13.主題閱讀-生態環境知識積累知識積累一、主題闡述初中英語閱讀中的生態環境類文章，不僅是對學生語言理解能力的考驗，更是對他們環保意識與生態觀念的培養。這類閱讀通常圍繞自然環境的現狀、生態問題的成因、環境保護的重要性及可行的環保措施等主題展開，通過生動的描述、具體的數據和實例，引導學生認識到人與自然和諧共生的重要性。在閱讀過程中，學生需要運用所學的詞匯、句型和閱讀技巧，如快速瀏覽、細節理解、歸納總結等，來把握文章的主旨大意和關鍵信息。同時，這類文章也鼓勵學生反思人類行為對自然環境的影響，激發他們保護環境的責任感和行動力，從而在提升英語閱讀能力的同時，也促進了學生綜合素養的全面發展。生態環境類文章會包含豐富的詞匯和表達方式，如“protecttheenvironment”（保護環境）、“reducepollution”（減少污染）、“conservenaturalhabitats”（保護自然棲息地）等，這些詞匯不僅能夠幫助學生學習英語，還能讓他們了解到保護生態環境的重要性。在閱讀過程中，學生需要關注文章中的細節，如具體的環保措施、動植物的保護情況等，以加深對文章內容的理解。同時，這類文章也通常會提出一些建議或呼吁，如“Weshouldalldoourparttoprotecttheenvironment.”（我們都應該為保護環境盡一份力），這可以引導學生思考自己能為環保做些什么。二、語篇特征1.主題明確，聚焦環保?這類語篇通常圍繞生態環境問題展開，如全球變暖、環境污染、資源短缺等，主題明確，旨在引導學生關注生態環境問題，培養環保意識。2.語言特點鮮明??使用特定詞匯，如“ecology”（生態）、“environment”（環境）、“pollution”（污染）等，以及相關的動詞、形容詞和短語，構成語篇的詞匯基礎。??句式多樣，可能采用強調句、反問句等句式來增強表達效果，如“Onlybyprotectingtheenvironmentcanweensureasustainablefuture.”（只有通過保護環境，我們才能確?？沙掷m的未來。）?3.內容結構清晰??引言部分?：簡要介紹生態環境問題的背景或現狀，引出主題。??主體部分?：詳細闡述生態環境問題的具體表現、影響及原因，可能包含數據、事實或案例來支持觀點。??結論部分?：總結生態環境問題的嚴重性，提出解決措施或呼吁大家共同行動。?44.蘊含文化價值?這類語篇不僅傳遞生態環境知識，還蘊含對生態環境的尊重和保護意識，反映人類與自然和諧共生的價值觀。三、主題詞匯1.基礎詞匯??environment?環境?pollution?污染?climatechange?氣候變化?ecosystem?生態系統?biodiversity?生物多樣性?habitat?棲息地conservation保護sustainable可持續的endangeredspecies瀕危物種renewableenergy可再生能源solarpower太陽能windpower風能recycling回收利用composting堆肥wastereduction減少廢物2.?環保行動與理念??sustainable?可持續的?endangeredspecies?瀕危物種?raiseone’senvironmentalawareness?提高環保意識?makeproperuseofwaterresources?合理利用水資源?saveandtreasureourresources?節約并珍惜資源?keepthebalanceofnature?保持生態平衡?recycle?回收利用?bantheabuseofplasticbags?禁止濫用塑料袋3.?具體環境問題與現象??globalwarming?全球變暖?solarenergy?太陽能?waterpollution?水污染?airpollution?空氣污染?soilerosion?水土流失?desertification?沙漠化?greenhouseeffect?溫室效應?ecologicaldegradation?生態系統退化4.?環保政策與措施??ecologicalredlines?生態紅線?greendevelopment?綠色發展?eco-compensationsystem?生態補償制度?ecologicalandenvironmentalgovernance?生態環境治理?voluntarytree-plantingactivity?義務植樹活動突破練習突破練習1Floods,droughts(干旱),storms,hotdays...extremeweatherisbecomingmoreandmorecommonallovertheworld.It’sreportedthatthisiscausedbygreenhousegasemissionfromhumanactivities,accordingtoChinaDaily.Manypeoplearesufferingthissummer.AreasofEuropewerehitbybigthunderstorms.InPortugalandSpain,hugewildfireshaveforcedthousandstoleavetheirhomes.IntheUS,morethan80percentofthewestisindrought,upfromjust20percentin2021.InChina,theheathasinfluencedthesouthsinceJune.Thedurationofthisyear’shightemperatureswillbreakthe62-dayrecordin2013,becomingthelongestheatwavein61years.Extremeweathereventsareaffectingpeople’slivelihoods.Theyarenotonlykillingpeopleanddestroyinghomesbutalsomakemorepeopleintohunger.MillionsinEastAfricahavelittlefoodtoeattoday,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization.Forfouryears,therewasn’tenoughrainduringthesummerandthelandwastoodrytogrowfood.Somehydro-power