附錄1:外文資料翻譯

A1.1SubstationandPowerSystemProtection

Withthedevelopmentofundertakngoftheelectricwirenetting,thepatternofnationalnetworkhasalreadytakenshape

basically.Scientificandtechnologicallevelraise,electricenvironmentalprotectioncanstrengthen,makescientificand

technologicalcompeienceandadvancedinternationalstandards,Chineseofpowerindustryclosedaybyday.Electric

managementlevelandservicelevelare?eingimprovedconstantly,strategicpanningmanagementofelectricpowerdevelopment,

productionoperatemanage,electricmarketadministrationandelectricinformationmanagementlevel,high-qualityservice

level,ctc.generaltoruiscenterprise.

Thepurposeofasubstationistotransformthecharacteristicsoftheelectricalenergysuppliedtosomeformsuitableforuse.

asforexample,aconversionfromalternationcurrenttodirectcurrentfortheuseofcityrailwayservice,orachangefromone

voltagetoanother,oronefrequencytoanother.Theirfunctionsinclude:

Tap.—TObeeconomical,transmissionoflargeramountsofpoweroverlongdistancesmustbedoneatvoltagesabove

1IO.(XX)volts.Substationsfbrsupplyingsmallamountsofpowerfromsuchhigh-voltagelinesarenotsatisfactoryfromthe

standpointofoperationandarealsouneconomical.Itis.therefore,commonpracticetoinstallafewsubstationsatadvantageous

pointsalongihehigh-lensionlinesandstepdownthehigh-lransmissionvoltage(oalowersecondary-transmissionvoltagefrom

wnichnumeroussmallloadsmaybesupplied.

Disiribulion.—Anysubstationthatisusedtotransformelectricalenergyioapoieniialthatislowenoughforgeneral

distributionandutilizationisadistributingsubstation.Suchasubstationwillgenerallyreceiveitsenergyoverafew

comparativelyhigh-tensionlinesanddistributeitoveralargenumberoflow-voltagelines.

Industrial.—Whenfairlylargeblodcsofpowerarerequiredbyindustrialplants,itoftenbecomesnecessaryandadvisableto

installanindividualsubstationtosupplysuchaloaddirectlyfromthemainhigh-voltagelineorsecondar}'lineoflowervoltage.

Itssimplestformwouldcompriseonlyswitchingequipment,therebeingnovoltagetransformation.Inmostcasesavoltage

transformationisprobablyneeded:hencetransformerequipmentisincluded.

Sectionalizing.——Inverylonghigh-voltagelargecapacitylines,particularlywhenseveralcircuitsareruninparallel.i(is

oftennecessarytosplitthelinesintosections,inorderthatproperprotectiontothelineandservicecanbeobtained.Sucha

substationis,therefore,helpfulinsectionalizingdamagedsectionsofaline,providingcontinuityofservice.Suchasubstation

willgenerallycompriseonlyswitchingequipment.Inlonglinesitmayalsoservetosupplypower-factor-correctingequipment.

Transmission-lineSupply.—Ilisbecomingmoreandmorecommontoinstallthehigh-tensionequipmentofapowerplant

outdoors,theinstallationbecomingnothingmore(hanastep-upsubstationreceivingitspoweratgeneratorvoltage,thenstepping

upitsvoltageandfinallysendingitoutoverhigh-voltagetransmissionlines.Suchasubstationisnothingmorethananoutdoor

distributingsubstationturnedaround,thevoltagebeingsteppedupinsteadofsteppeddown.

Power-factorCorrection.—Thevoltageattheendoflonglinestendstoincreaseastheloadsuppliedisdecreased,whileon

theotherhandittendstodecreaseastheloadisincreased.Owingtotheinductanceandcapacityeffects,thisvariat.oninvoltage

isaccompaniedbyawidevariationinpowerfactorofaline,itisnecessarytousesynchronouscondensersattheendoftheline.

Tosupplysuchamachinethetransmission-linevoltagemustbesteppeddown,henceapower-factor-correctingsubstationwill

includeswitchingequipment,transfonners.andallequipmentnecessaryfortheoperationofsynchronouscondensers.

