第二章句子寫作

句子是由詞構(gòu)成的，它不僅是表達(dá)思想進行交際的基本語言單

位，還是構(gòu)成段落或篇章的最為復(fù)雜的語言單位。因此，句子是影響

作品語言質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵因素。

由于英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)方式和語法或句法結(jié)構(gòu)方面存在的較

大差異，往往造成中國學(xué)生在思想表達(dá)方面和英語句法結(jié)構(gòu)上出現(xiàn)許

多問題，這直接影響學(xué)生寫作表達(dá)能力的提高。

本章先從分析學(xué)生在寫作中的常見錯誤入手，指出學(xué)生在寫作

方面出現(xiàn)錯誤的根本原因就在于他們?nèi)狈τh兩種語言句子結(jié)構(gòu)

特征的了解。由于這方面知識的欠缺，學(xué)生在寫作時往往從漢語思維

角度來寫英語句子或作文，結(jié)果寫出來的句子或是中式英文，或是不

符合英語語言規(guī)范或表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

就寫作而言，英漢兩種語言在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的主要特征差異在于:

英語屬于綜合語分析語，而漢語卻屬于分析語；英語造句注重形合，

而漢語卻注重意合；英語句子表達(dá)呈靜態(tài)，而漢語卻呈現(xiàn)動態(tài)；英語

句子被動使用較多，而漢語卻傾向于使用主動；英漢句子結(jié)構(gòu)重心的

側(cè)重點不同；英語句子慣用物稱表達(dá)法，而漢語卻習(xí)慣于人稱表達(dá)法。

本章對這些特征差異進行了詳細(xì)的分析和比較，這樣學(xué)生可以明確了

解英漢兩種語言在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異，從而使學(xué)生在寫作中有意識地

寫出符合英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)特征的英語句子。

英語句子有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹髦^結(jié)構(gòu)。主語不可或缺，謂語動詞是句子

的中心。主語和謂語動詞搭配，構(gòu)成句子的核心(kernel),英語句子

主要有五種基本句型：SV、SCP、SVO、SvoO、SVOCo英語中其它

各種長短句子，一般都可以看作是這五種基本句型的變式，擴展，組

合，省略或倒裝。

正確的英語句子應(yīng)該表達(dá)統(tǒng)一、完整的思想內(nèi)容，符合邏輯，

具有連貫性，并且重點突出。

八除:要掌握一些卷子寫作的基本技巧和方法外，一些常見的句

子模式以及名言佳句，對提高英語表達(dá)能力具有較高的利用價值。

IContrastiveStudyofSentenceStructureBetweenEnglishand

Chinese

一、Syntheticvs.Analytic

形態(tài)變化、詞序和虛詞是表達(dá)語法意義的三大手段。這些語法手

段在英漢兩種語言中具有不同的特征。英語主要運用形態(tài)變化形式

或相對固定的詞序以及豐富的虛詞來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系，因而屬于綜合-

分析語(synthetic-analyticlanguage)□而漢語主要運用詞序和虛詞

來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系，屬于典型的分析語(analyticlanguage)□

英語有形態(tài)變化

英語的形態(tài)變化，即詞的形式變化，主要包括構(gòu)詞形態(tài)和構(gòu)形形

心、O

1)構(gòu)詞形態(tài)指的是起構(gòu)詞作用的詞綴變化(affixation)o這些變化

主要有：性(gender)、數(shù)(number)、格(case)、時(tense)、體(aspect)、

語態(tài)(voice)、語氣(mood)、比較級(degreeofcomparison)、人稱(person)

和詞性(partsofspeech)等。英語詞綴不僅規(guī)模大，數(shù)量多，而且種類

齊全。相比之下，漢語的詞綴構(gòu)詞，無論是規(guī)模，還是種類都不及英

語。

英語可以運用豐富的詞綴構(gòu)詞造句，即通過詞形變化，改變詞性,

用這些次靈活組句，表達(dá)一個幾乎相同的意思。如：

Hemovedastonishinglyfast.

Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.

Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.

Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.

Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.

Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.

Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.

Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.

