專題13閱讀理解議論文

考情聚焦

課標要求

近三年全國中考針對閱讀理解議論文的考察，除了樹立正確的人生觀，價值觀之外，對于同學們對于自己

獨特特點的表達也是一個新的考察方向；

考Z7占八、、,?

議論文的話題分類；

議論文的結構框架；

議論文的主題句提取；

考向

考向一：議論文的話題分類

1.（2024天津中考真題）

TheInternetisoftenusedtobuyandsellproducts,paybills,andcommunicatewithpeople.Buthowsafeisitwhen

youusetheInternet?OurmagazineInteractionsaskedsomeInternetusersabouttheirexperiences.

Linda,29,nurse:Ipayallmybillsonline.Oneday,Ireceivedanemailfrommybank.Ittoldmethasomeone

wastryingtotakeoutmoneyfrommyaccount（帳號），soIshouldemailmypassword（密碼）tothe“bank

manager".Ifeltsomethingwaswrong,so1calledmybankandaskedabouttheiremail,andtheysaidtheynever

sentit.Irealisedthatsomeonetriedtocheat（欺騙）meofmymoney.Illcontinuepayingmybillsthisway,butFil

bemorecareful.

Emily,22,officeworker:Iwasatwork,andIsentanemailtoafiriendofmine.Iwastellingheraboutmy

problemswithMark,themanager.Afewminuteslater,afriendofMark'scameovertomydesk.Hesaid."Soyou

thinkMarkistoostrict?"Myfacewasred.1chosethewrongnameonmyaddresslist.Itwasmyownfault.look

overmyemailsmorecarefullybefore1click"Send''nexttime.

Thomas,21,universitystudent:IlovetheInternet!1lookuplotsofinformationonline.1oftenbuythingsonthe

websites-furniture,clothes,CDs,evenfoods.Ihavealsosoldsomeof*mythingsontheInternet.1onlyusethe

websitesItrustandPveneverhadasafetyproblem.

1.Whereisthepassagetakenfrom?

A.AdiaryB.Anovel.C.Amagazine.D.Ahistorybook.

2.Lindaprobablygottheemailfromapersonwho

A.refusedtolendmoneytoher

B.askedaboutherexperiences

C.soldthingstoheronthewebsites

D.triedtocheatherofhermoney

3.Thewordt6faultninParagraph3means.

A.projectB.mistakeC.advantageD.plan

4.Whosharedenjoyableexperiencesaccordingtothepassage?

A.Linda.B.Emily.

C.MaryD.Thomas.

5.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.TheInternet:HowSafeIsIt?

B.TheBank:HowUsefulIsIt?

C.TheWebsite:HowCheapIsIt?

D.TheMagazine:HowAmazingIsIt?

【答案】l.C2,D3.B4.D5.A

【導語】本文主要就互聯網安全，介紹幾位互聯網用戶的經歷。

【解析】

【1題詳解】

細節理解題。根據"OurmagazineInteractionsaskedsomeIntemmetusersabouttheirexperiences.”可矢口，本文

來自雜志，故選C。

【2題詳解】

細節理解題。根據"OurmagazineInteractionsaskedsomeIntemmetusersabouttheirexperiences.〃可矢口，本文

來細節理解題。根據"Irealisedthatsomeonetriedtocheat（欺騙）meofmymoney.〃可知，琳達可能是從一個想

騙她錢的人那里收到這封郵件的，故選Do

【3題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據"Ichosethewrongnameonmyaddresslist.Itwasmyownfault”可知，我把通訊錄上的名字

選錯了，這是自己的錯，故選Bo

[4題詳解】

細節理解題。根據"HovetheIntermet!..IonlyusethewebsitesItrustandI'veneverhadasafetyproblem.”'可知,

Thomas分享了愉快的經歷，故選D。

15題詳解】

最佳標題題。本文主要就互聯網安全，介紹幾位互聯網用戶的經歷。故選A.

上畫2視

2.（2024廣東中考真題）

Peopleknowanimalsdohavefeelings,buttheyarenotsureifthesefeelingsarecorrectlyunderstood.Inrece

ntyears,scientistshavedoneresearchaboutthefeelingsofcows,frogsandpandas.Itsaysthathu

malcantellwhetherachickenishappyorsadbylisteningtoitscalls.

Theresearchersputabowlbehindadoor,Insidethebowl,solmetimes,therewassomethingchickens

lovetoeat,suchasriceorinsects.Sometimes,therewasnothing.Whenthechickenssawfoodbehindth

edoor,theseemedhappyandproducedfastandloudsounds,knownasfood.Whentherewasn'tfood.thec

hickensmadelowandlongnoisestoexpressdisappointment.Theresearchersrecordedallthese

soundsandstudiedtheirwaves.

