething;itsforceisidenticalwiththe

speaker'sintention.

c)APerlcutionaryAct以言成事行為

Apcrlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itisthe

consequenceof,or(hechangebroughtaboutby(heutterance.

3.5Searle^ContributionstotheSpeechActTheory斯爾對言語行為理論的貢獻

a)TheDistinctionandRelatednessbetweenthePropositionalContentandIllocutionaryAct

Thepropositionalcontentofanutteranceisconstitutedbywhatobjectisbeingreferredtointhe

utteranceandwhatactionispredicatedabouttheobject.

b)TheClassificationofIllocutionaryAct以言做事行為的分類

SearlespecifiesfivegeneraltypesofIllocutionaryacts

(1)Representatives闡述類

(2)Tmi.th.speake.1.something*.hein.th.case.Lth.tr

position.I.othe.words,whil.performin.thi.typ.o.act.th.speake.i.makin..stat

cmcn.o.givin..dcscriptio.whic.h.himscl.bclicvc.t.b.truc.Stating.believing.swcaring.hypothcsi

zin.ar.amon.th.mos.typica.o.th.representatives.

(3)Directives指令類

(4)

Directive.ar.attenipt.b.th.speake.t.ge.th.Iieare.t.d.sometliing.Inviting.suggesting.requesting.w

arning.threatcning.ordcrin.ar.al.spccifi.instanc.o.thi.class.

(5)Commissives承諾類

(6)Commissive.ar.thos.illocutionar.act.whos.poin.i.t.conimi.th.spcake.t.som.futur.cours.o.actio

n.Promising.undertaking,vowin.ar.th.mos.typica.cascs.

(7)Expressives表達類

(8)Tposiliona.co

ntent.Th.speake.i.expressin.hi.feeling.an.attitude.toward.th.existin.stat.o.affairs.e.g.apologizi

ng.thanking.congratulating.

(9)Declarations宣布類

Thelastclass'declarations'hasthecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofanactof

thistypebringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenthepropositionalcontentandreality.

4.PrinciplesofConversation會話原則

4.1TheCo-operativePrinciple合作原則

a).

I.makin.conversarion.ther.is.a.Gric.holds..genera.principl.whic.al.participant.ar.expecte.t.obs

erve.H.call.thi.guidin.principl.th.Cooperativ.Principle.H.furthe.specifie.fou.maxims:

b)TheMaximofQuantity量的準則

(1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.

(2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.

c)TheMaximofQuality質的準則

(1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

(2)Dotnotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

d)TheMaximofRelation關系準則

Berelevant

e)TheMaximofManner方式準則

(1)Avoidobscurityofexpression.

(2)Avoidambiguity

⑶Bebrief.

(4)Beorderly.

4.2.

Thes.maxiin.ar.no.alway.strictl.observed.Rather.fo.variou.reason.the.ar.ofte.violated.Som.o.thes.vi

olation.giv.ris.t.wha.Gric.term.

“conversaiiona.implicatures”.I.othe.words.whe.w.violat.an.o.thes.maxims.ou.languag.migh.bec

om.indirect.

4.3ThePolitenessPrinciple禮貌

Terativ.principl.explain.ho.conversationa.implicatur.i.give.ris.t.bu.i.doe.no.tel.u.wh.peopl.a

r.oftc.s.indircc.i.convcyin.wha.thc.wan.t.say.Thi.i.whcr.th.politcncs.principl.coinc.in.I.th.mos.gcncra.tc

rms.th.politenes.principl.ca.b.formulale.a.umaximize.lh.expressio.o.polit.beliefs”.or.i.itnegativ.form.

*'Minimiz.th.expressio.o.impolit.beliefs.

Thepolitenessprincipleseemstohaveahigherregulativerolethanthecooperativeprinciple

becauseitrequiresforsmocthandeffectivecommunication.

Exercises

I.MatcheachofthefollowingtermsincolumnAwithoneoftheappropriatedefinitionsincolumnB:

ColumnAcolumnB

locutionar.ac.....A.Th.speake.i.expressin.hi.feeling.an.attitude.toward.th.

existingstateofaffairs,

illocutionar.ac.....B.Th.las.clas.*declaiations.ha.th.characteristi.tha.th.

successfulperformanceofanactofthistypebringsaboutthe

correspondencebetweenthepropositionalcontentandreality.