Railway.—Substationssupplyingrailwaysmaybegenerallyclassifiedundertwoheads,namely,asalternatingcurrentandas

directcurrent.Inihecasesofalternating-currentsubslationstheproblemisgenerallyoneofvoltagetransformationandof

supplyingsingle-phasepowertothetrains.Itis.however,possibletosupplysingle-phasetothree-phaseinsidethebcomotiveby

theuseofaphaseconverter.Inthecaseofdirect-currentrailways,thesubstationsaregenerallysuppliedwhitthree-phasepower

ardconvertedtodirectcuiTentbymeansofrotaryconverters,motor-generatorsets,orrectifiers.

DirectcurrentforLightandPower.—Therearcstillafewsectionsinsomeofoutlargecities,whicharcsuppliedwith

direct-currentthree-wiresystems.Suchasupplyisinvariablyobtainedfromsynchronousconverters.Therearealsocertaintypes

ofmotorloadsinindustrialplants,whichrequiredirectcurrent.

Becausemanycitieshaveexperiencerapidgrowth,theirsubstationshaveoftenreachedthelimitsoftheircapacity.Asa

result,downtowndistributionsystemsareoftenoverworkedandmanyneedamajor,overhaul,overhaul,orexpansion.However,

spaceisscarce.Downtownbusinessownersdonotwant"ugly"newsubstationmarringthearea'sappearance,butnordo

businessesandresidentsgridtheprospectofgriddisturbances.

OneexampleofasystemcapableofintegratingequipmentmonitoringwithsubstationautomationistheGEHarris

integratedSubstationControlSystem(ISCS).Thesystemcanintegratedatafrombothsubstationsystemandequipmentonline

monitoringdevicesintoacomniondatabase.Thedatacanthenbeprocessedbyanexpertsystemintoinformationonthestatus

ardhealthofmonitoredequipmentusingself-diagnosticprograms.ThisinformationisthensenttoaCMMSfbrautomatic

generationandtrackingofmaintenanceworkordersleadsdirectlytothesignificantefficienciesfoundwithcondition-based

muintcnunccprograms.

ABBPoweranditsindustrypartnershavecombinedtodeveloptheABBPowerSystemsoftware.Thesystemcontainsa

diagnosticandmaintenancesystemthatreportsnecessarymaintenancebeforefailure.Itallowsutilitiesandindustrialcustomers

toeasilyexpandfromasinglecomputertoafullsystem,withoutre-engineering.

thedirectionalprotectionbasis

Earlyallemptstoimprovepower-servicereliabilitytoloadsremotefromgenerationledtothedual-lineconcept.Ofcourse,it

ispossibletobuildtwolinestoaload,andswitchtheloadtowhicheverlineremainsenergizedafteradisturbance.Butbetter

servicecontinuitywillbeavailableifbothlinesnormallyIcedtheloadandonlythefaultedlineistrippedwhendisturbances

occur.Fig.14-1showsasingle-generatcr.two-line,single-loadsystemwithbreakersproperlyanangedtosupplytheloadwhen

onelineisfaulicd.Forihearrangememiobeeffeciivei【isnecessaryiohaveiheproperrelayapplicaiion.Oiheruuse,ihc

expensivepowerequipmentwillnotbeabletoperformasplanned.Considertheapplicationofinstantaneousand/ortimedelay

relaysonthefourbreakers.Obviouslyihetypeoftherelaycannotcoordinateforalllinefaults.Forexample,afaultontheline

terminalsofbreakerD.DtrippingshouldbefasterthanB.however,theconditionreversesandBshouldbefasterthanD.Itis

evidentthattherelayprotectionengineermustfindsomecharacteristicotherthantimedelayifrelaycoordinationistobe

achieved.