Thentheresearcherschose16recordingsofsuchchickennoises.Halfwerefromthechickensseeingthe

foodandhalfwerefromthechickensfindingnofood.Therecordingswereplayedto194volunteers.Sixty-n

inepercenofthevolunteerscorrectlyunderstoodwhetherthechickenswerefeelinghappyornot,andsomeof

themevenhadnoexperienceoftakingcareofchickens.

Theresultshowsthathumanshavethenaturalabilitytounderstandthefeelingsofchickens.Hopefully,

thifindingcanbringaboutnewtechnologytohelpwithchicken-raising,abigindustryinmanycountries.Some

scientistsarealreadyworkingonasmartcomputerprogramthatcanidentifychickens5feelings.Thisisgoodnews

forfarmerswhowanttomakethebirdshappierandhealthier

6.Whichofthefollowingcanbeputin""inParagraph1?

A.Humansmaynotlikeanimals.

B.Scientistsknownothingaboutit

C.Nobodyknowswhythishappens

D.Anewstudyaddschickenstothelist.

8.Howdidthevolunteershelpwiththeresearch?

A.Bylisteningtothechickencalls.

B.Bytakingcareofthechickens.

CByfindingfoodforthechickens

D.Bymakingthechickenshappy

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword""identify"meaninParagraph4?

C.RecognizeA.Control..B.Hide.D.Hurt.

10.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Chickens*FoodCalls

B.HappyChickens,SadChickens

C.Farmers9BestChoice

D.SmartFarmers,HealthyFarmers

【答案】6.D8.A9.C10.B

【導語】本文進行一個研究，研究結果表明人類可以通過聽雞的叫聲來判斷它是高興還是悲傷.

【解析】

【6題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據"Inrecentyears,scientistshavedoneresearchaboutthefeelingsofcows,frogsandpandasit

saysthathumanscantellwhetherachickenishappyorsadbylisteningtoitscalls."可知，空前提到牛、青蛙

和熊貓，空后提到雞，選項D“一項新的研究將雞加入了這個名單”符合語境，故選D。

【8題詳解】

細節理解題。根據“Therecordingswereplayedto194volunteers"”可知，這些錄音播放給194名志愿者聽所

以志愿者們是通過聽雞叫來幫助這項研究，故選A。

[9題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據“Somescientistsarealreadyworkingonasmartcomputerprogramthatcanidentifychickens.

新題特訓

3.Duringtheirbusylives,peopledonotpaymuchattentiontotheexpirydates（有效期）onthefoodintheir

firidges.Asaresult,alotoffoodisforgottenaboutandwasted.However,accordingtoarecentresearch,being

awareof（意識至U）whatyouthrowawaycanhelpyouwasteless.

Theresearchersmeasured（測量）foodwastefrom154familiesacrosstheUK.Halfofthesefamiliesinthe

researchwereaskedtolistthefiruitsandvegetablestheyhadboughtandtheirexpirydates.Thefamiliesstuck

thelistonthefridgedoorandreceivedatextmessageeverydaytellingthemtocheckitTheotherhalfdidnothave

tomakealistanddidnotreceivetextmessages.Overasix-weekperiod,allthefamilieswereaskedtomeasure

theilfoodwasteattheendofeachweek.

Theresearchersweresurprisedtofindthatmakinglistsandgettingtextsmadelittledifferencetohowmuchfood

waswasted.However,eachfamilyintheresearchwastedlessfoodabout0.1kiloaweek.Theresearcherscarried

ontheresearchforsixmonths,andfoundthatallthefamiliescontinuedtowastelessfood.Thisshowsthatjust

measuringfoodwasteencouragespeopletopaycloserattentiontoitandthrowlessaway.

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inparagraph2referto（指的是）？

A.Theresearch..

B.Thelist.

C.Thedoor.

D.Themessage

11.Whatisintroducedinparagraph3aboutthesix-weekresearch?

A.Itspurpose..

B.Itsmethod.

C.Itssteps!

D.Itsresults!

12.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitle（標題）forthetext?

A.MeasureFoodWastetoStopIt

C.ChecktheFoodBeforeStoringIt

B.PayAttentiontoWhatYouBuy!