1.pcrlocutionar.ac…C.Th.constativ.utteranc.i.verifiabl.an.i.i.eithe.tru.o.false.

representative.....D.Th.perfbrmaiiv.utteranc.i.use..perfor.a.actio.an.ha.

notruevalue.

directive........E.Conimissive.ar.thos.illocutionar.act.whos.poin.i.to

commit(hespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.

Commisive.......F..locutionar.ac.i.th.ac.o.sayin.something.i.i.th.ac.o.

conveyingliteralmeaning.

2.expressivesG.Theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthe

speakertosomething'sbeingtheare,tothe(ruthof(he

expressedproposition.

Declaration.......H..perloculionar.ac.i.th.ac.performe.b.o.resultin.fro.

sayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechange

broughtaboutbytheutterance.

constativ.utteranc…I.Direclive.ar.altempt.b.th.speake.t.ge.th.heare.t.d.

something.

lO.perfbrmativ.utteranc...J.A.illocutionar.ac.i.th.ac.performe.i.sayin.something.il.

forceisidenticalwiththespeaker'sintention.

ILExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinnomorethan50words:

1.pragmatic.........2.uttcranc.mcanin.......3.rcprcscntatives

4.mi$sive..........6.politenes.principle

7.locutionar.ac........8.111ocutionar.ac.......9.Perlocutionar.act

I.HI.D..200-wor.essay..

2.Austin'sspeechacttheory.

3.Cooperativeprinciple.

VIH.Langiiag.Chang.語言的變化

本章的學習目的要求

本章學習的中心內容是語言的變化。全章含研究語言變化的目的與意義、語言變化的本質、

英語的歷史發展、語系和語言變化的原因等五部分。本章的學習目的是讓學生了解語言的發展

史及其變遷規律。通過學習本章，學生可以從歷史發展的角度來深刻認識語言的過去、現在和

未來之間的關系，掌握語言歷史演變的成因和規律，了解語言群體在其歷史變遷中所形成的旁

系與直系關系。

語言變化的基本知識

1.Introduction弓|言

2.I.i..fac.tha.al.language.chang.throug.time.thoug.the.d.s.ratne.slowly.Wher.language.hav.writte.recor

ds.i.i.possibl.t.se.th.actua.changc.tha.hav.takc.placc.

3.SoundChange語音變化

Soun.change.ten.t.b.systcmatic.i.i.possibLnunciatio.change.throughou.ih.langua

ge.Fo.example,

WordsMiddleEnglishModernEnglish

Mice[mi:s][mais]

Mouse[mu:s][maus]

4.MorphologicalandSyntacticChange形態和句法變化

Morphologicalandsyntacticchangesalsotakeplaceinprogress,forexample,changein

“agreement"rule,innegationrule,processofsimplification,lossofinflections,etc.

5.VocabularyChange詞匯變化

Vocabularychangecarinclude:additionofnewwords,lossofwordsandchangesinthemeaning

ofwords.

5.1AdditionofNewWords增加新詞

a)Coinage創新詞

Anewwordcanbecoinedorinventedoutrighttofitsomepurpose,e.g.

dacronkodaxerox

b)ClippedWords縮略詞

Clippingreferstotheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases,c.g.

gym(gymnastics)fridge(refrigerator)disco(discotheque)

c)Blending緊縮法

Ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords,e.g.

smog(smoke+fbg)motel(motor+hotel)flurry(flutter+hurry)

d)Acronyms詞首字母縮略詞

Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords,e.g.

Radar(Radiodetectingandranging)U.S.A(theUnitedStatesofAmerica)

e)Back-formation逆生成法

Nc.word.ma.b.coinc.fro.alrcad.cxistin.word.b.Usubtracting.a.affi.though.t.b.par.o.th.ol.word.c.g.

