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第二章句子寫作
句子是由詞構成的,它不僅是表達思想進行交際的基本語言單
位,還是構成段落或篇章的最為復雜的語言單位。因此,句子是影響
作品語言質量的關鍵因素。
由于英漢兩種語言在表達方式和語法或句法結構方面存在的較
大差異,往往造成中國學生在思想表達方面和英語句法結構上出現許
多問題,這直接影響學生寫作表達能力的提高。
本章先從分析學生在寫作中的常見錯誤入手,指出學生在寫作
方面出現錯誤的根本原因就在于他們缺乏對英漢兩種語言句子結構
特征的了解。由于這方面知識的欠缺,學生在寫作時往往從漢語思維
角度來寫英語句子或作文,結果寫出來的句子或是中式英文,或是不
符合英語語言規范或表達習慣。
就寫作而言,英漢兩種語言在句子結構上的主要特征差異在于:
英語屬于綜合語分析語,而漢語卻屬于分析語;英語造句注重形合,
而漢語卻注重意合;英語句子表達呈靜態,而漢語卻呈現動態;英語
句子被動使用較多,而漢語卻傾向于使用主動;英漢句子結構重心的
側重點不同;英語句子慣用物稱表達法,而漢語卻習慣于人稱表達法。
本章對這些特征差異進行了詳細的分析和比較,這樣學生可以明確了
解英漢兩種語言在句子結構上的差異,從而使學生在寫作中有意識地
寫出符合英語句子結構特征的英語句子。
英語句子有嚴謹的主謂結構。主語不可或缺,謂語動詞是句子
的中心。主語和謂語動詞搭配,構成句子的核心(kernel),英語句子
主要有五種基本句型:SV、SCP、SVO、SvoO、SVOCo英語中其它
各種長短句子,一般都可以看作是這五種基本句型的變式,擴展,組
合,省略或倒裝。
正確的英語句子應該表達統一、完整的思想內容,符合邏輯,
具有連貫性,并且重點突出。
八除:要掌握一些卷子寫作的基本技巧和方法外,一些常見的句
子模式以及名言佳句,對提高英語表達能力具有較高的利用價值。
IContrastiveStudyofSentenceStructureBetweenEnglishand
Chinese
一、Syntheticvs.Analytic
形態變化、詞序和虛詞是表達語法意義的三大手段。這些語法手
段在英漢兩種語言中具有不同的特征。英語主要運用形態變化形式
或相對固定的詞序以及豐富的虛詞來表達語法關系,因而屬于綜合-
分析語(synthetic-analyticlanguage)□而漢語主要運用詞序和虛詞
來表達語法關系,屬于典型的分析語(analyticlanguage)□
英語有形態變化
英語的形態變化,即詞的形式變化,主要包括構詞形態和構形形
心、O
1)構詞形態指的是起構詞作用的詞綴變化(affixation)o這些變化
主要有:性(gender)、數(number)、格(case)、時(tense)、體(aspect)、
語態(voice)、語氣(mood)、比較級(degreeofcomparison)、人稱(person)
和詞性(partsofspeech)等。英語詞綴不僅規模大,數量多,而且種類
齊全。相比之下,漢語的詞綴構詞,無論是規模,還是種類都不及英
語。
英語可以運用豐富的詞綴構詞造句,即通過詞形變化,改變詞性,
用這些次靈活組句,表達一個幾乎相同的意思。如:
Hemovedastonishinglyfast.
Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.
Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.
Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.
Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.
Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.
Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.
Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.
2)構形形態,即表達語法意義的詞形變化。主要是動詞的變化
(conjugation)和名詞、代詞、形容詞及副詞的變化(declension),如:
Hegivesmewatch.
Hegavemeawatch.
Hehasgivenmetwowatches.