(水電)stationsinSichuanProvinceareshortofwaterandcan’tproduceenoughelectricity.AfarmerfromSichuanshowedthegrapeshegrewhavedriedbecauseofhightemperatures.Someanimalfarmsalsofacethedangerofwatershortage.Extremeweatherhasalsomade218oftheknown375diseasesmoreserious.Asvirusestrytoliveatthehighertemperatures,theygraduallybecomestrongerandhardertokill.Extremeweatherisawarningtous.It’stimeforeveryonetotakeactiontoslowdownclimatechange.Wecandriveless,planttrees,savewater,buylessplasticanddolotsofotherthings,too.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“suffering”meaninthesecondparagraph?A．Enjoying. B．Experiencing. C．Fighting. D．Regretting.2．WhatextremeweatherhitAmericathissummer?A．Floods. B．Thunderstorms. C．Heatwave. D．Droughts.3．Whyareextremeweathereventsaffectingpeople’slivelihoods?A．Becauseitdidn’trainalltheyear.B．Becausetheymakemanyfarmers’grapesdie.C．Becausethelandistoodrytofarmforfarmers.D．Becausetheycausevirusestobecomestrongerenoughtobekilled.4．What’sthecorrectorderofthemainideaaccordingtothetext?a.Peoplearoundtheworldgetintotroublebecauseofextremeweather.b.Extremeweatherhasabadinfluenceonpeople’sliving.c.Extremeweatherbecomesacommonproblemintheworld.d.Peopleshouldtakemeasurestodealwithextremeweather.A．cbda B．cabd C．acbd D．dbac5．Whatisthepurposeofthetext?A．Topraisethespiritofworkingtogether.B．Tointroducewhattheextremeweatheris.C．Toshowthewaysoffightingextremeweather.D．Todrawpeople’sattentiontoextremeweather.2Birdsusuallybuildtheirnestswithsticks,leavesorgrass.Butdoyouknowthatbirdsarealsobuildingtheirnestswithrubbishtheseyears?Therubbishincludescigarettebutts(煙頭)andplasticbags.AgroupofEuropeanscientistslookedinto(調查)about35,000studiesonbirdnests.Theyfoundthatbirdshaveusedman-madethingsinnestsalmosteverywhereonEarthexceptAntarctica.Somerubbishseemstobehelpful.Thisiswhybirds“like”puttingitintheirnests.Forexample,cigarettebuttshavespecialsmell,sotheycankeepinsectsawayandprotectthebabybirds.Plasticbagsareusefulinkeepingtheanimalswarm,andotherhardthings,suchaspapercards,canmakenestsstronger.However,intheend,humanrubbishmayonlybringmoreharmtobirds.Thetoxic(有毒的)chemicalsincigaretteshurtthebabybirds.Theymaygetsickorhaveshorterlives,accordingtoastudy.Tomakemattersworse,ifthecigarettestillburnswhenthebirdbringsitbacktoitshome,itmaysetfiretothenest.Piecesoffishingnetmayalsotrapbirds,andit’simpossibleforthemtogetoutbythemselves.Ifthebabybirdseatotherkindsofrubbishbyaccident,theywillalsogethurt.Ourbirdfriendsintheairarefeelingthebadeffectsofhumanspollutingtheenvironment.1．WhatdidtheEuropeanscientistsfind?A．Somepeoplehelpbirdsbuildtheirnests.B．Thereisrubbishinthenestsofmanybirds.C．ThereisalmostnobirdlivinginAntarctica.D．Birdscanhelpcleantheenvironment.2．WhichofthefollowingthingsisNOTusedbythebirdstobuildtheirnestaccordingtothepassage?A．