2)構(gòu)形形態(tài)，即表達(dá)語法意義的詞形變化。主要是動詞的變化

(conjugation)和名詞、代詞、形容詞及副詞的變化(declension),如:

Hegivesmewatch.

Hegavemeawatch.

Hehasgivenmetwowatches.

嚴(yán)格說來，漢語沒有形態(tài)變化。漢語中的數(shù)量助詞(如“們”表

示復(fù)數(shù))、動態(tài)助詞(如“著”、“了”、“過”表示動詞的體)與結(jié)構(gòu)

助詞(“的”、“地”、“得”)雖類似英語的形態(tài)變化，但這些成分的使

用在漢語中缺乏普遍性。

英語詞序比較靈活，而漢語詞序相對固定。

形態(tài)變化與詞序有密切的關(guān)系。形態(tài)變化越多的語言，詞序越靈

活。漢語是典型的分析語，詞沒有形態(tài)標(biāo)志，位置不能隨便移動，詞

語之間的關(guān)系主要通過安排詞序及使用虛詞來表達(dá)。英語的語法意義

可以通過詞序或虛詞來表達(dá)，在許多情況下，也可以用形態(tài)變化來

表示。因而，英語詞語和從句的位置比漢語靈活。如英語中的倒裝句，

定語的位置等。

carefullyTheystudiedtheproblems

他們仔細(xì)地研究了那些問題。

Herosefromtheseatslowly.

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Slowlyherosefromtheseat.

Heslowlyrosefromtheseat.

他慢慢地從座位上站了起來。

ThepoetdiedonaMondaymorninginJuly20XX,

這位詩人死于20XX年七月一個星期一的早晨。

Example:

averyimportantquestion~~y_一個很重要的問題

aquestionofgreatimportance

adebatabletopic—j一個可以辯論的主題

atopicwhichcanbedebated

二Hypotacticvsparatactic

1.英語造句主要采用形合法(hypotaxis)o

所謂形合，就是指句中的詞語或分句之間主要靠語言本身的語言

形式手段，來表達(dá)語法和邏輯關(guān)系。英語造句常用各種形式手段來連

接詞、短語、分句或從句，注重顯性接應(yīng)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊嚴(yán)密，句子

以形現(xiàn)義。英語中的連接手段和形式不僅數(shù)量大，種類多，而且使用

頻繁。主要的連接手段和形式有：1)關(guān)系詞，2)連接詞，3)介詞，4)

其它連接手段,如形態(tài)變化,前后一致關(guān)系，以及it和there起連接

作用。

Example1:

Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandthelackof

transportfacilities,iscompounded,bythepaucityoftheinformation

media.

介詞：of,becauseof,of,by,of

形態(tài)變化：isolation,facilities,

Example2:

HeboaststhataslaveisfreethemomenthisfeettouchBritishsoiland

hesellsthechildrenofthepooratsixyearsofagetoworkunderthelash

inthefactories,forsixteenhoursaday.

連接詞：that,themoment,and

介詞：of,of,to,under,in,for

形態(tài)變化：boasts,sells,children,years,factories,hours

一致關(guān)系:He---his,He---boasts,he---sells,hisfeet---touch

Example3:

Itwaswhatsentimentalists,whodealinverybigwords,calla

yearningaftertheideal,andsimplymeansthatwomenarenotsatisfied

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untiltheyhavehusbandsandchildrenonwhomtheymaycontrol

affections,whichspendelsewhere,asitwere,insmallchange.

（W.Thackeray:VanityFair）

關(guān)系詞：what,who,whom,which,

連接詞：and,that,until,and,as,

介詞：in,after,on,in

兩處“it”的連接形式

形態(tài)變化：

名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：sentimentalists,words,women,husbands,children,

affections,

謂語動詞的時態(tài)，數(shù)以及語態(tài)：was,deal,call,means,are,have,are

spent,were

代詞：they,they,they

三Stativevs.Dynamic

英語表達(dá)傾向于多用名詞，因而敘述呈靜態(tài)（stative）;漢語表達(dá)

傾向于多用動詞，因而敘述呈動態(tài)（dynamic）。

1.英語的靜態(tài)傾向主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：

1）名詞化（nominalization）是英語常見的現(xiàn)象。名詞化指用名詞

來表達(dá)原來屬于動詞或形容詞所表達(dá)的概念，如用抽象名詞來表達(dá)動

作、行為、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等概念。

Examples:

Theappearanceofthebookonthemarketcausedasensation

AnotherdeparturefromtherecentWhiteHousepracticesisthe

absenceofdancing.