嚴格說來,漢語沒有形態變化。漢語中的數量助詞(如“們”表
示復數)、動態助詞(如“著”、“了”、“過”表示動詞的體)與結構
助詞(“的”、“地”、“得”)雖類似英語的形態變化,但這些成分的使
用在漢語中缺乏普遍性。
英語詞序比較靈活,而漢語詞序相對固定。
形態變化與詞序有密切的關系。形態變化越多的語言,詞序越靈
活。漢語是典型的分析語,詞沒有形態標志,位置不能隨便移動,詞
語之間的關系主要通過安排詞序及使用虛詞來表達。英語的語法意義
可以通過詞序或虛詞來表達,在許多情況下,也可以用形態變化來
表示。因而,英語詞語和從句的位置比漢語靈活。如英語中的倒裝句,
定語的位置等。
carefullyTheystudiedtheproblems
他們仔細地研究了那些問題。
Herosefromtheseatslowly.
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Slowlyherosefromtheseat.
Heslowlyrosefromtheseat.
他慢慢地從座位上站了起來。
ThepoetdiedonaMondaymorninginJuly20XX,
這位詩人死于20XX年七月一個星期一的早晨。
Example:
averyimportantquestion~~y_一個很重要的問題
aquestionofgreatimportance
adebatabletopic—j一個可以辯論的主題
atopicwhichcanbedebated
二Hypotacticvsparatactic
1.英語造句主要采用形合法(hypotaxis)o
所謂形合,就是指句中的詞語或分句之間主要靠語言本身的語言
形式手段,來表達語法和邏輯關系。英語造句常用各種形式手段來連
接詞、短語、分句或從句,注重顯性接應,句子結構緊湊嚴密,句子
以形現義。英語中的連接手段和形式不僅數量大,種類多,而且使用
頻繁。主要的連接手段和形式有:1)關系詞,2)連接詞,3)介詞,4)
其它連接手段,如形態變化,前后一致關系,以及it和there起連接
作用。
Example1:
Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandthelackof
transportfacilities,iscompounded,bythepaucityoftheinformation
media.
介詞:of,becauseof,of,by,of
形態變化:isolation,facilities,
Example2:
HeboaststhataslaveisfreethemomenthisfeettouchBritishsoiland
hesellsthechildrenofthepooratsixyearsofagetoworkunderthelash
inthefactories,forsixteenhoursaday.
連接詞:that,themoment,and
介詞:of,of,to,under,in,for
形態變化:boasts,sells,children,years,factories,hours
一致關系:He---his,He---boasts,he---sells,hisfeet---touch
Example3:
Itwaswhatsentimentalists,whodealinverybigwords,calla
yearningaftertheideal,andsimplymeansthatwomenarenotsatisfied
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untiltheyhavehusbandsandchildrenonwhomtheymaycontrol
affections,whichspendelsewhere,asitwere,insmallchange.
(W.Thackeray:VanityFair)
關系詞:what,who,whom,which,
連接詞:and,that,until,and,as,
介詞:in,after,on,in
兩處“it”的連接形式
形態變化:
名詞的單復數:sentimentalists,words,women,husbands,children,
affections,
謂語動詞的時態,數以及語態:was,deal,call,means,are,have,are
spent,were
代詞:they,they,they
三Stativevs.Dynamic
英語表達傾向于多用名詞,因而敘述呈靜態(stative);漢語表達
傾向于多用動詞,因而敘述呈動態(dynamic)。
1.英語的靜態傾向主要表現在以下幾個方面:
1)名詞化(nominalization)是英語常見的現象。名詞化指用名詞
來表達原來屬于動詞或形容詞所表達的概念,如用抽象名詞來表達動
作、行為、狀態、品質、情感等概念。
Examples:
Theappearanceofthebookonthemarketcausedasensation
AnotherdeparturefromtherecentWhiteHousepracticesisthe
absenceofdancing.
Thedoctor'sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycareful
examinationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.
2)用名詞的施事者(agentivenoun),來代替動詞。由于英語中有
許多由動詞派生(如以-er或or結尾)的名詞既表示施事者,又保留
原來動詞的意義。因此,英語中常用含有行為和動作意義的普通名詞
代替動詞。
Examples:
Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.