Edit(derivedfromeditor)

f)FunctionalShift功能轉移

Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes,e.g.

g)Borrowing借用

Whenculturescomeintocontact,wordsarcoften“borrowed'、fromonelanguagetoano:hcr,c.g.

education(fromLatin)cycle(fromGreek)question(fromFrench)

5.2LossofWords詞的消失

5.3Th.los.o.word.take.plac.graduall.ovc.th.cours.o.scvcra.generations.Omo.cause.fo.th

.los.o.lexica.itcm.i.th.discontinuatio.o.th.objec.thc.namc.

5.4WideningofMeaning詞義的擴大

Whenthemeaningofawordbecomesbroader,thatwordmeanseverythingitusedtomean,and

thensomemore,e.g.

holidayholyday[specific]anyrestday[general]

tailthetailofahorse[specific]thetailofanyanimal[general]

5.5NarrowingofMeaning詞義的縮小

Inthecourseofseveralgenerations,semanticchangehasnarrowedthemeaningofawordto

whatitisinModernEnglish,e.g.

deeranyanimal[general]aparticularspecies[specific]

meatfood[general]ediblepartofananimal[specific]

6.SomeRecentTrends最近變化的趨勢

6.1MovingtowardsGreaterInformality傾向非正式化

6.2Sine.th.Irmalit.o.expression.Mos.peopl.wil.agre.tha.t

rmalit.i.th.us.o.th.writte.wor.i.t.b.welcome.rathe.tha.dcplorcd.

6.3TheInDuenceofAmericanEnglish美國英語的影響

FormanyyearsAmericanEnglishhasbeenassaultingtheBritishIsleswithever-increasing

weightandpersistence,throughfilms,magazines,radioandtelevision.

6.4TheInfluenceofScienceandTechnology科學與技術的影響

Asscienceandtechnalogydevelop,theyusenewwordstoexpressnewconceptsandnew

techniquesaswellasnewinventions;andtheyhavedevelopedmorerapidlyduringihelast30years.

Exercises

I.MatcheachofthefollowingtermsincolumnAwithoneoftheappropriatedefinitionsincolumnB:

ColumnAColumnB

Coinag........A.Ne.word.ma.b.coine.fro.alread.exislin.word.b.

“subtracting"anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword

I.Blendin......B.CIippin.refer.t.th.abbreviatio.o.longe.word.o.phrases.

2.back-fonnatio...C.Acronym.ar.word.derive.fro.th.initial.o.severa.words.

borrowin.......D.W.contact.word.ar.ofte.uborrowed.from

onelanguagetoanother.

3.clippin.......E..nc.wor.ca.h.coinc.o.invcnte.outrigh.t.fi.som.purpose.

4.acronym.....E.binin.part.o.othe.words.

functiona.shif......G.Word.ma.shif.fro.on.par.o.speec.t.anothe.vvithou.th.

additionofaffixes

ILExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinnomorethan50words:

I.semanti.chang.....2.Soun.chang…3.Vocabular.change

III.Developthetopicintoa200-wordessay:

l.Som.rcccn.trcnd.o.languag.changc

VIILLanguag.an.Societ.語言與社會

本章的學習目標要求

本章學習的中心內容是社會語境中的語言主。全章含語言變異與語用情景、方言及方言的社

會功能、雙言與雙語現象、少數民族方言、社會方言等部分。

本章的學習目的是弄清語言與社會的關系。通過對本章的學習,要求學生認識語言使用的社

會屬性,了解語言在社會語境中作為一種交際工具的多樣性,明確交際場境中各種社會因素對

語言使用所產生的影響。

語言與社會基本知識

1.TheScopeofSociolinguistics社會語言學的范圍

1.1IndicationsofRelatednessbetweenLanguageandSociety語言與社會關系的標示

Certai.linguisti.phenomen.canno.b.accourKe.fo.unles.the.ar.relate.t.society.I.othe.words.socia.fact

or.canno.b.exckidc.i.ou.dcscriptio.o.languagc.

Anobviousindicationoftheinter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietyisthefactthat

languageisnotalwaysusedtoexchangeinformationasisgenerallyassumed,butratheritis

sometimesusedtofulfilanimportantsocialfunction-tomaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.

Anothe.indicatio.i.tha.user.o.th.sani.languag.i..sens.al.spea.differently.Th.kin.o.languag.eac.o.the.

choose.t.us.i.i.par.dctcrminc.b.hi.socia.background.