D.GiveThoughttoYourBusyLife

【答案】10.Bll.D12.A

【解析】

【導語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了一項關于減少食物浪費的研究。

[10題詳解】

翻譯推理判斷題。根據“Thefamiliesstuckthelistonthefridgedoorandreceivedatextmessageeverydaytelling

themtocheckit.”可知，這些家庭把食物清單貼在冰箱門上，并且被要求每天檢查。故此處it指代上文中提

到的“清單”。故選Bo

[11題詳解】

細節理解題。通讀第三段可知，本段主要介紹了研究的結果。故選Do

[12題詳解】

最佳標題題。根據"Thisshowsthatjustmeasuringfoodwasteencouragespeopletopaycloserattentiontoitand

throwlessaway.”及全文可知，文章介紹了一項關于食物浪費的研究，研究發現，只要監測食物浪費情況就

可以減少食物的浪費，故文章最佳標題是“MeasureFoodWastetoStopIt”。故選A。

4.Ifyougetangrymanytimesinaday,itistimeforyoutothinkabouthowtodealwithit.Herearesomeofmy

suggestions.

Whenyouareangry,trytotellyourselfthroughanothervoicethatyouareangryandthatitisnotabadthing.

Itjustshowsthatyouhavedifferentideas.Acceptthatmanythingsarenot100%rightorwrong.Inour

communicationwithothers,thefinalpurposeisnottodecidewhoisrightandwhoiswrong,buttolookfor

somethingincommon.

Ifyoustillfeelstronganger,trytakingadeepbreathandletangeroutofyourbodyalongwiththebreath.Don*t

sayangrywordswhenyouareveryangry,foryouwillregretsayingthemwhenyoucooldown.

Discussingwithathirdpartyishelpful.Itishardforthetwopartiesinangertounderstandeachother,but

thideaofanoutsidercanhelpbothpartiestogetmutual（相互的）understanding.

Angerisjustoneofthemanyemotions6青緒）thatmakeushuman,andtowellmanageitaddstoourabilityto

trulyunderstandtheworld.

13.Whatisthefinalpurposeofcommunicationwithotherpeople?

A.Toshowdifferentideas..

B.Tolookforsomethingincommon

C.Toacceptusefulsuggestions

D.Todecidewhetheroneisrightornot

14.Whatdoesthewriteradviseustodowhenwecan'tcooldown?

A.Sayangrywords.

B.Trytakingadeepbreathi

C.Controlourvoices.

D.Stoptalkingwithothers!

15.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“party'"inparagraph4mean?

A.Anactivity.

B.Avisitor.

C.Aperson.

D.Ameeting.

16.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Howtomanageanger.

B.Howtoshowfeelings.

C.Howtodealwithregrets.

D.Howtounderstandtheworld.

【答案】13.B14.B15.C16.A

【解析】

【導語】本文主要介紹了如何處理生氣這種情緒。

【13題詳解】

細節理解題。根據“thefinalpurposeisnottodecidewhoisrightandwhoiswrong,buttolookforsomething

incommon”可知，最終目的不是決定誰對誰錯，而是尋找共同之處。故選B。

【14題詳解】

細節理解題。根據"Ifyoustillfeelstronganger,trytakingadeepbreath（呼吸）andletangeroutofyour

bodyalongwiththebreath.”可知，應該要深呼吸，故選B。

[15題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據“buttheideaofanoutsidercanhelpbothpartiestogetmutual（相互的）

understanding.”可知，局外人的想法可以幫助雙方獲得相互理解，所以這里指的是第三方人，故選C。

[16題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據"Ifyougetangrymanytimesinaday,itistimeforyoutothinkabouthowtodealwithit.Here

aresomeofmysuggestions.”可知，本文主要介紹了如何處理生氣這種情緒。故選A。

5.DennisHongandhisstudentsdesign（設計）human-likerobots.ThisincludesacookingrobotcalledProject

YOR1.YOR1isonlythelatestofHong'srobotinventions,There'sDAVID,theworld'sfirstandonlycarthatcanbe

drivenbytheblind.AndSAFFiR,atwo-leggedrobotthatcandodangerousworkthathumansunabletodo.Hong

isfindingplentyofworkforhisrobots.

Whenhewasaskedabouthisbiggestsuccess,HongchosetherobotcalledDARwIn-OP.Hethoughtit

waoneofthemostwidelyusedhuman-likerobotsforresearchandeducation.Hong*steammadeDARwln's

desigfreeforanyonetouse.Theyhaveseenmanyprojectsusingthedesign.Andtheyconsideritagifttothe

roboticscommunity.