Papercards. B．Cigarettebutts. C．Plasticbags. D．Woodenboards.3．Howcancigarettebutts“help”birds?A．Theycanburnotherharmfulrubbish.B．Theycanmakenestsstronger.C．Theycanstopinsectsfromgettingclose.D．Theycankeepbirdswarm.4．Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A．Thebadinfluencethathumanrubbishhasonthebirds.B．Theharmthattheenvironmentbringtothewildanimals.C．Thereasonwhybirdslikeusingrubbishtobuildtheirnests.D．Theharmfulactivitiesthathumanshavedonetotheenvironment.3Awooly(羊毛的)coatandaheadofhumanhairhavemoreincommonthanyoumightthink.Bothincludekeratinfibers(角蛋白纖維)andbothprovidewarmth.AEuropeancompany,HumanMaterialLoop,isnowquestioningwhyoneiswornandtheotheriswasted.Theywanttochangetheclothingindustrybyturninghumanhairintoafabric(織物).Everyyear,Europeansproduce72millionkilogramsofhumanhairwaste.Whenhairwastebreaksdowninarubbishbag,itgivesoffgreenhousegases(氣體).Manycountriesburnthiswaste,butthat’snotenvironmentallyfriendly,either.ZsofiaKollar,whostartedHumanMaterialLoop,explainsthatusingthehairfabricisnotthatdifferentfromusinganyothermaterial.Shortandbrokenhairsaremadeintofabricandcolored.HumanMaterialLoop’sfirstproductwasasweater.Ithadawool-likefeel.Thecompanyhasalsomadeanoutdoorcoatandshownitsabilitytokeepthewearerwarm.Theseclothesarenotforsale,though.Thecompany’spurposeistogettheattentionofclothingcompanies.Ithopesthatonedaytheywillbuyitshairfabrictomaketheirownclothes.Kollarunderstandsthatmostpeoplearen’treadytowearhumanhairontheirbodies.Theymayfindtheideastrange.Buthistorically,Kollarpointsout,humanhairhasbeenusedasafabricinmanycultures.Inthe13thcentury,forexample,peopleinwhatisnowthesouthwesternUnitedStatesusedhumanhairtomakesocks.“Thereismuchworktodotogetpeopletoaccepthairfabric,”Kollarsays.“ButIcanseeitcomingmoreandmoreintoourdailylives,overtime.”1．Whatdoawoolycoatandhumanhairhaveincommon?A．Theybothhavekeratinfibers. B．Theyarebothcheapanduseful.C．Theycanbothkeeppeoplecool. D．Theyarebothgoodforenvironment.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”refertoinparagraph2?A．Thefabric. B．Thehairwaste. C．Thewoolycoat. D．Therubbishbag.3．Whatcanwelearnfromparagraphs3and4?A．Usinghumanhairfabricisverydifferentfromusingothers.B．ThesweatermadeofhairbyHumanMaterialLoopsellswell.C．Mostpeoplethinkitsmarttowearhumanhairontheirbody.D．Humanhairwasusedasafabrichundredsofyearsago.4．HowmightKollarfeelaboutthefutureofhairfabric?A．Worried. B．Bored. C．Hopeful. D．