ThemagnitudeofthefaultcurrentthroughbreakersBandDisthesame,regardlessofthelocationofthefaultontheline

terminalofbreakerBorD.Thereforerelaycoordinationmusthebasedoncharacteristicsotherthanatimedelaythatstartsfrom

thetimeofthefault.ObservethatthedirectionofcunentflowingthrougheitherbreakerBorDisafunctionofwhichlinethe

faultison.ThusforafaultonthelinebetweenAandB,thecurrentflowsoutoftheloadbusthroughbreakerBtov/ardthefault.

A;breakerDthecurrentflowstowardtheloadbusthroughbreakerD.InthiscasebreakerBshouldtrip,butbreakerDshouldnot

trip.ThiscanbeaccomplishedbyinstallingdirectionalrelaysonbreakersBandDthatareconnectedinsuchawaythattheywill

triponlywhencurrentflowsthroughtheminadirectionawayfromtheloadbus.

RelaycoordinationforthesystemshowninFig.14-1cannowbeachievedbytheir-salvationsofdirectiona.overcurrent

timedelayrelaysonbreakersBandD.BreakersAandCcanhavenodircctionalovcrcurrenttimedelayrelays.Theymayalso

nowhaveinstantaneousrelaysapplied.Therelayswouldbesetasfollows:Tl:edirectionalrelayscouldbesetwithnointentional

timedelay.Theywillhaveinherenttimedelay.ThetimedelayovercurrentrelaysonbreakersAandCwouldhavecurrentsettings

thatwouldpermitthemtosupplybackupprotectionforfaultsontheloadbusandforloadequipmentfaults.Theinstantaneous

elementsonbreakersAandCwouldhavecurrentsettingsthatwouldnotpermitthemtodetectfaultsontheloadbus.Thusthe

linesbetween(hegeneratorandtheloadwouldhavehigh-speedprotectionoveraconsiderableportionof(heirlength.Itshouldbe

observedthatfaultsonthelineterminalsofbreakersAandCcancollapsethegeneratorvoltage.Theinstantaneousrelayson

breakersAandCcannotclearthecircuitinstantaneously,becauseitlakestimeforpowerequipmenttooperate.Duringthisperiod

therewillbelittleornocurrentflowthroughbreakersBandD.Tlierefbre.BorDcannotoperateforthisfaultconditionuntilthe

appropriatebreakerat(hegeneratingstationhasoperated.Thisisknownassequentialtripping.Usually,i(isacceptableunder

suchconditions.

Directionofcurrentflowonana.c.systemisdeterminedbycomparing:hecurrentvectorwithsomeotherreferencevector,

suchasavoltagevector.InthesystemofFig.14-1thereferencevoltagevectorwouldbederivedfromthevoltagesontheload

bus.Directionofcurrentorpowerflowcannotbedeterminedinstantaneouslyona.c.systemswhoselinesandequipmentcontain

reactance.Thisisapparentfromthetaelthatwhenvoltageexists,thelaggingcurrentcanhephisorminusorzero,dependingon

theinstantsampledinthevoltagecycle.Accordingly,thevectorquantitiesmustbesampledoveratimeperiod.Thetimeperiod

forreasonablyaccuratesamplingmaybefromone-halftoonecycle.Workisproceedingonshortersamplingperiodswhere

predictingcircuitsareaddedtotherelaytoattempttoestablishwhatthevectorswillbeatsomefuturetime.Theprocessis

complex,becauseitmustmakepredictionsduringthelimewhenelectricaltransientsexistonihcsystem.Usually,lieshorterthe

timeallowedfbrdeterminingdirection,(helessreliablewillbethedetermination.

differentialprotection

Muchoftheapparatususedonapowersystemhassmallphysicaldimensionswhencomparedtothelengthofgeneral

transmission-linecircuits.Therefore,thecommunicationsbetweentheapparatusterminalsmaybemadeveryecor.omicallyand

veryrcliublybytheuseofdirectwirecircuitconncclions.Thispennitsihcupplicutionofusimpleundusuallyverycffcclivctype

ofdifferentialprotection.Inconcept,(hecunententeringtheapparatusissimplycomparedagainstthecurrentleavingthe

apparatus.Ifthereisdifferencebetweenthetwocurrents,theapparatusistripped.Ifthereisnodifferenceinthecurrents,the

apparatusisnormalandnotrippingoccurs.Suchschemescanusuallybemaderathersensitivetointernalfaultsandvery

insensitivetoexternalfaults.Therefore,relaycoordinationisinherentinthedifferentialrelayscheme.