Sheprovedtobeagoodlistener.
3)名詞優勢造成介詞優勢。由于英語多用名詞,必然也要多用
介詞,因而產生了介詞優勢。介詞優勢與名詞優勢結合,使英語的靜
態傾向更為顯著。
Examples:
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Heisathisbooks.
Inadequatetrainingforfarmersandthelowproductivityofmany
farmsplacethemajorityofcountrydwellersinadisadvantageous
positionintheirowncountries.
CarlisleStreetrunswestward,acrossagreatblackbridge,downahill
andupagain,bylittleshopsandmeatmarkets,pastsingle-storedhomes,
untilsuddenlyitstopsagainstawidegreenlawn.
4)動詞的弱化和虛化。英語中最常用的動詞正是動作意味最弱
的動詞----tobe,以及一些常用的弱式動詞如have,become,grow,
feel,go,get等,這些動詞的各種形式都缺乏動態感。止匕外,英語還
常常將動詞轉化或派生成名詞,置于虛化動詞(如have,make,do,take
等)之后作賓語,如havealook,takeawalk,payvisits,dosome
cleaning等。這類動詞短語往往顯得虛弱或平淡無味。
Examples:
Whowilltakechargeofyourmotherwhenyouareaway?
Let'shavealookatthepicture.
5)用形容詞或副詞表達動詞的意義。英語常用動詞的同源形容詞
與弱化動詞相結合的方式表達動詞的意義。
Examples:
Iamdoubtfulwhetherheisstillalive.
Thedoctorsfeltsympatheticwiththeirpatients.
Shewillbehomeinanhour.
Classwillbeoverat4o'clock.
四PassivevsActive
1.英語被動語態
被動語態的廣泛使用是英語有別于漢語的一大特點。由于英文文
章常用被動句,因此被動語態在英語里就成了一種常見的語法現象,
尤其在英語科技文體中,用被動語態幾乎成了一種表達習慣。
被動句使用的原因:
1).施事的原因。人們在表達思想時,通常使用主動句。但當句
子的施事((agent)由于下列原因不需要或不可能指明時,則英語往
往采用被動句。
?不知道或沒有必要說明施事者是誰。
Itissaidthatathiefwascaughtyesterday.
Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipeispusheddowntopreventthe
sidesfromfallingin.
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Wehaven'tbeentoldaboutit.
?無從說出主動者是誰。
Riceischieflygrowninthesouth.
Theproblemisbeingstudied.
?施事者在上下文中可以不言自明,為了便于銜接而使用被動
句。
Hetoldmethathisbosshaddismissedhim.Noreasonshadbeen
assigned.
JackfoughtJohninthemen'ssingleslastnightandwasbeaten.
Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.
?施事沒有受事重要,或受事需要強調。
Hisonlydaughterwasrunoverbyatruck.
Theletterwasbrokenintopieces.
Thesongwascomposedbyaworker.
?為了表達某種微妙的情緒或出于禮貌措辭圓通等方面考慮,不
愿指明施事。
Youarerequestedtogiveaperformance.
Somethinghasbeensaidatthepartytonightthatoughtnottohave
beenspoken.
Itisgeneralconsiderednotadvisabletoactthatway.
2)出于句法、修辭或文體的需要。適當使用被動句可以使表達靈
活多變,避免句型單調。一些信息性(informative)的文體多使用被
動句。這類文體主要指科技文體、新聞文體、公文文體以及論述文體。
Shewasastoundedthatherboyfriendwasnotpreparedtopresent
herabunchofrose.
ThebasicEnglishsentencepatternscanbevariedinmanyways.
Thedecimal,orten-scale,systemisusedforscientificpurpose
throughouttheworld,evenincountrieswhosenationalsystemofweights
andmeasurementsarebaseduponotherscales.
Underheavypoliceguard,thedinnerwasfinallyheldinamarquee
nearthevillageofWelshpoolinthecountryofPowys.
