普通化學(xué)GeneralChemistry-9-181/34教材：《普通化學(xué)》

(第五版)浙江大學(xué)普通化學(xué)教研組編王明華徐端鈞周永秋張殊佳修訂高等教育出版社，北京出版年：年7月2/34普通化學(xué)GeneralChemistry開(kāi)課院：化學(xué)化工學(xué)院主講教師：易貴元講課對(duì)象：土木工程學(xué)院一〇級(jí)建工\地下專業(yè)周一：5-6一教404（第1-10周）周五：1-2一教204（第4-8周）3/34課程內(nèi)容緒論第一章化學(xué)熱力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)第二章化學(xué)反應(yīng)方向、程度和速率第三章酸堿平衡與沉淀平衡第四章電化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)第五章物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)第六章元素及其化合物第七章高分子化學(xué)介紹4/34本課程考評(píng)方法課堂出勤10%習(xí)題20%期末70%5/34作業(yè)認(rèn)真完成作業(yè),每章交一次（交作業(yè)最大益處是能夠得到老師批改，所以有利于及時(shí)發(fā)覺(jué)自己還未完全了解問(wèn)題。所以我們提議同學(xué)們選擇交作業(yè)。）作業(yè)應(yīng)該按時(shí)交給老師，遲交作業(yè)將不會(huì)被接收。按照化學(xué)學(xué)院要求，教師每次批改三分之一同學(xué)作業(yè)。6/34參考書(shū)目浙江大學(xué)普通化學(xué)教學(xué)組編，普通化學(xué)．高等教育出版社，傅獻(xiàn)彩編，大學(xué)化學(xué)．高等教育出版社，曲保中等編，新大學(xué)化學(xué)．高等教育出版社，張密林主編，大學(xué)化學(xué)．哈爾濱工程大學(xué)出版社，華彤文等編，普通化學(xué)原理．北京大學(xué)出版社，段連運(yùn)等譯，化學(xué)與社會(huì)．化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，宋天佑，簡(jiǎn)明無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)．高等教育出版社，華彤文，陳景祖等著.

《普通化學(xué)原理》第三版.北京大學(xué)出版社，RalphH.Petrucci,WilliamS.Harwood,F.GeoffreyHerring:GeneralChemistry(PrinciplesandModernApplications),8thEdition,HigherEducationPress.影印版，高等教育出版社，7/34什么是化學(xué)？一門(mén)主要基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科（化學(xué)與工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和國(guó)防當(dāng)代化，同人民生活和人類社會(huì)等都有非常親密關(guān)系，化學(xué)是一門(mén)中心性、實(shí)用和創(chuàng)造性科學(xué)，化學(xué)與物理一起屬于自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科）研究物質(zhì)組成、結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)及其改變規(guī)律。Chemistry:(1)thesciencedealingwiththecompositionandpropertiesofsubstances,andwiththereactionsbywhichsubstancesareproducedfromorconvertedintoothersubstances;(2)theapplicationofthistoaspecifiedsubjectorfieldofactivity;(3)thechemicalproperties，composition,reaction,andusesofasubstances;(4)anyprocessofsynthesisoranalysissimilartothatusedinchemistry8/34研究現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況化合物>萬(wàn)種；時(shí)間分辨率：1fs（femtosecond

）；空間分辨率：0.1nm；分析所需最小量：10-13g。1化學(xué)分支學(xué)科無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)：無(wú)機(jī)物有機(jī)化學(xué)：碳?xì)浠衔锛把苌锓治龌瘜W(xué)：測(cè)量和表征物理化學(xué)：全部物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)高分子化學(xué)：高分子化合物若干新分支：環(huán)境化學(xué)、核化學(xué)等等9/342化學(xué)地位和作用化學(xué)仍是處理食物短缺問(wèn)題主要學(xué)科之一化學(xué)繼續(xù)推進(jìn)材料科學(xué)發(fā)展化學(xué)是提升人類生存質(zhì)量和生存安全有效保障化學(xué)在能源和資源合理開(kāi)發(fā)和高效安全利用中起關(guān)鍵作用化學(xué)是生命科學(xué)主要支柱10/34怎樣學(xué)習(xí)？主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)；預(yù)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)；課堂學(xué)習(xí)；課后練習(xí)；與同學(xué)交流，討論；認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備考試。大學(xué)與中學(xué)不一樣，知識(shí)點(diǎn)多，面廣11/34上課基本要求課堂上請(qǐng)不要吃東西，假如沒(méi)有吃飽飯，能夠吃完后再進(jìn)教室；有問(wèn)題能夠示意老師，也能夠下課后給老師提出；上課時(shí)請(qǐng)不要接打手機(jī)；兩個(gè)作業(yè)本；一個(gè)計(jì)算器。12/34科學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)方法Observations(data)arethefoundationofthescientificmethoddatacanbequalitativeorquantitative.dataismostusefulwhencollectedundercontrolledconditions(experiments)experimentsmustberepeatableandreproducible13/34定律、規(guī)律Naturallaws