Thedoctor'sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycareful

examinationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.

2）用名詞的施事者（agentivenoun）,來代替動詞。由于英語中有

許多由動詞派生（如以-er或or結(jié)尾）的名詞既表示施事者，又保留

原來動詞的意義。因此，英語中常用含有行為和動作意義的普通名詞

代替動詞。

Examples:

Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.

Sheprovedtobeagoodlistener.

3）名詞優(yōu)勢造成介詞優(yōu)勢。由于英語多用名詞，必然也要多用

介詞，因而產(chǎn)生了介詞優(yōu)勢。介詞優(yōu)勢與名詞優(yōu)勢結(jié)合，使英語的靜

態(tài)傾向更為顯著。

Examples:

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Heisathisbooks.

Inadequatetrainingforfarmersandthelowproductivityofmany

farmsplacethemajorityofcountrydwellersinadisadvantageous

positionintheirowncountries.

CarlisleStreetrunswestward,acrossagreatblackbridge,downahill

andupagain,bylittleshopsandmeatmarkets,pastsingle-storedhomes,

untilsuddenlyitstopsagainstawidegreenlawn.

4）動詞的弱化和虛化。英語中最常用的動詞正是動作意味最弱

的動詞----tobe,以及一些常用的弱式動詞如have,become,grow,

feel,go,get等，這些動詞的各種形式都缺乏動態(tài)感。止匕外，英語還

常常將動詞轉(zhuǎn)化或派生成名詞，置于虛化動詞（如have,make,do,take

等）之后作賓語，如havealook,takeawalk,payvisits,dosome

cleaning等。這類動詞短語往往顯得虛弱或平淡無味。

Examples:

Whowilltakechargeofyourmotherwhenyouareaway?

Let'shavealookatthepicture.

5）用形容詞或副詞表達(dá)動詞的意義。英語常用動詞的同源形容詞

與弱化動詞相結(jié)合的方式表達(dá)動詞的意義。

Examples:

Iamdoubtfulwhetherheisstillalive.

Thedoctorsfeltsympatheticwiththeirpatients.

Shewillbehomeinanhour.

Classwillbeoverat4o'clock.

四PassivevsActive

1.英語被動語態(tài)

被動語態(tài)的廣泛使用是英語有別于漢語的一大特點。由于英文文

章常用被動句，因此被動語態(tài)在英語里就成了一種常見的語法現(xiàn)象，

尤其在英語科技文體中，用被動語態(tài)幾乎成了一種表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

被動句使用的原因：

1).施事的原因。人們在表達(dá)思想時，通常使用主動句。但當(dāng)句

子的施事((agent)由于下列原因不需要或不可能指明時，則英語往

往采用被動句。

?不知道或沒有必要說明施事者是誰。

Itissaidthatathiefwascaughtyesterday.

Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipeispusheddowntopreventthe

sidesfromfallingin.

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Wehaven'tbeentoldaboutit.

?無從說出主動者是誰。

Riceischieflygrowninthesouth.

Theproblemisbeingstudied.

?施事者在上下文中可以不言自明，為了便于銜接而使用被動

句。

Hetoldmethathisbosshaddismissedhim.Noreasonshadbeen

assigned.

JackfoughtJohninthemen'ssingleslastnightandwasbeaten.

Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.

?施事沒有受事重要，或受事需要強調(diào)。

Hisonlydaughterwasrunoverbyatruck.

Theletterwasbrokenintopieces.

Thesongwascomposedbyaworker.

?為了表達(dá)某種微妙的情緒或出于禮貌措辭圓通等方面考慮，不

愿指明施事。

Youarerequestedtogiveaperformance.

Somethinghasbeensaidatthepartytonightthatoughtnottohave

beenspoken.

Itisgeneralconsiderednotadvisabletoactthatway.