Yoursalaryandperiodofappointmentandreappointmenthavebeen
sorecognized.
英語的被動式分為:結構被動式(syntacticpassive)和意義被動式
(notionalpassive),但在英語句子中,前者遠比后者多。
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結構被動式指利用被動結構be+動詞過去分詞來表示。如:
Thesekindsofstudieswerenotstarteduntilthenewequipmentwas
importedfromadevelopedcountry.
Iwasastonishedthathewaspreparedtogivemeawell-paidjob.
意義被動式指利用主動形式來表被動意義。如:
Theseproductsselllikehotcakes.
MissAlicedressesbeautifultoday.
TheFirstWorldWarbrokeoutin1914.
Whatdidtheaccidentoccur?
五、ImpersonalvsPersonal.
西方人的哲學強調主客體對立,物我分明。所以西方人重形式論
證,崇尚個體思維,重分析,其表現在語言中,重形合,不求全面,
周到,但求結構嚴謹。所以造句常使用物稱表達法,即讓事物以客
觀的口氣呈現出來,這種表達法使敘述顯得客觀,公正,結構嚴密,
緊湊,語氣委婉間接。
而漢人的哲學則強調“天人合一”,主客體統一,主張“萬物與我
為一”。因此,漢語則重悟性,重整體抽象,重綜合,即不是憑借嚴
謹的形式進行分析,而是根據主觀的直覺,從邏輯及上下文中悟出關
系來。因此,漢語語言簡約和模糊。意合是漢語重悟性的突出表現,
即在語言中可以連連出現省略,但意義相連,脈絡清楚。漢語中形散
而神聚的句子比比皆是。由于漢語較注重主體思維,這種思維模式往
往從自我出發來敘述客觀事物,或傾向于描述人極其行為或狀態,因
而常用人稱表達法。當人稱可以不言而喻時,又常常隱含人稱或省略
人稱。
1.英語常用非人稱主語,而漢語常用人稱主語。
英語用非人稱作主語的句子可以分為兩類:
1)用抽象名詞或無生命的事物名稱作主語,即“無靈主語”
(inanimatedsubject),同時使用表示人的動作或行為的動詞即“有靈
動詞”作謂語,因而,此句式往往帶有擬人化的修辭色彩,語氣含蓄,
令人回味。英語中這類“無靈主語”與“有靈動詞”搭配的句式不僅
比漢語多,而且使用場合也比漢語廣。
Mygoodfortunehassentyoutome,andwewillneverpart.
我很幸運,能夠得到你,讓我們永不分離吧。
Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.
我興奮得什么話也說不出來。
Iwastooexcitedtosayaword.
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Hispassioncarriedhimastray.
他因感情沖動而誤入歧途。
Neithersorrownorregretfollowedmypassionateoutburst.
我發一陣怒之后,并不難過,也不后悔。
2)使用非人稱代詞“it”和“there”作主語。
Itiscommonknowledgethatalllivingthingsneedair.
所有生物都需要空氣,這是常識。
Itwasin214B.C.thattheChineseBeganconstructingtheGreatWall.
是在公元前2XX年,中國人民開始建造萬里長城。
Thereusedtobenopowersupplyinthisarea.
這個地區過去沒有電力供應。
Thereexistedmanystrangeanimalsinancienttimes.
古代曾經生存過許多奇異的動物。
有
therestand(be,exist,usedto,have,)
英語常用被動式,采用物稱表達法;漢語常用主動式,采用人稱
表達法,泛稱或隱稱表達法。
Atreeisknownbyitsfruit,andamanisknownbyhisactions.
看樹看果實,看人看作為。
Matterisknowntooccupyspace.
我們知道物質占有空間。
Alargemotorisbeinginstalledinourfactory.