Uncertain.4outathousandmillion(百萬)tonsofwateraday.Waterisahumanrightandeveryoneshouldhavetheirshare.Yetmorethan700millionpeoplearoundtheworldhavetroublegettingclean,safewater.Treatingwastewaterisagoodwaytoprovidefreshwaterforus.Anditalsohelpstheenvironmentbykeepingwasteoutofriversandoceans.80%ofwastewateraroundtheworldisnottreatedatall,anditisrunningintooceans.Butnowwehavegotthetechnologytotreatandreusethewastewater.While75%ofourplanetiscoveredwithwater,onlyabout2%isfreshwater—thatcomesfromrivers,lakes,iceandsnow.Therest,98%ofthewater,isinseasandoceans.Itistoosaltytodrink.Thendesalinationbusinessescomein.Morethan19,000factorieshavebeenbuiltaroundtheworld,mostlyincoastalcountries.Theyprocess(加工)morethan92milliontonsofwatereveryday.Butthetechnologytheyuserequiresalotofenergy.Scientistsareworkingtocreatealesscostlytechnology.Theywanttoproduce20timesmorecleanwaterandmakesureeveryonehasenough.Butfornow,theworldstillfaceseachdaywithnothavingenoughwaterforeveryone.1．Whereisthefreshwateronourplanetfrom?A．Riversandlakes. B．Riversandoceans.C．Lakesandseas. D．Seasandoceans.2．Treatingwastewaterhelpstheenvironmentby________.A．storingwasteiniceandsnowB．lettingwasterunintooceansC．keepingwasteoutofriversandoceansD．sendingwastetocoastalcountries3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“desalination”inParagraph3mean?A．遠洋運輸 B．潮汐發電C．食鹽銷售 D．海水淡化4．Howmuchwastewateraroundtheworldisnottreated?A．75% B．2% C．98% D．80%5．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．Watershouldbeahumanright.B．Thewaterproblemisstillserious.C．Ourplanetiscoveredwithwater.D．Everyonehasenoughcleanwater.5①Aroundtheworld,peoplearemoreandmoreworriedabouttheenvironment.Manypeoplenowpreferproductsandcompanies(公司)thatcareabouttheearthandcauselesspollution.Thisneedforgreenproductshasledlargecompaniestochangetheirbusiness.②Before,customersusedcheapplasticbags,andthenthrewthemaway.Butnowmostsupermarketsandstoresusuallyprovidereusableshoppingbagsforthem.Thiscauseslesswaste.Theyalsooffermorelocalproducts,becauselessenergyisneededforcarryingthemfromoneplacetoanother.③Tohelplowerairpollution,bigcarfactoriesarelookingforotherwaystocontroltheamount(數量)ofoil.Carsthatusemuchlessoilareverypopular.Manycompaniesarealsodevelopingfullyelectriccars.Theyproducenoairpollutionatall.Bothkindsofcarshaveanotheradvantage—theyarecheapertorunandpeopledon’tneedtoworryaboutoilprices.④Theairlinecompaniesfaceanevengreatergreenchallenge.Airplanesusemuchmoreoilthancars.Somanyairlinesarenowdevelopingplanesthatcanrunonsomeotherkindsofoil.Theycreatelesspollutionandcostless.Thecompaniesarealsodevelopinganewkindofplanes,andsomeofthemuseonlysolarpanels(太陽能板)tofly!⑤Greenbusinessesusedtobepopularwithonlyasmallgroupofpeople.Butnow,moreandmorecompanieshavetoshowtheycareabouttheenvironment.Manyproductsaremarked“green”inordertolooknice.However,peoplestillhavetobecarefulwhenchoosinggreenproducts.It’simportanttomakesuretheproductsareasenvironmentallyfriendlyasthebusinessmensay.1．Whyarebigcarfactorieslookingforotherwaystocontroltheamountofoil?A．Tobecheapertorun. B．Tousemoreoil. C．Tohelplowerairpollution.2．Whataretheadvantagesofelectriccarsaccordingtothepassage?a.Usingcheapoil.

b.Runningatlowcosts.