Tosomeextent,language,especiallythestructureofitslexicon,reflectsboth(hephysicalandthe

socialenvironmentsofasociety.

Asasocialphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelaled(othestructureof(hesocietyinwhichitis

used,andtheevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocial.

Sociolinguislic.vs.Traditiona.Linguisti.Studic.社會語言學與傳統語言學研究

Sociolinguisticsrelateslinguisticsstudytosociety.

Traditional!.linguisti.stud.einphasize.th.stud.o.lh.rule.er.lhJbnnaiio.o.language.lt.ai.i.t.di

scove.th.structur.o.language.

Spose.th.classi.distinctio.betwee.langu.an.parale.

uParole.i.th.realizatio.o.th.languag.syste.i.speech.

1.2Cpctenc.an.performance.Competenc.i.a.idea.languag.user'.knowle

dg.o.hi.language.an.performance.th.actua.realizatio.o.thi.knowledg.i.utterances.

1.3TwoApproachesinSociolinguistics社會語言學的兩種研究方法

a)Macro-sociolinguistics宏觀社會語言學

Wecanlookatsocietyasawholeandconsiderhowlanguagefunctionsinitandhowitreflects

thesocialdifferentiations.

b)Micro-sociolinguistics微觀社會語言學

Theotherapproachistclookatsocietyfromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinit.

2.VarietiesofLanguage語言的變體

2.1I.i.a.obviou.fac.tha.peopLwh.clai.t.b.user.o.th.sam.languag.d.no.spea.th.languag.i.th.sam.Hanner.T

h.languag.use.b.th.sam.individua.varic.a.circunistancc.vary.Th.varictic.o.Janguag.ar.actua.manifcs

tation.o.th.gcncra.notio.o.th.languag.an.the.ar.assume.t.b.rclatc.bot.t.th.languag.use.an.t.th.us.t.whi

c.languag.i.pul.Varietie.relale.t.th.use.ar.know.a.dialect.an.varietie.relate.t.us.a.regislers.

2.2VarietiesofLanguageRelatedtotheUser與語言使用者有關的變體

a)Regionaldialect地域方言

b)Regiona.dialect.ar.linguisti.varietie.use.b.peopl.livin.i.differen.regions.Regiona.dialec.boundarie

.oftc.coincid.wit.gcographica.barricr.suc.a.mountains.rivcrs.o.swanips.

c)Social-classDialect社會階級方言

Jus.a.rcgiona.dialec.i.associate.wit.separatio.cause.b.physica.conditions.socia.dialec.ha.t.d.wit.scp

aratio.brough.abou.b.ditTeren.socia.conditions.Social-clas.dialecLo.sociolecLrefer.t.thJinguisti.variel.c

haracteristi.o..particula.socia.class.

ReceivedPronunciation(RP),anon-localizedformofpronunciation,referstotheparticularway

ofpronouncingstandardEnglish,whichisanindicatorofapublicschooleducationandthusahigh

socialstatusonthepartofthespeaker.

d)LanguageandSex語言與性別

e)crestin.t.kno.tha.th.languag.use.b.me.an.womc.hav.soin.spccia.fcaturc.o.thei.own.Womc.ar

.usual).mor.status-consciou.tha.me.i.Englis.speakin.world.Se.differentiatio.i.als.reflecte.i.th.us.o

.onatio.pattern.an.certai.lexica.items.

f)LanguageandAge語言與年齡

2.3I.niunitie.th.languag.use.b.th.olde.generatio.differ.fio.tha.use.b.th.younge.generatio.i.cert

ai.ways.Certai.linguisti.feature.occu.mor.frequentl.i.th.speec.o.on.generatio.tha.tha.o.th.other.

2.4StandardDialect標準方言

Th.standar.dialec.i..particula.variet.o..language.I.i.no.relate.t.an.particula.grou.o.languag.users.i.i.

muni(.t.us.th.standar.variel.regardles.o.hi.socia.an.geographica.back

grounds.hi.se.an.age.

Thestandarddialecthasanumberoffeatures:

(1)Thestandarddialectisbasedonaselectedvarietyofthelanguage.

