第3章建筑工程識圖Chapter3ArchitecturalEngineeringDrawingRecognition房屋的類型及組成Typesofhousesandtheircomposition013.1概述

Overview房屋的建造過程和房屋施工圖的分類Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings02房屋施工圖的有關規定Regulationsrelatingtohouseconstructiondrawings03概述Overview房屋建筑施工圖是指利用正投影的方法把所設計房屋的大小、外部形狀、內部布置和室內裝修，以及各部分結構、構造、設備等的做法，按照建筑制圖國家標準規定繪制的工程圖樣。它是工程設計階段的最終成果，同時又是工程施工、監理和計算工程造價的主要依據。Theconstructiondrawingofahouseisanengineeringdrawingdrawninaccordancewiththenationalstandardsforarchitecturaldrafting,usingthemethodoforthographicprojectiontoshowthesize,externalshape,internallayoutandinteriordecorationofthedesignedhouse,aswellasthestructure,constructionandequipmentofeachpart.Itisthefinalresultofthedesignstageoftheproject,andatthesametimeisthemainbasisforconstruction,supervisionandcalculationofprojectcosts.概述Overview1.房屋的類型及組成Typesofhousesandtheircomposition房屋按使用功能可以分為民用建筑（居住建筑、公共建筑）、工業建筑（廠房、倉庫等建筑）和農業建筑（糧倉、飼養場等）。Housescanbedividedintocivilbuildings(residentialbuildings,publicbuildings),industrialbuildings(factories,warehouses,etc.),andagriculturalbuildings(granaries,breedinggrounds,etc.)basedontheirfunctionaluse.1.房屋的類型及組成Typesofhousesandtheircomposition1.房屋的類型及組成Typesofhousesandtheircomposition用途：Uses:各種不同功能的房屋，雖然它們的使用要求、空間組合、外形、規模等各不相同，但是構成建筑物的主要部分一般都有基礎、墻、柱、梁、樓板、地面、樓梯、屋頂、門、窗等，此外還有陽臺、雨篷、臺階、窗臺、雨水管、明溝或散水，以及其他一些構配件。Varioushouseswithdifferentfunctions,althoughtheirusagerequirements,spatialcombinations,appearance,scale,etc.aredifferent,themainpartsthatmakeupabuildinggenerallyincludefoundations,walls,columns,beams,floors,floors,stairs,roofs,doors,windows,etc.Inaddition,therearebalconies,awnings,steps,windowsills,rainwaterpipes,openchannelsoraprons,andothercomponents.用途：Uses:各種不同功能的房屋，雖然它們的使用要求、空間組合、外形、規模等各不相同，但是構成建筑物的主要部分一般都有基礎、墻、柱、梁、樓板、地面、樓梯、屋頂、門、窗等，此外還有陽臺、雨篷、臺階、窗臺、雨水管、明溝或散水，以及其他一些構配件。Varioushouseswithdifferentfunctions,althoughtheirusagerequirements,spatialcombinations,appearance,scale,etc.aredifferent,themainpartsthatmakeupabuildinggenerallyincludefoundations,walls,columns,beams,floors,floors,stairs,roofs,doors,windows,etc.Inaddition,therearebalconies,awnings,steps,windowsills,rainwaterpipes,openchannelsoraprons,andothercomponents.2.房屋的建造過程和房屋施工圖的分類

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings建造房屋要經過兩個過程：Buildingahouseinvolvestwoprocesses:一是設計，二是施工。masonry,buildingplastering,walljointing,bondingandinlayingofdecorativematerials.2.房屋的建造過程和房屋施工圖的分類

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings建造房屋要經過兩個過程：Buildingahouseinvolvestwoprocesses:首先，根據所建房屋的要求和有關技術條件，進行初步設計，繪制房屋的初步設計圖，初步設計圖是設計過程中用來征求意見的圖樣，比較簡略，經研究、修改和審批之后，再完整、詳細地繪制出房屋施工圖。Firstly,basedontherequirementsandrelevanttechnicalconditionsofthebuilthouse,apreliminarydesigniscarriedoutandapreliminarydesigndrawingofthehouseisdrawn.Thepreliminarydesigndrawingisasimplesampleusedforsolicitingopinionsduringthedesignprocess.Afterresearch,modification,andapproval,acompleteanddetailedconstructiondrawingofthehouseisdrawn.2.房屋的建造過程和房屋施工圖的分類