2)出于句法、修辭或文體的需要。適當(dāng)使用被動句可以使表達(dá)靈

活多變，避免句型單調(diào)。一些信息性(informative)的文體多使用被

動句。這類文體主要指科技文體、新聞文體、公文文體以及論述文體。

Shewasastoundedthatherboyfriendwasnotpreparedtopresent

herabunchofrose.

ThebasicEnglishsentencepatternscanbevariedinmanyways.

Thedecimal,orten-scale,systemisusedforscientificpurpose

throughouttheworld,evenincountrieswhosenationalsystemofweights

andmeasurementsarebaseduponotherscales.

Underheavypoliceguard,thedinnerwasfinallyheldinamarquee

nearthevillageofWelshpoolinthecountryofPowys.

Yoursalaryandperiodofappointmentandreappointmenthavebeen

sorecognized.

英語的被動式分為：結(jié)構(gòu)被動式(syntacticpassive)和意義被動式

(notionalpassive),但在英語句子中，前者遠(yuǎn)比后者多。

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結(jié)構(gòu)被動式指利用被動結(jié)構(gòu)be+動詞過去分詞來表示。如：

Thesekindsofstudieswerenotstarteduntilthenewequipmentwas

importedfromadevelopedcountry.

Iwasastonishedthathewaspreparedtogivemeawell-paidjob.

意義被動式指利用主動形式來表被動意義。如：

Theseproductsselllikehotcakes.

MissAlicedressesbeautifultoday.

TheFirstWorldWarbrokeoutin1914.

Whatdidtheaccidentoccur?

五、ImpersonalvsPersonal.

西方人的哲學(xué)強調(diào)主客體對立，物我分明。所以西方人重形式論

證，崇尚個體思維，重分析，其表現(xiàn)在語言中，重形合，不求全面，

周到，但求結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。所以造句常使用物稱表達(dá)法，即讓事物以客

觀的口氣呈現(xiàn)出來，這種表達(dá)法使敘述顯得客觀，公正，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密，

緊湊，語氣委婉間接。

而漢人的哲學(xué)則強調(diào)“天人合一”，主客體統(tǒng)一，主張“萬物與我

為一”。因此，漢語則重悟性，重整體抽象，重綜合，即不是憑借嚴(yán)

謹(jǐn)?shù)男问竭M行分析，而是根據(jù)主觀的直覺，從邏輯及上下文中悟出關(guān)

系來。因此，漢語語言簡約和模糊。意合是漢語重悟性的突出表現(xiàn)，

即在語言中可以連連出現(xiàn)省略，但意義相連，脈絡(luò)清楚。漢語中形散

而神聚的句子比比皆是。由于漢語較注重主體思維，這種思維模式往

往從自我出發(fā)來敘述客觀事物，或傾向于描述人極其行為或狀態(tài)，因

而常用人稱表達(dá)法。當(dāng)人稱可以不言而喻時，又常常隱含人稱或省略

人稱。

1.英語常用非人稱主語，而漢語常用人稱主語。

英語用非人稱作主語的句子可以分為兩類：

1)用抽象名詞或無生命的事物名稱作主語，即“無靈主語”

(inanimatedsubject),同時使用表示人的動作或行為的動詞即“有靈

動詞”作謂語，因而，此句式往往帶有擬人化的修辭色彩，語氣含蓄,

令人回味。英語中這類“無靈主語”與“有靈動詞”搭配的句式不僅

比漢語多，而且使用場合也比漢語廣。

Mygoodfortunehassentyoutome,andwewillneverpart.

我很幸運，能夠得到你，讓我們永不分離吧。

Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.

我興奮得什么話也說不出來。

Iwastooexcitedtosayaword.

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Hispassioncarriedhimastray.

他因感情沖動而誤入歧途。

Neithersorrownorregretfollowedmypassionateoutburst.

我發(fā)一陣怒之后，并不難過，也不后悔。

2）使用非人稱代詞“it”和“there”作主語。

Itiscommonknowledgethatalllivingthingsneedair.

所有生物都需要空氣，這是常識。

Itwasin214B.C.thattheChineseBeganconstructingtheGreatWall.