ThesimplestapplicationofdiflerentialrelayingisshowninFig.14-4.Hereonesimplepowerconductorisprotectedbya

differentialrelay.Therelayitselfusuallyconsistsofthreecoils,oneofwhichisthecoilthatdetectsthedifferencecurrentand

initiatescircuittripping.ItiscalledihcoperatingcoilandisdesignatedbyanOinthefigure.TheotherIwocoilsarerestraint

coilsandaredesignatedbyRinthefigure.Therestraintcoilsserveapracticalpurpose.Theypreventoperationforsmall

differencesinthetwocurrentiransfonncrsihaicanneverbeexactlyidentical,asaresultofinanutaciuringandotherdifferences.

O:herwise.therestraintcoilsservenotheoreticalpurpose.Fig.14-4showstheconditionofcurrentflowforanexternalfault

duringwhichtherelayshouldnottrip.ThecurrentIIenterandleavesthepowercircuitwithoutchange.Thecurrenttransformers

areassumedtohaveaI:Iratioforsimplicity,andtheirsecondarywindingsareconnectedtocirculatetheIIcurren:sthroughthe

restraintcoilsofthedifferentialrelayonly.Ifcurrentleftorenteredthepowercircuitbetweenthetwocurrenttransformers(an

internalfault),thenthecurrentsinthetransformerswouldbedifierent,andthedifferencecurrentwouldflowthroughthe

operatingcoiloftherelay.

本文

譯自《電力英語閱讀》

A1.2變電站與電力系統(tǒng)繼電保護(hù)

隨著電力電網(wǎng)事業(yè)的開展，全國聯(lián)網(wǎng)的格局已根本形成。科技水平得到提高，電力環(huán)境保護(hù)得以加強(qiáng)，使中國電力

工業(yè)的科技水平與世界先進(jìn)水平日漸接近。電力管理水平和效勞水平不斷得到提高，電力開展的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃管理、生產(chǎn)運(yùn)

行管理、電力市場(chǎng)營銷笥理以及電力企業(yè)信息管理水平、優(yōu)質(zhì)效勞水平等普遍得到提高。

變電站的目的是改變電能特性以滿足使用要求。例如，從交流轉(zhuǎn)換為直流為城市鐵路供電，或者從一個(gè)電壓等級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)換

為另一十電s等級(jí).或者從一個(gè)頻率廢換為另?個(gè)頻率.變電站的功能包括：

分支一一為了經(jīng)濟(jì)性，大容量電力的遠(yuǎn)距離傳輸必須在llOkV以上的電壓下進(jìn)行。從運(yùn)行的角度來看，從這樣的高壓

線直接引出向小容量負(fù)荷供電的變電站是不能令人滿意的，也是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的。因此，一個(gè)常規(guī)方法是：沿著高壓線路在適

令的地點(diǎn)設(shè)置一些變電站，將高傳輸電壓降到一個(gè)較低的二級(jí)傳輸電壓，從這個(gè)電壓向小容量負(fù)荷供電。

配電一一任何用于將電能變換為可以直接配電和利用的較低壓等級(jí)的電能的變電站都是配電變電站。這樣的變電站一

股將從A條電壓相對(duì)高的線路接受電能，并向大量較低電壓線路配送電能。

工業(yè)一一當(dāng)工廠需要大量電能時(shí)，設(shè)置一個(gè)自己的單獨(dú)的變電站是有必要的也是明智的，這個(gè)變電站直接從主高壓線

路或較低電壓的：級(jí)輸電線路取得電能。其最簡(jiǎn)單的形式?jīng)]有電壓的轉(zhuǎn)換，只由開關(guān)設(shè)備組成。但是，在大多數(shù)情況下