我們廠里正在安裝一部大型電動機。
II、Sentencepatternsandothervariants
一、Fivetypesofbasicsentencepatterns
Forthecorrectconstructionofsentences,sentencesstructuresare
whatsentenceconstructionsaretotallydependenton.Let'sgooverthe
followingfivetypesofbasicsentencepatternslistedblown.
二.Othervariants(變體)
OfallthesentencesinEnglish,apartfromthefivetypesofbasic
sentencepatternsmentionedabove,othersentencescouldberegardedas
thevariantsofthesefivetypesofbasicsentencepatterns.
VariationofBasicEnglishSentences(變式)
Interrogativesentencechangedfromthenarrativesentence.
Forexample:
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Hasthemobilephonebeenworkingwell?
CanwegettoBeijinginanhourbyplane?
Negativesentencefrompositivesentence.
Forexample:
Hedidn'tcomefromSydney.
Whathesaidwasnottrue.
Passivesentencefromactivesentence.
Forexample:
Thedoorwaspaintedred.
Hehasbeensenttohospital.
“There+be"Structure.
Forexample:
Thereisabookonthedesk.
Onceuponatime,therelivedanoldmaninthevillage.
2.ExtensionofBasicEnglishSentences(擴展)
Addingmodifiedwordsorphrasesorclausesasattributiveor
adverbial.
Forexample:
Stressedpeoplehavehighercholesterollevels.
Theotherkeytocontrollingstressistorealizethatthereareother
troublesomepartsofyourlifeoverwhichyoucanhavelittleorno
control.
AddingtheelementsofBasicEnglishSentences.
Forexample:
Scientistshaveprovedittruethatsomeanimalshaveprettyhigh
intelligence.
Thestructureofthesteelandresultingpropertieswilldependonhow
hotthesteelgetsandhowquicklyorslowlyitiscooled.
3、CombinationofBasicEnglishSentences(組合)
Forexample:
ItisacommonwaytoputallkindsofbasicEnglishsentences
togetherintermsofconnectivesandpunctuation.
Forexample:
Thesurvivorsstillspeakwithfearofthedaywhenthedisaster
happened.
Videogamesappealtosomedeepinstinctinboys,whofindit
impossibletotearthemselvesawayfromthem.
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4、OmissionofBasicEnglishSentences(省略)
Forexample:
Generallyspeaking,someelementsorwordsorphrasesofbasic
Englishsentencescouldbeomitted.Forexample:
Wemaygotothekaraokebarorstayathometowatchthevideo
show.
NoAdmittanceExceptonBusiness.
VictoryNowinSight.
Hisfaceistannedandhishandsbigandstrong.
Hewasafriendto,andastrongsupporterof,thepartyleader.
5、InversionofbasicEnglishsentence.(倒裝)
Forexample:
Thewindowopenedandincameagentlebreeze.
Onthetopofthehillstandsanoldtemple.
Suchwashisstrengththathecarriedalltheboxesontothethirdfloor.
Facingthelakewasalittleinnwithitspillaredveranda.
三.TypesofSentences
1、Accordingtotheiruse,sentencesaredividedintodeclarative,
interrogative,imperativeandexclamatory.
Declarativesentence
Weconsiderhimtobeaniceperson.
Tradehelpsdevelopindustry.
Interrogativesentence
Hasthemeetingbegun?
Areyoumarried?
Imperativesentence
Takeaseat,please.
Let'sdoitagain.
Exclamatorysentence
WhataterribleplacetheBermudaTriangleis!
Hownicethehouselooks!
2、Accordingtotheirstructure,sentencesarecategorizedintosimple,
compound,complexandcompound-complex
Simplesentence:
Therearemanykindsofbooks.
MybrotherandIbothliveinLondon.
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Compoundsentence
Themoonwashiddenbytheclouds;notastarcouldbeseen.
Wetriedtopersuadeher,butsherefusedtocome.
Complexsentence:
Hewantedtoseewhetherhewouldbegivenanotherchance.
ItoldhimwhatIwantedtosay.
ThisisexactlywhatIwanttosay.