“Manypeopleonlywanttoseeoursuccessesandnotthefailuresthatcamebeforethose,butfailureissimply

asteppingstoneindevelopingnewtechnology.Ifyou'retooafraidoffailure,thenyouonlygettowalkonthesafer

side,andthenthere'snoinnovation（倉4新）JsaidHong."Itellmystudentstotrybreakingtherobot.Iftherobot

doesn'tfallanddoesn'tbreak,wedon'tgettolearnanything.

17.WhichrobotisthemostrecentinventionbyDennisHong'steam?

A.YORLB.DAVL.C.SAFFiR.D.DARwIn-OP.

18.WhatisspecialaboutDARwInaccordingtothetext?

A.Itstechnologyisthelatest.B.Itisapopularrobotfortheblind.

B.Itisthefirsthuman-likerobot.D.Itsdesignisfreeforanyonetouse.

19.WhatdoesDennisHongencouragehisstudentstodo?

A.Walkonthesaferside.

B.Domoreforeducation

C.Keeptryingandlearning

D.Avoidmakingmistake

【答案】17.A18.D19.C

【導語】本文主要介紹了丹尼斯?洪和他的學生設計的類人機器人。

【17題詳解】

細節理解題。根據“DennisHongandhisstudentsdesign（設計）human-likerobots.Thisincludesacookingrobot

calledProjectYORL”可知，YORI是丹尼斯?洪的團隊最近發明的。故選A。

【18題詳解】

細節理解題。根據"Hong'steammadeDARwIn?sdesignfreeforanyonetouse.”可知，它的特殊之處在于它的

設計對任何人都是免費的。故選D。

[19題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據"Ifyou*retooafraidoffailure,thenyouonlygettowalkonthesaferside,andthenthere*sno

innovation（倉ll新）“和tellmystudentstotrybreakingtherobot.Iftherobotdoesn*tfallanddoesn*tbreak,we

dontgettolearnanything”可推斷出，丹尼斯?洪鼓勵他的學生不斷嘗試和學習。故選C。

6.Thoughoceanscoverabout71percentoftheearth*ssurface,there*sstillalotwedon'tknowaboutthem.Only

about20percentoftheseafloorhasbeenmapped,andtheremaining80percentisstillasecrettous.Some

scientistseventhinkthat91percentofseaanimashaveyettobediscovered.

Sowhydoweknowsolittleaboutthedeepsea?Well,gettingtothosedepthsisverydifficultandrequireshigh

technologythatsimplydidn'tcomeintobeingformostofhumanhistory.Thefirstnavigablesubmarine（駕駛的

潛水艇）.forexample,wasbuiltin1620anditcoudn'tgomorethanfivemetersbelowthesurface.Infact,foralong

timemanyscientistsdidn'teventhiuthattherecouldbeanylifeatdepthsgreaterthan550meteranddidn*tsee

muchneedtoexplorethedeepsea.However,thischangedin1862whenlifewasdiscoveredasfardownas945

metersbelowthesealevelwiththehelpofadiggingmachine.Tenyearslater,around4700species（物種）unknown

beforefromtheoceanfloorwerediscovered.

Sincethen,hightechnologyhasbeendevelopedtohelpexplorethedeepsea,includingsatellites.Butwhy

isorationstillsodifficult?Well,atgreaterdepthsitisfreezing（極冷的）.everythingiscompletelydark,andthe

pressurecanbeover1.000timesgreaterthanthatonthesurface.

Thoughwehavethedifficulties,it'simportantthatweunderstandthesea,Theyhelpcontroltheearth's

temperatureandproducehalfoftheoxygen（Oz）intheair.Theycanalsoprovideuswithinformationabout

climatechange.Ourfuturedependsonlearningmoreaboutouroceans,anditispossibleforustoreallyunderstand

whatisongoingbelowthesurface.

20.WhyaresomenumberslistedinParagraph1?

A.Tointroducehowimportantoceansare.

B.Todiscusswhyseaanimalshaveyettobefoundout

C.Toexplainthatoceanscoveralargeareaoftheearth.

D.Toshowthatwehaveonlyalittleunderstandingofoceans

21.Whatcausedthechangeofexplorationintothedeepsea?

A.Hightechnology.

B.Unknownspecies.

C.Apleasantenvironment.

D.Valuableinformation.

22.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"They"inthelastparagraphreferto?

A.Seaanimals.

B.Theseas.

C.Thesatellites.

D.Manyscientists.

23.Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?

A.Itisdifficulttobuildanavigablesubmarine.

B.Theseashaveastronginfluenceonourfuture.

C.Theseashavenolivesatadepthof550meters

D.Itiseasiertogointothedeepseathanwethink

hanfivemetersbelowthesurface.