是在公元前2XX年，中國人民開始建造萬里長城。

Thereusedtobenopowersupplyinthisarea.

這個地區(qū)過去沒有電力供應(yīng)。

Thereexistedmanystrangeanimalsinancienttimes.

古代曾經(jīng)生存過許多奇異的動物。

有

therestand（be,exist,usedto,have,）

英語常用被動式，采用物稱表達(dá)法；漢語常用主動式，采用人稱

表達(dá)法，泛稱或隱稱表達(dá)法。

Atreeisknownbyitsfruit,andamanisknownbyhisactions.

看樹看果實，看人看作為。

Matterisknowntooccupyspace.

我們知道物質(zhì)占有空間。

Alargemotorisbeinginstalledinourfactory.

我們廠里正在安裝一部大型電動機。

II、Sentencepatternsandothervariants

一、Fivetypesofbasicsentencepatterns

Forthecorrectconstructionofsentences,sentencesstructuresare

whatsentenceconstructionsaretotallydependenton.Let'sgooverthe

followingfivetypesofbasicsentencepatternslistedblown.

二.Othervariants（變體）

OfallthesentencesinEnglish,apartfromthefivetypesofbasic

sentencepatternsmentionedabove,othersentencescouldberegardedas

thevariantsofthesefivetypesofbasicsentencepatterns.

VariationofBasicEnglishSentences（變式）

Interrogativesentencechangedfromthenarrativesentence.

Forexample:

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Hasthemobilephonebeenworkingwell?

CanwegettoBeijinginanhourbyplane?

Negativesentencefrompositivesentence.

Forexample:

Hedidn'tcomefromSydney.

Whathesaidwasnottrue.

Passivesentencefromactivesentence.

Forexample:

Thedoorwaspaintedred.

Hehasbeensenttohospital.

“There+be"Structure.

Forexample:

Thereisabookonthedesk.

Onceuponatime,therelivedanoldmaninthevillage.

2.ExtensionofBasicEnglishSentences（擴展）

Addingmodifiedwordsorphrasesorclausesasattributiveor

adverbial.

Forexample:

Stressedpeoplehavehighercholesterollevels.

Theotherkeytocontrollingstressistorealizethatthereareother

troublesomepartsofyourlifeoverwhichyoucanhavelittleorno

control.

AddingtheelementsofBasicEnglishSentences.

Forexample:

Scientistshaveprovedittruethatsomeanimalshaveprettyhigh

intelligence.

Thestructureofthesteelandresultingpropertieswilldependonhow

hotthesteelgetsandhowquicklyorslowlyitiscooled.

3、CombinationofBasicEnglishSentences（組合）

Forexample:

ItisacommonwaytoputallkindsofbasicEnglishsentences

togetherintermsofconnectivesandpunctuation.

Forexample:

Thesurvivorsstillspeakwithfearofthedaywhenthedisaster

happened.

Videogamesappealtosomedeepinstinctinboys,whofindit

impossibletotearthemselvesawayfromthem.

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4、OmissionofBasicEnglishSentences（省略）

Forexample:

Generallyspeaking,someelementsorwordsorphrasesofbasic

Englishsentencescouldbeomitted.Forexample:

Wemaygotothekaraokebarorstayathometowatchthevideo

show.

NoAdmittanceExceptonBusiness.

VictoryNowinSight.

Hisfaceistannedandhishandsbigandstrong.

Hewasafriendto,andastrongsupporterof,thepartyleader.

5、InversionofbasicEnglishsentence.（倒裝）

Forexample:

Thewindowopenedandincameagentlebreeze.

Onthetopofthehillstandsanoldtemple.

Suchwashisstrengththathecarriedalltheboxesontothethirdfloor.

Facingthelakewasalittleinnwithitspillaredveranda.

三.TypesofSentences

1、Accordingtotheiruse,sentencesaredividedintodeclarative,

interrogative,imperativeandexclamatory.

Declarativesentence

Weconsiderhimtobeaniceperson.

Tradehelpsdevelopindustry.

Interrogativesentence

Hasthemeetingbegun?

Areyoumarried?

Imperativesentence

Takeaseat,please.