需要一個(gè)電壓轉(zhuǎn)換，因此工業(yè)變電站應(yīng)該包括變壓器設(shè)備。

分段一一在很多高壓大容量的長線路中，尤其是幾條線路并聯(lián)運(yùn)行時(shí)，經(jīng)常需要用線跖分段，目的是為了使線路獲得

適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)和維護(hù)。這樣的變電站有助于隔寓線路中的故障段，保證連續(xù)供電。這種變電站通常只由開關(guān)設(shè)備組成。在

長線路中，還可以提供功率因數(shù)調(diào)整設(shè)備。

輸電線路的電源一一在發(fā)電廠的戶外設(shè)置高壓設(shè)備已經(jīng)變得越來越昔遍，安裝的裝置只不過是?個(gè)升壓電站，它以發(fā)

電機(jī)電壓接受電能，然后將電壓升高，并最終通過高壓輸電線路將電能送出。這種變電站只不過是將戶外配電變電站反

過來，電壓是被升高而不是降低。

功率因數(shù)調(diào)整一一隨著供電負(fù)荷的減小，長線路末端的電壓趨向于升高，而隨著供電負(fù)荷的增大，線路末端的電壓

趨向于降低。由于電感和電容的影響，這個(gè)電壓的變化將伴隨著線路功率因數(shù)而變化，因此有必要在線路末端設(shè)置同步

調(diào)相機(jī)。為了向同步調(diào)相機(jī)供電，就必須將高壓輸電線路的電壓降低，因此，一個(gè)功率因數(shù)調(diào)整變電站將包括開關(guān)設(shè)備、

變壓器和所付運(yùn)行同步訓(xùn)相機(jī)所需要為設(shè)備。

鐵路------般地，向鐵路供電的變電站分為兩類，即交流類和直流類。如果是交流變電站，其問題一般是一個(gè)電壓轉(zhuǎn)

換和向鐵路機(jī)車負(fù)荷單相供電的問題。然而，也有可能在機(jī)車內(nèi)通過相位變換錨由單相電源向三相負(fù)荷供電。如果是直

流鐵路，這種變電站一般由三相電源供電，并通過旋轉(zhuǎn)變流器、電動(dòng)機(jī)——發(fā)電機(jī)組或者整流器等將交流變換為直流。

照明和動(dòng)力用直流一一現(xiàn)在，仍然有一些在大城市.以外的地區(qū)采用直流三線系統(tǒng)供電，這種電源總是從同步換流器

獲得。另外，工廠中還有某些類型的電動(dòng)機(jī)負(fù)荷要求采用直流電源，這些一般都是由旋轉(zhuǎn)換流器供電。對(duì)?于電解工業(yè)，

低壓直流電源絕對(duì)是必須的，因此也需要使用電動(dòng)機(jī)一一發(fā)電機(jī)組或旋轉(zhuǎn)變記器。

由于城市不斷開展，許多城市變電站已經(jīng)到達(dá)其負(fù)荷極限，所以市區(qū)配電系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常是超負(fù)荷運(yùn)行，許多配電站急需

升級(jí)、檢修或擴(kuò)建，問題是空間缺乏。市中心的業(yè)主不希望外觀“丑陋■'的新變電站影響當(dāng)?shù)氐耐糜^，商家和居民也不

恁將來被星羅棋布的電網(wǎng)所干擾。

變電站自動(dòng)化的新趨勢(shì)是狀態(tài)維修。ABB公司與聯(lián)邦愛迪生公司合作開發(fā)了?套貫穿整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃，一旦聯(lián)邦愛迪

生公司的配電系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障，可使電能流向發(fā)生改變。聯(lián)邦愛迪生公司的工程總裁邁克?羅維說：”對(duì)這幾個(gè)變電站的發(fā)

行包括肥現(xiàn)有的輻射狀的饋電系統(tǒng)改成環(huán)形母線系統(tǒng)，以增加系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性。"

GE哈里其變電站綜合控制系統(tǒng)(ISCS)就是一個(gè)將設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)與變電站自動(dòng)化相結(jié)合的系統(tǒng)。該項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)能夠?qū)碜宰?/p>