..(2)Th.standar.dialec.ha..widel.accepte.codifie.gramma.an.vocabulary.I.i..superimpose.variet.an.i.i.th.

variet.whic.i.taugh.an.leain.i.schools.no.th.variet.o..languag.an.chil.acquire.naturally.

(3)Thestandarddialec:isusuallyusedinprint,andspokenbyeducatednativespeakersandused

innewsbroadcasts,officialdocumentsandpublicationsandonotherformaloccasions.

2.5VarietiesofLanguagerelatedtotheuse與語言使用有關的變體

a)Register語域

Languag.i..vcr.variabLphcnomcnon.an.thi.variability.no.haphazar.a.i.usuall.assunicd.bu.i.i.als.rul

e-governed.an.constraine.b.socia.variables.I.varie.wit.th.circumstance.unde.whic.th.languag.i.used.

An.nativ.speake.o..languag.i.i.possessio.o..variet.o.way.i.usin.th.language.Th.totalit.o.linguisti.var

ietie.possesse.b.a.individua.constitute.hi.linguisti.repertoire.

(1).well-know.mode.describin.th.relationshi.betwee.socia.variable.an.linguisti.feature.i.Halliday

’.registe.theory.Accordin.t.Halliday.Languag.varie.a.it.functio.varies.i.differ.i.differen.situati

ons.Th.typ.o.languag.whic.i.selecte.a.appropriat.t..typ.o.siluatio.i..register.Registe.i.determine

.b.th.followin.thrc.socia.variables:

(2)FieldofDiscourse話語范圍

I.refer.t.wha.i.goin.on.t.lh.are.o.operaiio.o.lh.languag.activilyI.i.concerne.wit.th.purpos.an.subject-mat

munication.I.answer.th.question.o.'why.an.

'municatio.take.place.FieLo.discours.ma.b.non-technica.(shopping.persona.letters.an

.technica.(scientifi.report,--).

Fieldofregisterdeterminestoagreatextentthevocabularytobeusedincommunicationandit

alsodeterminesthephonologicalandgrammaticalfeaturesofthelanguage.

(3)TenorofDiscourse話語風格

(4)

I.municatic.grou.ar.

an.i.wha.relationshi.the.stan.t.eac.other.Lanswer.th.questio.o.

*miinicating.T..grea.extent.i.determine.th.leve.o.formalit.an.th.leve.o

.technicalit.o.th.languag.w.use.

(5)ModeofDiscourse話語方式

Lniunication.I.i.concerne.v/it.

'municatio.i.carrie.out.Fundamenta.t.lh.mod.o.discours.i.th.distinciio.betwee.speakin.an.wri

ting.Spoke.languag.ma.b.spontaneou.o.prepare.befbrehan.anende.t.b.rea.wit.th

.ey.o.t.b.spoken.

b)

Th.thre.variable.ar.thfeature.o.th.contex.o.situatio.whic.deterniin.th.feature.o.languag.appropria

t.t.th.situation.i.e.register.

c)ScalesofFormality正式程度

Languag.use.o.differen.occasion.differ.i.th.degre.oJbnnalily.whic.i.determine.b.lh.socia.variables

.Marti.Jimatc.casual.consultativc.formal.an.frozen.

Differentstylesofthesamelanguagecanbecharacterizedthroughdifferencesatthreelevels,

namely,syntactic,lexicalandphonological.

3.ConimunicativeCompetence

DellHyniesdefinedin1970communicativecompetenceasconsistingoffoursectors:

(I)th.abilit.t.judg.whethe.somethin.i.fbrmall.possible.i.e.whethe.soniethin.4.grammatical.

(2)th.abilit.t.judg.whethe.somethin.i.feasible.i.e.whethe.somethin.i.psychologicall.acceptable.

(3)th.abilit.t.judg.whcthc.somethin.i.appropriate.i.e.whethe.somcthin.i.suiiabl.i..certai.socia.contex

t.

th.abilit.t.judg.whcthc.somethin.i.donc.i.c.ho.oftc.somcthin.occurs.