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings建造房屋要經過兩個過程：Buildingahouseinvolvestwoprocesses:房屋施工圖是建造房屋的技術依據，是直接用來指導施工的，要求表達完整、尺寸齊全、準確無誤。Buildingconstructiondrawingsarethetechnicalbasisforbuildinghousesandaredirectlyusedtoguideconstruction.Theyrequirecompleteexpression,completedimensions,andaccuracy.2.房屋的建造過程和房屋施工圖的分類

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings房屋施工圖由于專業分類不同，又分為建筑施工圖、結構施工圖和設備施工圖，簡稱“建施”、“結施”和“設施”。Duetodifferentprofessionalclassifications,buildingconstructiondrawingsarefurtherdividedintobuildingconstructiondrawings,structuralconstructiondrawings,andequipmentconstructiondrawings,abbreviatedas"constructiondrawings","structuralconstructiondrawings",and"facilities".2.房屋的建造過程和房屋施工圖的分類

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings設備施工圖按需要又分為給排水施工圖、采暖通風施工圖、電氣施工圖等，簡稱“水施”“暖施”“電施”。Equipmentconstructiondrawingscanbefurtherdividedintowatersupplyanddrainageconstructiondrawings,heatingandventilationconstructiondrawings,electricalconstructiondrawings,etc.,abbreviatedas"waterconstruction","heatingconstruction",and"electricalconstruction".2.房屋的建造過程和房屋施工圖的分類

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings由此可見，在房屋的設計階段，需要繪制初步設計圖和施工圖；

Itcanbeseenthatinthedesignstageofahouse,preliminarydesignandconstructiondrawingsneedtobedrawnup;在施工階段，要讀懂整套施工圖，并按照圖紙進行施工。

Duringtheconstructionphase,itisnecessarytounderstandtheentiresetofconstructiondrawingsandcarryoutconstructionaccordingtothedrawings.因此，從事建筑專業的工程技術人員，必須掌握識讀和繪制房屋施工圖的其本技能。Therefore,engineeringandtechnicalpersonnelengagedintheconstructionprofessionmustmasterthebasicskillsofreadinganddrawinghouseconstructiondrawings.3.房屋施工圖的有關規定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings為了保證制圖質量、提高效率、表達統一，繪制和閱讀房屋施工圖應依據正投影原理及視圖、剖面圖和斷面圖的基本圖示方法，遵守《房屋建筑制圖統一標準》GB/T50001-2001；Inordertoensurethequalityofdrawing,improveefficiencyandunifyexpression,thedrawingandreadingofhouseconstructiondrawingsshouldbebasedontheOrthographicmapprojectionprincipleandthebasicgraphicalmethodofviews,sectionsandcrosssections,andcomplywith“theUnifiedStandardforBuildingDrawings”GB/T50001-2001;在繪制和閱讀總平面圖時，應遵守《總圖制圖標準》GB/T50103-2001；Whendrawingandreadingthegenerallayout,itisnecessarytocomplywiththe"GeneralLayoutDrawingStandard"GB/T50103-2001;在繪制和閱讀建筑平面圖、建筑立面圖、建筑詳圖時，應遵守《建筑制圖標準》GB/T50104-2001；WhendrawingandreadingFloorplan,buildingelevationandbuildingdetails,“theStandardforBuildingDrawings”(GB/T50104-2001)shallbefollowed;在繪制和閱讀結構施工圖時，應遵守《建筑結構制圖標準》GB/T50105-2001；Whendrawingandreadingstructuralconstructiondrawings,itisnecessarytocomplywiththe"BuildingStructureDrawingStandard"GB/T50105-2001;在繪制和閱讀給水排水施工圖時，應遵守《給水排水制圖標準》GB/T50106-2001。Whendrawingandreadingwatersupplyanddrainageconstructiondrawings,the"WaterSupplyandDrainageDrawingStandard"GB/T50106-2001shouldbefollowed.