Let'sdoitagain.

Exclamatorysentence

WhataterribleplacetheBermudaTriangleis!

Hownicethehouselooks!

2、Accordingtotheirstructure,sentencesarecategorizedintosimple,

compound,complexandcompound-complex

Simplesentence：

Therearemanykindsofbooks.

MybrotherandIbothliveinLondon.

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Compoundsentence

Themoonwashiddenbytheclouds;notastarcouldbeseen.

Wetriedtopersuadeher,butsherefusedtocome.

Complexsentence：

Hewantedtoseewhetherhewouldbegivenanotherchance.

ItoldhimwhatIwantedtosay.

ThisisexactlywhatIwanttosay.

Compound-complex：

Myfatherpromisedthathewouldmeetme,butwhenIarrivedatthe

station,hewasnowheretobeseen.

Tocopewiththedifficultsituation,wehavetocutdownour

expendituresandpracticeeconomy.不定式作狀語。

TheChinesecharacterHao,whichcombinessymbolfor“woman”

withthesymbolfor"boy",means"good".定語從句作定語。

Convincedofthedefendant'sguilt,thejurytwistedthefactsto

supporttheirjudgment.

分詞作狀語

Everythingconsidered,NewYorkisamostexcitingcity.

獨立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語

Repeatedcheatingontestsisriskyandself-defeating.

動名詞作主語

ThattheOlympicGameshavebecomeprohibitinglyexpensiveisone

reasonwhyAmericancitiesshowlittleinterestinhostingit.

（名詞從句作主語）‘一

Theteacherwillfindthatthegeneralattitudesofstudentstowards

classroomcommunicationfluctuate,notonlyfromgenerationto

generationorfromdecadetodecade,butalsoalmostfromyearto

year.（介詞短語作定語和狀語）

3、Fromarhetoricalpointofview,sentencesareloosesentence（松散

句）、periodicsentence（圓周句）andbalancedsentence（平衡句）.

Aloosesentencereferstoasentenceputtingthemainideabeforeall

supplementaryinformation.Inotherwords,thereaderwouldknowwhat

thesentenceismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.A

loosesentenceiseasier,simple,morenaturalanddirect.

Forexample:

Mr.SmithmadeuphismindtostudyChineseculture,becausehehad

greatinterestinit.

Hewassittinginalargechairbeforethefirewhenweenteredthe

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room.

尾重

Aperiodicsentencereferstoasentenceinwhichthemainideais

expressedatorneartheendofit.Inotherwords,thereaderwouldnot

knowwhatthesentenceismainlyaboutuntilhehasreadthewhole

sentence.Generallyspeaking,aperiodicsentenceismorecomplex,

emphatic,formalorliterary.

Forexample:

AlthoughshewasinterestedinFrench,heneverstudiedit.

Whentheclasswasover,thestudentswenttothepark.

Abalancedsentencemeansasentencecontainingtwoormoreparts

similarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning.Generallyspeaking,a

balancedsentenceisemphatic,forcefulandimpressivebecauseofits

contrastandthiskindofsentenceismainlyusedinformalwriting,such

asexpositoryandargumentativeprose,andspeeches.

Forexample:

Uponhearingthenews,Iwasangered,andhewassaddened.

Itistheagethatformstheman;notthemanthatformstheage.

IllHowtowriteeffectivesentence

1、SentenceshouldhaveaqualityofUnity.

Unityisofgreatimportanceforasentence.Aunifiedsentencemust

expressasinglecompletethought.Ontheonehand,those,whicharenot

closelyrelatedtothemainidea,shouldnotbeincludedinasentence;on

theotherhand,asentenceshouldnotexpressathoughtthatisnot

completebyitself.

Originalsentence:Asweweredrivingoutintothecountry,wemeta

manridingabicycle,andwepassedatruckfully

loadedwithvegetables,andonourwaybackwe

stoppedatagrocery'stogetsomefruit.

Revisedsentence:Asweweredrivingoutintothecountry,wemeta

manridingabicycle.Laterwepassedatruckfully

loadedwithvegetables.Onourwayback,we

stoppedatagrocery'stogetsomefruit.