4..Hpelenc.cover..wide.rang.(ha.Chomsky

s.Whil.Cpetenc.t.mea.th.knowledg.o..use.abou.hi.language.Hyme.extencl.i.t.cove.b

ot.taci.knowledg.an.abilit.fo.use.

5.PidginandCreole皮欽語和克里奧耳語

Pidgin.ar.mixe.o.blcnde.language.use.b.pcopl.wh.spea.ciffercn.language.fb.restricte.purpose.suc.

a.trading.Pidgin.typicall.hav..limite.vocabular.an..ver.reduce.grammatica.structur.characterize.b.th.los.

o.inflcctions.gcnde.an.casc.

6.Wmun:

munit.a.thci.nativ.language.i.i.sai.t.b..creole.Th.structur.o.th.oiigina.pidgi.i.expande.t.enabl.i.t.fulfi.i

l.ne.funclions.Th.vocabuar.i.vastl.enriched.an.ne.synlactic-semanti.concept.developed.

7.BilingualismandDiglossia雙語現象和雙語

Lsoin.speec.coinniunities.tw.language.ar.use.sid.b.sid.wit.eac.havin..differen.rol.t.play.an.languag

.switchin.occur.whe.th.situatio.changes.Thi.constitut.th.situado.o.bilingualism.

Th.tcr.diglossi.rcfcr.t..sociolinguisti.situatio.simila.t.bilinguajsin.Bu.instca.o.tvv.diffcrcn.languages.1..d

munity.wit.eac.havin..definit.rol.t.

play.

Exercises

I.MatcheachofthefollowingtermsincolumnAwithoneoftheappropriatedefinitionsincolumnB:

ColumnAColumnB

macro-sociolinguistic....A.Pidgin.ar.mixe.o.blendc.language.use.b.pcopl.wh.

speakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.

socia.clas.dialec…B.Regiona.dialect.ar.linguisti.varietie.use.b.peopLlivin.in

differentregions.

standar.dialec....C.Whe..pidgi.ha.becom.th.piiniar.languag.o..speec.

community,andisacquiredbythechildrenofthespeechcommunity

astheirnativelanguage

diglossi.......D.Tw.language.ar.use.sid.b.sid.wit.eac.havin..differen.rol.

toplay;andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.

bilingualis.....E.l.i.possibLfo.an.mcnibc.o..spccc.conimunit.t.us.th.

standardvarietyregardlessofhissocialandgeographical

backgrounds,hissexandage.

Pidgi.......F.Th.othe.approac.i.t.loo.a.societ.fro.th.poin.o.vie.o..

anindividualmemberwithinit.

creol........G.Social-clas.dialect.o.sociolect.refer.t.th.linguisti.variet.

characteristicofaparticularsocialclass.

1.micro-sociolinguisticsHTwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthe

community,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.

2.regionaldialectWccanlookatsocietyasawholeandconsiderhowlanguagefunctions

initandhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations.

II.Explai.eac.o.th.followin.term.i.n.mor.tha.5.words:

l.fiel.o.discours....2.teno.o.discours....3.mod.o.discours..

4.scale.o.formalit....5.standar.dialec.....6.register

I.III.D..200-wor.essay:

2.Varietiesoflanguage

3.Hymcs,communicativecompetence

4.Halliday'sRegistertheory

IX.Languag.an.Cultur.語言與文化

語言與文化基本知識

1.Introduction弓|言

Languag.an.cultur.evolve.togethe.an.hav.bee.mutuall.dependen.throug.thei.history.

Muchoftherecentworkhasrevealedthatlanguageisrelatedtocognition,andcognitioninturn

isrelatedlo(heculturalselling.

Whatisculture?什么是文化？

Cultur.mean.th.tota.wa.o.lif.o..people.Thi.simpl.definitio.implie.tha.cultur.refer.t.th.pattem.o.cust

oms.traditions.socia.habits.values.belief.an.languag.o..society.

Ascultureissoinclusive,itpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeanditconditionsand

determinesallofman'sbehaviour,includinglinguisticbehaviour.