現就下列幾項簡要說明有關規定的主要內容和表示方法。Hereisabriefexplanationofthemaincontentandpresentationmethodsoftherelevantregulationsonthefollowingitems.

(3)常用圖例CommonLegend(1)(2)04圖線Graphline比例Proportion標高Elevation3.房屋施工圖的有關規定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings建筑專業制圖采用的各種線型、線寬，應符合《建筑制圖標準》中的規定，如表3-1所示。Thevariouslinetypesandlinewidthsusedinarchitecturaldrawingshouldcomplywiththeprovisionsofthe"ArchitecturalDrawingStandards",asshowninTable3-1.建筑制圖中的圖線

表3-1GraphlineinarchitecturaldraftingTable3-1（1）圖線Graphline3.房屋施工圖的有關規定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings建筑制圖中的圖線

表3-1GraphlineinarchitecturaldraftingTable3-1繪圖時，應按照所繪圖樣的具體情況選定粗實線的寬度“b”，其他線型的寬度也就隨之而定；Whendrawing,thewidth"b"ofthethickandsolidlineshouldbeselectedaccordingtothespecificsituationofthedrawnpattern,andthewidthofotherlinetypesshouldalsobedeterminedaccordingly;（1）圖線Graphline3.房屋施工圖的有關規定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings建筑制圖中的圖線

表3-1GraphlineinarchitecturaldraftingTable3-1如果所繪圖樣比較簡單，可采用兩種線寬的線寬組，其線寬比為b:0.25b。Ifthedrawnpatternisrelativelysimple,twolinewidthgroupscanbeused,withalinewidthratioofb:0.25b.（1）圖線Graphline3.房屋施工圖的有關規定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings（2）比例Proportion建筑專業制圖選用的比例，應符合《建筑制圖標準》中的有關規定，如表3-2所示。Theproportionselectedforarchitecturaldrawingshouldcomplywiththerelevantprovisionsofthe"ArchitecturalDrawingStandards",asshowninTable3-2.建筑制圖比例

表3-2ArchitecturaldrawingscaleTable3-2.（3）常用圖例CommonLegend建筑物和構筑物是按比例縮小繪制在圖紙上的，對于有些建筑構件及建筑材料，往往不可能按實際投影畫出，同時用文字注釋也難以表達清楚。Buildingsandstructuresarescaleddownanddrawnondrawings.Forsomebuildingcomponentsandmaterials,itisoftenimpossibletodrawthemaccordingtoactualprojections,anditisalsodifficulttoexpressthemclearlywithtextualannotations.（3）常用圖例CommonLegend為了得到簡單而明了的效果，《建筑制圖標準》規定了統一的圖例和代號，常用構造及配件圖例見教材表3-3，常用建筑材料圖例，見教材表3-4。Inordertoachieveasimpleandcleareffect,the"ArchitecturalDrawingStandard"specifiesaunifiedlegendandcode.ThecommonlyusedstructureandaccessorylegendsareshowninTable3-3ofthetextbook,andthecommonlyusedbuildingmateriallegendsareshowninTable3-4ofthetextbook.（4）標高elevation標高是標注建筑物高程的另一種尺寸形式。Elevationisanotherformofdimensioningtoindicatetheelevationofabuilding.標高分絕對標高和相對標高兩種。Therearetwotypesofelevations:absoluteelevationandrelativeelevation.絕對標高以黃海平均海平面為零點，相對標高以單個建筑物的室內底層地面為零點，寫成±0.000。TheabsoluteelevationisbasedontheaveragesealeveloftheYellowSeaasthezeropoint,andtherelativeelevationisbasedontheindoorgroundlevelofasinglebuildingasthezeropoint,writtenas±0.000.3.房屋施工圖的有關規定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings（4）標高elevation建筑施工圖中的標高符號應按圖3-1（a）所示形式以細實線繪制，圖3-1（b）

所示為具體畫法。TheelevationsymbolsintheconstructiondrawingsshouldbedrawnintheformofthinsolidlinesasshowninFigure3-1(a),andthespecificdrawingmethodisshowninFigure3-1(b).3.房屋施工圖的有關規定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings（4）標高elevation標高數字以