Faulty:Shekeepsonsinginganddancing.Apparentlynotnoticingme.

Revised:Shekeepsonsinginganddancing,apparentlynotnoticingme.

Faulty:Botheredbythenoiseinthestreet.Shecouldhardlyfallasleep.

Revised:Botheredbythenoiseinthestreet,shecouldhardlyfallasleep.

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Faulty:Ididnotheartherwhenshecamein.BecauseIwassleeping

soundly.

BecauseIwassleepingsoundly,Ididnotheartherwhenshecame

in.

Revised:IdidnotheartherwhenshecameinbecauseIwassleeping

soundly.

Faulty:IthoughtIwouldgotodance.Butsoonchangedmymind.

Revised:IthoughtIwouldgotodance,butsoonchangedmymind.

Faulty:Shanghaiisoneofthebiggestcities.

Revised:ShanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesinChina.

Faulty:Iamnotsurprisedthathefailedintheexamination,hehad

notbeenworkingveryhard.

Revised:Iamnotsurprisedthathefailedintheexam,forhehadnot

beenworkingveryhard.

Faulty:Thepatienfsconditiongotworsewhenhewasgivenevery

attention.

Revised:Thepatient'sconditiongotworsethough(eventhough)

hewasgiveneveryattention.

Faulty:Awell-dressedmanadmittedusintothehouse,andwe

laterlearnedthathewasathief.

Revised:Awell-dressedman,whowelaterlearnedwasathief,

admittedusintothehouse.

2、Sentenceshouldhaveaqualityofcoherence.

Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.A

sentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedand

theirrelationshipsunmistakablyclear.Therefore,theelementswithina

sentenceshouldbecoherentlyorlogicallyarranged.Thefollowingcases

willharmthequalityofcoherence.

1)、Problemscausedbyagreement

Thiskindofproblemmainlymeansthatthenumberofpredicateina

sentenceisnotinaccordancewithitssubject,especiallyinasentence

containingsuchwordsorphrasesas"and","aswellas"togetherwith”,

“inaddition","coupledwith”,etc.

Faulty:Oneofthemainproblemsarethatfewstudentstrustme.

Revised:Oneofthemainproblemsisthatfewstudentstrustme.

Faulty:Mymotheranddoctorgooutforawalk.

Revised:Mymotheranddoctorgooutforawalk.

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Faulty:Thisfirm,inadditiontotheonesetuptwodecadeago,are

facingwithdifficultsituations.

Revised:Thisfirm,inadditiontotheonesetuptwodecadeago,is

facingwithdifficultsituations.

Faulty:Eithertheteacherorthepupilsissatisfiedwiththisplan.

Revised:Eithertheteacherorthepupilsaresatisfiedwiththisplan.

Faulty:Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogetthefirstprize.

Revised:Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogetsthefirstprize.

Heisoneofthestudentswhogetthefirstprize.

2)、Danglingandmisplacedmodifiers

Modifiersareusedtomodifytheword(noun,verb,adverb,adjective),

phraseandeventhesentence.Generallyspeaking,themodifiershouldbe

putcloselytogetherwithitspartbeingmodified.Butsometimesitmay

notbeputcloselytogetherwithitselementbeingmodified.Therearetwo

waystorevisethedanglingsentences.Oneistorevisethemainclauseby

changingthesubjectofmainclauseintothelogicalsubjectofthe

modifier;theotheristorevisethemodifierbyputtingitintoasub-clause.

Astothosemisplacedmodifiers,itisacommonwaytochangetheminto

correctoneaccordingtotheirlogicalrelationships.

Faulty:Ingettingoffthebus,myanklewaswounded.

Revised:Ingettingoffthebus,Igotmyanklewounded.

WhenIwasgettingoffthebus,myanklewaswounded.

Faulty:Attheageofthree,mymotherleftmeforNewYork.

Revised:WhenIwasthreeyearsold,mymotherleftmeforNew

York.

Faulty:Whilereadingthenewspaper,myphonerang.

Revised:WhileIwasreadingthenewspaper,myphonerang.

Revised:WhileIwasreadingthenewspaper,Iheardmyphone

ringing.