Compound-complex:
Myfatherpromisedthathewouldmeetme,butwhenIarrivedatthe
station,hewasnowheretobeseen.
Tocopewiththedifficultsituation,wehavetocutdownour
expendituresandpracticeeconomy.不定式作狀語。
TheChinesecharacterHao,whichcombinessymbolfor“woman”
withthesymbolfor"boy",means"good".定語從句作定語。
Convincedofthedefendant'sguilt,thejurytwistedthefactsto
supporttheirjudgment.
分詞作狀語
Everythingconsidered,NewYorkisamostexcitingcity.
獨立結構作狀語
Repeatedcheatingontestsisriskyandself-defeating.
動名詞作主語
ThattheOlympicGameshavebecomeprohibitinglyexpensiveisone
reasonwhyAmericancitiesshowlittleinterestinhostingit.
(名詞從句作主語)‘一
Theteacherwillfindthatthegeneralattitudesofstudentstowards
classroomcommunicationfluctuate,notonlyfromgenerationto
generationorfromdecadetodecade,butalsoalmostfromyearto
year.(介詞短語作定語和狀語)
3、Fromarhetoricalpointofview,sentencesareloosesentence(松散
句)、periodicsentence(圓周句)andbalancedsentence(平衡句).
Aloosesentencereferstoasentenceputtingthemainideabeforeall
supplementaryinformation.Inotherwords,thereaderwouldknowwhat
thesentenceismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.A
loosesentenceiseasier,simple,morenaturalanddirect.
Forexample:
Mr.SmithmadeuphismindtostudyChineseculture,becausehehad
greatinterestinit.
Hewassittinginalargechairbeforethefirewhenweenteredthe
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room.
尾重
Aperiodicsentencereferstoasentenceinwhichthemainideais
expressedatorneartheendofit.Inotherwords,thereaderwouldnot
knowwhatthesentenceismainlyaboutuntilhehasreadthewhole
sentence.Generallyspeaking,aperiodicsentenceismorecomplex,
emphatic,formalorliterary.
Forexample:
AlthoughshewasinterestedinFrench,heneverstudiedit.
Whentheclasswasover,thestudentswenttothepark.
Abalancedsentencemeansasentencecontainingtwoormoreparts
similarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning.Generallyspeaking,a
balancedsentenceisemphatic,forcefulandimpressivebecauseofits
contrastandthiskindofsentenceismainlyusedinformalwriting,such
asexpositoryandargumentativeprose,andspeeches.
Forexample:
Uponhearingthenews,Iwasangered,andhewassaddened.
Itistheagethatformstheman;notthemanthatformstheage.
IllHowtowriteeffectivesentence
1、SentenceshouldhaveaqualityofUnity.
Unityisofgreatimportanceforasentence.Aunifiedsentencemust
expressasinglecompletethought.Ontheonehand,those,whicharenot
closelyrelatedtothemainidea,shouldnotbeincludedinasentence;on
theotherhand,asentenceshouldnotexpressathoughtthatisnot
completebyitself.
Originalsentence:Asweweredrivingoutintothecountry,wemeta
manridingabicycle,andwepassedatruckfully
loadedwithvegetables,andonourwaybackwe
stoppedatagrocery'stogetsomefruit.
Revisedsentence:Asweweredrivingoutintothecountry,wemeta
manridingabicycle.Laterwepassedatruckfully
loadedwithvegetables.Onourwayback,we
stoppedatagrocery'stogetsomefruit.
Faulty:Shekeepsonsinginganddancing.Apparentlynotnoticingme.
Revised:Shekeepsonsinginganddancing,apparentlynotnoticingme.
Faulty:Botheredbythenoiseinthestreet.Shecouldhardlyfallasleep.
Revised:Botheredbythenoiseinthestreet,shecouldhardlyfallasleep.
第12頁,共40頁
Faulty:Ididnotheartherwhenshecamein.BecauseIwassleeping
soundly.