I.broa.tenn.ther.ar.tw.typc.o.culture.niatcria.an.spirituaLMateria.cultur.i.concrcte.substantia.an.ob

servable.I.contras.wi(.materia.culture.onl..smaLduct.o.mind.i.tangible.an.m

os.spiritua.cultur.i.indiscernible.tha.i.implicit.hidde.an.abstract.includin.ideologies.beliefs.value.an.con

cept.o.tim.an.space.

Theabstractareasofculturenotonlypresentproblemstoforeignlanguagelearners,butmay

constitutepotentialtroublespotsininter-culturalcommunication.

2.LanguageandMeaning文化與意義

3.Whe.w.lear..ne.wor.w.ten.t.loo.fb.meanin.i.th.wor.itself.I.i.mor.accurat.t.sa.tha.peopl.hav.mcanin.an.

Iha.word.sli.u.meaning.i.people.Variou.background.an.experience.ca.alte.meanings.

4.InterdependenceofLanguageandCulture語言與文億相互依賴

W.hav.see.tha.languag.meanin.i.directl.relate.t.ou.experiences.Thes.experience.ar.uniqu.t.eac.o.u.

countcrc.a.individual.whil.w.wcr.growin.u.an.Icarnin.t.us.language.b

u.als.becaus.o.wha.ou.cultur.ga.expose.u.to.

Languag.i.th.piiniar.mean.b.whic..cultur.transmit.it.beliefs.values.an.norms.I.give.peopl..niea.o.in

teractin.wit.othe.member.o.th.culture.

I.ernalize.respons.t..word.the.variou.culture.wil.liav.sp

ecialize.response.1.th.sam.words.English-spcakin.cultur.teache.it.pcopl.t.nam.wha.i.practical.usefu.an.i

niportant.I.genera.sense.th.importan.thing.i.th.E.whil.th.l

cs.importan.thing.hav.inor.gcncra.namc.tha.mus.b.modific.throug.additiona.word.t.bccom.specific.

I.short.eac.cultur.piesent.t.it.inembers.i.consciou.an.subconsciou.way.throug.words.th.idea.an.con

cept.tha.th.cultur.transmit.fro.generatio.t.generation.I.erpretation.au.reacti

on.t.language.

5.Lpose.o.analogou.structu

cess.Rathcr.cultur.i..plctel.include.languag.a..subsystein.Th.relatio.o.lang

uag.t.cullur.i.the..relatio.o.par.t.whole.

6.TheSignificanceofCulturalTeachingandLearning文化教與學的意義

Fo.lcachin.puiposcs.lc.u.classif.cultur.ini.44culture.v."Culture”.

a)Th.fonnc.refcr.t.cultiir.i.a.anthropoiogica.sense.i.e.thtota.wa.o.lif.o..people.I.include.everyda.c

ultur.pattern.an.i.hiohl.reconiniende.i.selectin.cultur.conien.fb.foreig.languag.leaching.I.ca.b.su

o:

b)Activeeverydaypatternswhichstudentsneedtoknowtofunctionineverydayuseofthe

targetlanguage.

c)Patternsofpolitics,education,economics,marriage,customswhichdonotcallforactive

command,butwhichtheleamerjustneedstoknowbecausetheyfacilitatecultural

understanding.

Th.othe.

“Cduct.an.contribution.o..society.Rec

en.stud.ha.reveale.th.fact.Whil..littl.knowledg.o.th.targe.cultur.wil.enabl..fbreig.languag.leame.t.obser

v.an.analys.hi.ow.culture..liltl.knowledg.abou.th.learner'.mot.foreig.languag.lear

ning.

Thedifferencesacrossculturescanbegreatbarrierstocommunication.

7.LinguisticEvidenceofCulturalDifferences文化差異的語言例證

Culturaldifferencesinlanguagearemanifestinmanyaspectsofhumanlife.

7.1Greetings寒暄

7.2I.i.es(ablishe.tha.i.Englis.(her.ar.a.leas..doze.differen.greelings.fro."Hi.an.

Hello.t.mor.specifi.an.longe.one.lik."Ho.ar.yo.gettin.on?.o.

“Ho.i.everythin.wit.you?”.Whil.greeting.i.Chines.cultjr.fbr..ver.limite.system.thos.i.Englis.cultu

r..muc.longe.system.

7.3ThanksandCompliments致謝和恭維語