Alawisjustadescriptionofapatterninthedatacompactlysummarizepatternsinalargeamountofdataoftenapplyonlyunderspecialconditions

aredescriptionsofnature,notfactsorexplanations14/34假設(shè)條件Hypothesestentativeexplanationsdesignedtoguideexperimentationausefulhypothesismustbetestablemustberejectedorcorrectedwhentheyconflictwithexperiment15/34理論Theoriesawell-testedexplanationforexperimentaldatabasedonasetofhypotheses.mustbediscardedorrefinedwhentheycan'texplainnewexperimentalresultsscientifictheorieshavethreeaspects:philosophical,mathematical,andempirical.Understandallthree,orriskmisusingthetheory!

16/34完善理論agoodtheory...explainscurrentlyavailabledataisassimpleaspossible(butnosimpler!)accuratelypredictsresultsoffutureexperimentssuggestsnewlinesofworkandnewwaystothinkclearlyshowsunderlyingconnections17/34Problems:1.Thestatement,"Osmiumhasadensityof22.59g/cm3,whichmakesitthedensestelementknown"isanexampleof:ahypothesisalawanexperimentalobservationatheory18/34Anaturallawisanexplanationthathasbeenproved.atentativeexplanationforanaturalphenomenonobeyedunderanycircumstances.adescriptionofapatternorrelationshipinexperimentaldata.19/34物質(zhì)區(qū)分Matterisanythingthatoccupiesspaceandhasmass.Substanceismatterthathasadefiniteorconstantcompositionanddistinctproperties.Mixtureisacombinationoftwoormoresubstanceinwhichthesubstancesretaintheirdistinctidentities.20/34HomogeneousmixtureThecompositionofthemixtureisthesameeverywhere.SugarsolutionIcecream21/34HeterogeneousmixtureAheterogeneousmixtureismadeofdifferentsubstancesthatremainphysicallyseparate.Heterogeneousmixturesalwayshavemorethanonephase(regionswithuniformcompositionandpropertiesAmixtureofsandandsugarisaheterogeneousmixtureBloodisaheterogeneousmixturebecausethebloodcellsarephysicallyseparatefromthebloodplasma22/34元素、化合物Elementisasubstancethatcannotbeseparatedintosimplersubstancesbychemicalmeans.Compoundisasubstancethatcomposedoftwoormoreelementschemicallyunitedinfixedproportions.23/34物質(zhì)劃分MatterMixturesPureSubstancesSeparationbyPhysicalmethodsHomogeneousmixturesHeterogeneousmixturesElementsCompoundsSeparationbychemicalmethods24/34problem2Smokeisanexampleofa(n):1)gaseoussolution2)compound3)heterogeneousmixture4)homogeneousmixture5)element25/34problem3AntoineLavoisier,the"fatherofchemistry",listedlimeasachemicalelementinhistableof33knownelements.Whichofthefollowingobservationsshowsthatlimecannotbeanelement?1)Limereactswithwater,generatingalargeamountofheat.2)Limemeltsatatemperatureof2572°C.3)Limeandcarbondioxideareproducedwhenlimestoneisroasted.4)Whenacertainsoftmetalisburnedinoxygen,limeisproduced(withnootherproducts).26/34物質(zhì)物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)PhysicalpropertyMeasurementofaphysicalpropertymaychangethearrangementbutnotthestructureofthemoleculesofamaterial.density,color,boilingpoint,volume,temperature,andmass.27/34物質(zhì)物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)Chemicalproperty:

Measurementofachemicalpropertyinvolvesachemicalchange.Forexample,determiningtheflammabilityofgasolineinvolvesburningit,producingcarbondioxideandwater.28/34容量(廣度)性質(zhì)、強(qiáng)度性質(zhì)容量(廣度)性質(zhì)：ExtensivepropertyApropertythatchangeswhentheamountofmatterinasamplechanges.Examplesaremass,volume,length,andcharge.強(qiáng)度性質(zhì)：IntensivepropertyApropertythatdoesnotchangewhentheamountofsamplechanges.Example