BecauseIwassleepingsoundly,Ididnotheartherwhenshecame
in.
Revised:IdidnotheartherwhenshecameinbecauseIwassleeping
soundly.
Faulty:IthoughtIwouldgotodance.Butsoonchangedmymind.
Revised:IthoughtIwouldgotodance,butsoonchangedmymind.
Faulty:Shanghaiisoneofthebiggestcities.
Revised:ShanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesinChina.
Faulty:Iamnotsurprisedthathefailedintheexamination,hehad
notbeenworkingveryhard.
Revised:Iamnotsurprisedthathefailedintheexam,forhehadnot
beenworkingveryhard.
Faulty:Thepatienfsconditiongotworsewhenhewasgivenevery
attention.
Revised:Thepatient'sconditiongotworsethough(eventhough)
hewasgiveneveryattention.
Faulty:Awell-dressedmanadmittedusintothehouse,andwe
laterlearnedthathewasathief.
Revised:Awell-dressedman,whowelaterlearnedwasathief,
admittedusintothehouse.
2、Sentenceshouldhaveaqualityofcoherence.
Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.A
sentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedand
theirrelationshipsunmistakablyclear.Therefore,theelementswithina
sentenceshouldbecoherentlyorlogicallyarranged.Thefollowingcases
willharmthequalityofcoherence.
1)、Problemscausedbyagreement
Thiskindofproblemmainlymeansthatthenumberofpredicateina
sentenceisnotinaccordancewithitssubject,especiallyinasentence
containingsuchwordsorphrasesas"and","aswellas"togetherwith”,
“inaddition","coupledwith”,etc.
Faulty:Oneofthemainproblemsarethatfewstudentstrustme.
Revised:Oneofthemainproblemsisthatfewstudentstrustme.
Faulty:Mymotheranddoctorgooutforawalk.
Revised:Mymotheranddoctorgooutforawalk.
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Faulty:Thisfirm,inadditiontotheonesetuptwodecadeago,are
facingwithdifficultsituations.
Revised:Thisfirm,inadditiontotheonesetuptwodecadeago,is
facingwithdifficultsituations.
Faulty:Eithertheteacherorthepupilsissatisfiedwiththisplan.
Revised:Eithertheteacherorthepupilsaresatisfiedwiththisplan.
Faulty:Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogetthefirstprize.
Revised:Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogetsthefirstprize.
Heisoneofthestudentswhogetthefirstprize.
2)、Danglingandmisplacedmodifiers
Modifiersareusedtomodifytheword(noun,verb,adverb,adjective),
phraseandeventhesentence.Generallyspeaking,themodifiershouldbe
putcloselytogetherwithitspartbeingmodified.Butsometimesitmay
notbeputcloselytogetherwithitselementbeingmodified.Therearetwo
waystorevisethedanglingsentences.Oneistorevisethemainclauseby
changingthesubjectofmainclauseintothelogicalsubjectofthe
modifier;theotheristorevisethemodifierbyputtingitintoasub-clause.
Astothosemisplacedmodifiers,itisacommonwaytochangetheminto
correctoneaccordingtotheirlogicalrelationships.
Faulty:Ingettingoffthebus,myanklewaswounded.
Revised:Ingettingoffthebus,Igotmyanklewounded.
WhenIwasgettingoffthebus,myanklewaswounded.
Faulty:Attheageofthree,mymotherleftmeforNewYork.
Revised:WhenIwasthreeyearsold,mymotherleftmeforNew
York.
Faulty:Whilereadingthenewspaper,myphonerang.
Revised:WhileIwasreadingthenewspaper,myphonerang.
Revised:WhileIwasreadingthenewspaper,Iheardmyphone
ringing.
Faulty:Beforesettingout,thepackagewereputintotheplane.
Revised:Beforewesetout,thepackagewereputintotheplane.
Revised:Beforesettingout,weputthepackageintotheplane.