c.Producingnoairpollution.A．aandb B．bandc C．aandc3．Thelastsentenceofthepassageiswrittento________.A．showthegreenproductsarehealthyB．encouragepeopletobuygreenproductsC．tellpeopletochoosegreenproductscarefully4．Whichisthebeststructureofthepassage?A． B． C．5．What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．GreenIsCheaperB．GreenIsGoodBusinessC．GreenMakesLifeEasier6Whatdoyoudowithclothesyoudon’twanttowearanymore?Youmaydonatethemorgivethemtootherpeople.Whathappensnext?Wheredotheseclothesendup?It’sreportedthat92milliontonsofclothesendupinlandfillseveryyear.Thismeansthateverysecondatruckfullofclothesarrivesatalandfill.Sadly,thebeachesofGhana,acountryinWestAfrica,areoneoftheseplaces.Now,thebeachesarecoveredwithclothingwaste.Peoplefromallovertheworlddonateclothestocharity.However,charityshopsonlysellup20percentofdonatedclothes,saidtheGuardian.Theunsoldclothesarethenputinlargebagsandtraveltoothercountriestobesoldagainortreatedaswaste.TheKantamantomarketinAccra,thecapitalofGhana,isoneoftheworld’slargestsecondhandclothingmarkets.Everyweek,20millionpiecesofclothesarriveatKantamanto.Butabout40percentofthemleavethemarketaswaste.Workerseitherburnthewasteorputitunderground.However,thecityisnearthesea,sothere’snotenoughspaceforlandfills.Thisiswhyalotofclothingwasteendsuponthebeach.Asitgoesintothesea,fishandothersealifeareindanger.Seaturtles(海龜)can’tgettotheland,andfishcan’tgrowbecausetheymaygetcaughtintheclothes.Thewasteisalsohurtingtheeconomy(經濟),ErnestIjawan,aworkeratalandfillinGhana,toldForbes.Fisherscan’tcatchasmanyfishasbeforesincemostofthethingstheycatchareclothes.Accordingtoanothersurvey,manyfastfashionclothesarewornonly7to10times,andthentheyarethrownaway.Around15yearsago,thisnumberwas10to15times.Peoplemaybehaven’trealizedthatourclothescanbebadfortheenvironment.Butthat’sthefact.Sopleasethinktwicebeforewebuyclothesorthrowthemaway.1．Thewriterexplainshispointby________.A．listingnumbers B．tellingstories C．givingexamples D．bothAandC2．HowdidapieceofoldclothesinGhanaenduponthebeach?①Nobodyboughtit.

②Therewasnoplaceforlandfills.③Thepersondonatedittocharity.

④Itwastreatedaswaste.⑤Itwasputinonecharityshop.A．⑤③①④② B．⑤②④③① C．③⑤①④② D．③⑤②④①3．Thewriterthinksourclothescanbebadfortheenvironmentbecause________.A．asitgoesintothesea,fishandothersealifeareindangerB．charityshopsonlysellup20percentofdonatedclothesC．everysecondatruckfullofclothesarrivesatalandfillD．thebeachesofGhanaarecoveredwithclothingwaste4．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs8-9?A．Thefishermenwillliveahardlife. B．Weshouldn’tbuytoomanyclothes.C．Thefishwillbeexpensive. D．Weshouldthinkcarefullyaboutclothes.5．What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A．Theharmourclothesdototheenvironment.B．Thewaystodealwiththeclotheswedon’twanttowear.C．Thereasonswhythereissomuchclothingwaste.D．Theintroductionoftheworld’slargestsecondhandclothingmarket.7InternationalPolarBearDayThe2024InternationalPolarBearDayiscoming!Let’sgettoknowthelargestbearsandlearnhowtoprotectthem!SomefactsaboutpolarbearsColorTheyareactuallyblack,notwhite.Theyappearwhitebecausetheirhairrefects(反射)sunlight.Skills·Theyhaveanamazingsenseofsmell.Theycansmellasealfrom20milesaway.·Theyareexcellentswimmers.Theycanswimataspeedof6milesperhour.·Theycankeepthemselveswarmeveninverylowtemperatures.Challengesthatpolarbearsface.·Theydependonseaiceforresting,hunting(獵食)andbreeding(繁殖),buttheareaofseaiceisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.·Peopledumpoilwasteorotherharmfulthingsintothesea,whichputsthemindanger.