電站系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備在線監(jiān)控裝置的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行綜合，并輸入數(shù)據(jù)庫，然后由一個(gè)專家系統(tǒng)利用自我診斷程序進(jìn)行分析，得出

有關(guān)被監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備的運(yùn)行善的信息。該信息被發(fā)送到電腦維修管理系統(tǒng)，自動(dòng)發(fā)出并傳送維修工作指令。由于維修指令的

發(fā)送得到了改善，極大地提高了基于狀態(tài)進(jìn)行維修程序的效率。ABB電力公司及其企業(yè)合作伙伴聯(lián)合開發(fā)了ABB電力

系統(tǒng)軟件。該系統(tǒng)包括?套診斷維修系統(tǒng)，能夠在出現(xiàn)故障前提交必要的維修報(bào)告。有「這一套系統(tǒng)，電力公司和用電

單位不須經(jīng)過重新改造，只需一臺(tái)電腦，就能輕而易舉地?fù)碛幸惶淄暾南到y(tǒng)。

方向保護(hù)根底

早期，對(duì)于遠(yuǎn)離發(fā)電站的用戶，為改善其供電的可竟性提出了雙回線供電的設(shè)想。當(dāng)然。也可以架設(shè)不同的兩回線

給用戶供電。在系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障后，把用戶切換至任一條正常的線路。但更好的連續(xù)供電方式是正常以兩回線同時(shí)供電。

當(dāng)發(fā)生故障時(shí)，只斷開故障線。(圖：4-1］所示為?個(gè)單電源、單負(fù)載、雙回輸電線系統(tǒng)。對(duì)該系統(tǒng)配置適宜的斷路牌

后，當(dāng)一回線發(fā)生故障時(shí)，仍可對(duì)負(fù)載供電。為使這種供電方式更為有效，還需配置適宜的繼電保護(hù)系統(tǒng)，否那么，昂

貴的電力設(shè)備不能發(fā)揮其預(yù)期的作用?？梢钥紤]在四個(gè)斷路器上裝設(shè)瞬時(shí)和延時(shí)起動(dòng)繼電器。顯然，這種類型的繼電器

無法對(duì)所有線路故障進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)配合。列如，故障點(diǎn)在靠近斷路器D的線路端，D跳閘應(yīng)比B快，反之，B應(yīng)比D快。顯

然，如果要想使繼電器配合協(xié)調(diào)，繼包保護(hù)工程師必須尋求除了延時(shí)以外的其他途徑。

無論故障點(diǎn)靠近斷路器B或D的哪一端，流過斷路靜B和D的故障電流大小是相同的。因此繼電保護(hù)的配合必須

以此為根底.而不是放在從故障開始大動(dòng)的延時(shí)I，我們觀察通過斷路器R或D的電流方向是隨故障點(diǎn)發(fā)生在哪一-條線

躥上變化的。對(duì)于A和B之間的線路上的故障，通過斷路器B的電流方向?yàn)閺呢?fù)荷母線向故障點(diǎn)。對(duì)于斷路器D,電流

通過斷路器流向負(fù)載母線。在這種情況下，斷路器B應(yīng)跳閘，D不應(yīng)該跳閘。要到達(dá)這個(gè)目的，我們可以在斷路器B和

D上裝設(shè)方向繼電器，該方向繼電器的聯(lián)接應(yīng)該保證只有當(dāng)通過它們的電流方向?yàn)殡x開負(fù)載母線時(shí)才起動(dòng)。

對(duì)于圖14-1所示的系統(tǒng)，在斷路器B和D裝設(shè)了方向過流延時(shí)繼電器后，繼電器的配合才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。斷路器A和C

裝設(shè)無方向的過流延時(shí)繼電器及瞬時(shí)動(dòng)作的電流繼電器。各個(gè)繼電器整定配合如下：方向繼電器不能設(shè)置延時(shí)，他們只

有本身固有的動(dòng)作時(shí)間。A和C