Faulty:Shewasaveryslowgirl.Shenearlybrushedherteethfor
twentyminuteseverynight.
Revised:Shewasaveryslowgirl.Shebrushedherteethfornearly
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twentyminuteseverynight.
Faulty:Theheadmasterdiscussedthetopicontheabsenceofthe
studentsatthemeeting.
Revised:Atthemeeting,theheadmasterdiscussedthetopiconthe
absenceofthestudents.
3)、Pronounswithambiguousreference
Insuchcircumstance,itisacommonwaytochangethosepronouns
withambiguousreferenceintocorrectonesaccordingtotheirlogical
relationships.
Faulty:Mr.ZhangtoldMrs.Wangthatherchildwasplayinginher
garden.
Revised:Mr.ZhangsaidtoMrs.Wang,“yourchildisplayinginmy
garden.^^
Faulty:Hewasknockeddown,butitwasnotserious.
Revised:Hewasknockeddown,butwasnotseriouslyhurt.
Faulty:Shetoldmybrothershewaswrong.
Revised:Sheadmittedthathewaswrongandsaidsotomybrother.
4)、Inappropriateuseinperson,voice,tense,etc.
Faulty:Iwrotetohim,butmyletterwasnotanswered.
Revised:Iwrotetohim,buthedidnotanswermyletter.
Faulty:Thosewhowanttotakepartinthesportsactivitiesare
expectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.
Revised:Thosewhowanttotakepartinthesportsactivitiesare
expectedtosigntheirnameonthissheetofpaper.
Onewhowantstotakepartinthesportsactivitiesisexpectedto
signhisnameonthissheetofpaper.
Faulty:Beinga20thcollegestudent,itisstrangethathedoesn'tfind
ajob.
Revised:Beinga20thcollegestudent,itwasstrangethathedidnot
findajob.
5)、Faultyparallelstructure
Parallelstructuresareusuallyemployedinthelistingoffacts,ideas,
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eventsandthelikeandtheparallelelementsmayrangefroma
minimumoftwotoanynumberrequired.Parallelideashadbetterbe
expressedinparallelconstruction,whichcangiveemphasis,clarityand
coherencetoasentence.
Or,but,yet,and
Both...and...,neither...nor.either...or...,notonly...butalso...
Than...,aswellas...
Faulty:Whentheweathergetscold,draftyandrainsalot,itis
especiallyimportanttokeepyourfeetwell-covered.
Revise:Whentheweathergetscold,draftyanddamp,itisespecially
importanttokeepyourfeetwell-covered.
Faulty:Iwouldrathergetasunstrokeanddiedonthespot.
Revised:Iwouldrathergetasunstrokeanddieonthespot.
Faulty:Sheiscleverbutwon'tsucceed.
Revised:Sheiscleverbutnotsuccessful.
Faulty:Theworkersareyoungandlackexperience.
Revised:Theworkersareyoungandinexperienced.
Faulty:Thestudentwantedtoknowwhattheproblemwasandthe
duedateoftheessay.
Revised:Thestudentwantedtoknowwhattheproblemwasand
whentheessaywasdue.
Faulty:Youcantakebusorbytrain.
Revised:Youcangotherebybusorbytrain.
Fautlty:Somedrugaddictsareneitherconcernedabouttheirown
healthnordotheyworryabouttheirfutureprospects.
RevisedSomedrugaddictsareneitherconcernedabouttheirown
healthnorworriedabouttheirfutureprospects.
Fautlty:Mycomputerdoesnotprocessasfastasmyfriend.
Revised:Mycomputerdoesnotprocessasfastasmyfriend's.
3、Sentenceshouldhaveitsemphasis
Veryoftenapartofasentence,inclusiveawordoraphrase,shouldbe
emphasizedbecauseitiswherethemainideaofthesentenceis.
Emphasiscouldbeachievedbythefollowingways.
1)、Adjustingthewordorder.Thewordsorphrasestobeemphasized
第16頁,共40頁
areputatthebeginn
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