·Theystillfacethedangerofbeinghuntedbyhumans.Thingswecandotoprotectpolarbears·Travelonfoot,bybikeorbypublictransport.·Offermoneyandhelptoorganizationsthatprotectpolarbears.·Recycleasoftenaspossible.·Callformorepeopletopayattentiontothelivingenvironmentofpolarbears.1．Anadultmalepolarbearweighsasmuchas________men.A．6 B．12 C．20 D．752．Whatdopolarbearsmainlyeat?A．Birds. B．Fish. C．Eggs. D．Seals.3．Whyisseaiceimportanttopolarbears?A．Theyneedittostorefood.B．Theycan’tkeepwarmwithoutit.C．Theyneedittohuntandproducebabies.D．Theycan’tswimandcanonlywalkonice.4．Whatcanwedotoprotectpolarbears?①

②

③

④A．①②③ B．①③④ C．①②④ D．②③④5．Whatcanwelearnaboutpolarbears?A．Theyareactuallywhite.B．Theyhaveverygoodhearing.C．Therearestillpeoplehuntingthem.D．Theyarethelargestanimalsintheworld.8根據短文內容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。OnMarch4th,after10yearsofdifficulttalks,nearly200countriesagreedtoanewUNagreement-theHighSeasTreaty(《公海保護協議》).Itisthefirstofitskindin40years,1Oceanscoverabout71%oftheearth’ssurface,andarehometoallanimalsandplants.Healthyoceansplayaveryimportantroleinahealthyplanet.2Overfishing(過度捕撈)hashadterribleinfluenceonmanyfishesandotheranimals.Pollutionhascausedseriousdamage(破壞)inmanyareas.In1982,oneUNseaagreementdescribedthe“highseas”—thepartsoftheoceansthataren’tcontrolledbyanycountry.3Thehighseascoverabout2/3oftheocean.Butnowonlyl.2%oftheseareasareprotected.4Italsorequiresthattheresearchshouldfirstbedonetoseewhatinfluencehuman’sactivitiesmighthaveontheoceanenvironment.Duringthepast10years,thetalkswereheldtimeandtimeagain.5Forexample,therearedisagreementsabouthowmuchtocontrolfishingorpollution,Nowtheagreementhasalongwaytogo,whichmustbeofficiallyacceptedataUNmeetingandbesupportedbyenoughcountriesbeforeitworks.A．Buttheoceansareintrouble.B．Andit’sagreatachievementinprotectingtheworld’soceans.C．Theagreementwasfinallyreachedafterdifficultdiscussions.D．Soallcountrieshavetheright(權利)tofishandsendshipsthere.E．Thatisbecausedifferentcountrieshavetheirowndifferentideas.F．Thenewagreementsetsagoaltoturn30%ofthehighseasintoprotectedareas.G．Oceansareimportantforeverythingontheearth.9根據短文內容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Haveyounoticedthattherearemoreparksincitiesthesedays?From“pocketparks”betweencommunitiestoforestparksintheoutercities,localgovernmentshavebeenmakingeffortstomakeChina’scitiesgreener.1.Theseleisurespacesopenupforestssothatvisitorscanwalkthroughnatureandgetclosertowildlife.Thecitywillbuildmorethan50woodlandparksby2025.Insomecities,morecompaniesanduniversitieshavechosento“opentheirgates”andsharetheirgreenery.Forexample,theShanghaiResearchInstituteofSportScienceopenedits1,000km2greenlandtothepublic.Theparkisjoinedbyhistoricalbuildingsinthearea,2.InNanning,parksaren’tjustusedforleisure.Foronething,parkshavebecomeaplacetospreadintangibleculturalheritage(非物質文化遺產)tothepublic.ThePeople’sParkhasheldseveralshowsforfree.AndtheseparksalsowelcomevisitorstowatchNanning’straditionalYongOpera.3.That’swhythenewNanningFlowersParkprovidesseveralyardsforplayingballgames,anditoftenholdsfitnessactivities.Besidesmeetingpeople’sneeds,4.TakeBeijing’sCentralGreenForestParkasanexample.Theparkhasreachedcarbon-neutral(碳中和)sinceitwasopenedin2020.Thismeansthatalthoughthefacilities(設施)leadtotheincreaseofCO2inthepark,theplantstherecantakeinmoretomakeup.Theparkalsofullyreusesrainwaterandcreatesgreenenergyforthepark.5.Theymeetpeople’sneedsforabetterlivingexperienceandareapeople-centeredideathattakestheformofanimprovednaturalenvironmentinallfields.A．providingmorespacefortouriststohavearestB．parkscanalsobegoodfortheenvironmentC．helping