Faulty:Beforesettingout,thepackagewereputintotheplane.

Revised:Beforewesetout,thepackagewereputintotheplane.

Revised:Beforesettingout,weputthepackageintotheplane.

Faulty:Shewasaveryslowgirl.Shenearlybrushedherteethfor

twentyminuteseverynight.

Revised:Shewasaveryslowgirl.Shebrushedherteethfornearly

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twentyminuteseverynight.

Faulty:Theheadmasterdiscussedthetopicontheabsenceofthe

studentsatthemeeting.

Revised:Atthemeeting,theheadmasterdiscussedthetopiconthe

absenceofthestudents.

3）、Pronounswithambiguousreference

Insuchcircumstance,itisacommonwaytochangethosepronouns

withambiguousreferenceintocorrectonesaccordingtotheirlogical

relationships.

Faulty:Mr.ZhangtoldMrs.Wangthatherchildwasplayinginher

garden.

Revised:Mr.ZhangsaidtoMrs.Wang,“yourchildisplayinginmy

garden.^^

Faulty:Hewasknockeddown,butitwasnotserious.

Revised:Hewasknockeddown,butwasnotseriouslyhurt.

Faulty:Shetoldmybrothershewaswrong.

Revised:Sheadmittedthathewaswrongandsaidsotomybrother.

4）、Inappropriateuseinperson,voice,tense,etc.

Faulty:Iwrotetohim,butmyletterwasnotanswered.

Revised:Iwrotetohim,buthedidnotanswermyletter.

Faulty:Thosewhowanttotakepartinthesportsactivitiesare

expectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.

Revised:Thosewhowanttotakepartinthesportsactivitiesare

expectedtosigntheirnameonthissheetofpaper.

Onewhowantstotakepartinthesportsactivitiesisexpectedto

signhisnameonthissheetofpaper.

Faulty:Beinga20thcollegestudent,itisstrangethathedoesn'tfind

ajob.

Revised:Beinga20thcollegestudent,itwasstrangethathedidnot

findajob.

5）、Faultyparallelstructure

Parallelstructuresareusuallyemployedinthelistingoffacts,ideas,

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eventsandthelikeandtheparallelelementsmayrangefroma

minimumoftwotoanynumberrequired.Parallelideashadbetterbe

expressedinparallelconstruction,whichcangiveemphasis,clarityand

coherencetoasentence.

Or,but,yet,and

Both...and...,neither...nor.either...or...,notonly...butalso...

Than...,aswellas...

Faulty:Whentheweathergetscold,draftyandrainsalot,itis

especiallyimportanttokeepyourfeetwell-covered.

Revise:Whentheweathergetscold,draftyanddamp,itisespecially

importanttokeepyourfeetwell-covered.

Faulty:Iwouldrathergetasunstrokeanddiedonthespot.

Revised:Iwouldrathergetasunstrokeanddieonthespot.

Faulty:Sheiscleverbutwon'tsucceed.

Revised:Sheiscleverbutnotsuccessful.

Faulty:Theworkersareyoungandlackexperience.

Revised:Theworkersareyoungandinexperienced.

Faulty:Thestudentwantedtoknowwhattheproblemwasandthe

duedateoftheessay.

Revised:Thestudentwantedtoknowwhattheproblemwasand

whentheessaywasdue.

Faulty:Youcantakebusorbytrain.

Revised:Youcangotherebybusorbytrain.

Fautlty:Somedrugaddictsareneitherconcernedabouttheirown

healthnordotheyworryabouttheirfutureprospects.

RevisedSomedrugaddictsareneitherconcernedabouttheirown

healthnorworriedabouttheirfutureprospects.

Fautlty:Mycomputerdoesnotprocessasfastasmyfriend.

Revised:Mycomputerdoesnotprocessasfastasmyfriend's.

3、Sentenceshouldhaveitsemphasis

Veryoftenapartofasentence,inclusiveawordoraphrase,shouldbe

emphasizedbecauseitiswherethemainideaofthesentenceis.

Emphasiscouldbeachievedbythefollowingways.

1）、Adjustingthewordorder.Thewordsorphrasestobeemphasized

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areputatthebeginn