24.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthetext?

A.HiddenTreasuresinDeepSea

B.UnlockedSecretsofDeepSea

C.Deep-SeaExploration:IntotheFreezingDepths

D.Deep-SeaExploration:ThePastandtheFuture

【答案】20.D21.A22.B23.B24.C

【解析】

【導語】本文介紹了了解海洋的重要性。

【20題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據"Thoughoceanscoverabout71percentoftheearth'ssurface,there'sstillalotwedon't

knovaboutthem...”可知列舉的數字表明，盡管海洋覆蓋地球的71%,但是我們仍然知之甚少。故選D。

【21題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據"Infact,foralongtimemanyscientistsdidn'teventhinkthattherecouldbeanylifeat

depth.greaterthan550metersanddidn'tseemuchneedtoexplorethedeepsea."和"Sincethen,hightechnology

hasbeendevelopedtohelpexplorethedeepsea,includingsatellites.”可知探索深海需要高科技的幫助。故選A

【22題詳解】

詞義推斷題o根據“Thoughwehavethedificulties,it'simportantthatweunderstandtheseas."可知雖然我們有困

難，但了解海洋是很重要的。此處they指代上文的seaso故選B。

[23題詳解】

細節理解題。根據"Ourfuturedependsonlearningmoreaboutouroceans,anditispossibleforusto

reallunderstandwhatisongoingbelowthesurface."可知我們的未來取決于更多地了解我們的海洋，說明海洋對

我們的未來有很大影響。故選B?

【24題詳解】

最佳標題題。本文主要介紹了探索海洋的重要性，根據“Sincethen,hightechnologyhasbeendevelopedtohelp

explorethedeepsea,includingsatellites.Butwhyisdeep-seaexplorationstillsodifficult?”可知主要是介紹深海

探究的現狀，并不是過去與未來。故選C。

7.ItwasreportedinMay2024thattheChinawildlifeConservatinAssociation（CWCA,中國野生動物保護協會）

willsendgiantpandasYunChuanandXinBaototheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates,whichisasymbolofa

new10-yearperiodofInternationalConsevationpartnershipCLleDCeswithalargaretakersanddoctorstogowith

thepandastotheliS.Thezooistithasalsoformedaandmorecomfortablelivingenvironmennwithsnecialskills

relatedwithnandacaredailynursing,andscientificresearch.

Thecooperation（臺作）betweentheCWCAandtheSanDiegoZoodatesbackto1996whenBaiYunand

shishibecamethefirstpairofpandastoliveinthezoo.GiantpandasHuaMei,bomin1999,andMeiShengShi

Shibecamethefirstpairofpandastoliveinthezoo.Giantpbornin2003,whousedtolivethere,aretheresultof

China-USgiantpandaresearchcooperation.Overthepasttwentyyears,thetwosideshavecooperatedandsolved

manytechnicalproblems,includingimportantdiscoveriesinkeyareaslikepandaraising.

Sincethe1990s,Chinahascooperatedongiantpandaconservationwith20countries."International

cooperationinfieldssuchasdiseasepreventionandcontrol,treatment,andwildtrainingandreintroductiontothe

wild,hasachievedgoodresults.Giantpandaswillfacilitatecommunicationbetweenpeopleandletpeoplearound

theworldknowChinabetter,"saidLi,theleaderoftheChinaConservationandResearchCenterofGiantPanda.

""Scientificandeducationaloutreach（延伸月艮務）alsoservesasakeyroleininternationalgiantpanda

exchanges,allowingmorepeopletounderstandgiantpandas,whichprovidesverygoodsupportforoureffortsin

protectingwildgiantpandas,nLisaid.

25.China'ssendingYunChuanandXinBaototheSanDiegoZoomeans

A.agoodlivingconditionforpandas

B.anewageofconservationcooperation

C.agreatachievementinscientificresearch

D.along-termplanfortrainingpandacaretakers

26.HowlonghavetheCWCAandtheSanDiegoZoocooperated?

A.21years.

B.25years..

C.28years.

D.34years.

27.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Thehistoryofthecooperation.

B.Theraisingofthegiantpandas.

C.ThelivesofthepandasintheUS.

D.Theprocessofsolvingtheproblems.

28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword'"facilitate"inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Expect.B.Create.C.Improve.D.Receivel

29.Whatdoweknowfromthelastparagraph?

A.Scientificresearchiswellonitsway.

B.Theoutreachplaysanimportantpart.

C.Thecooperationrequiresinternationalsupport.

D.Educationaboutwildlifeprotectionisabigsuccess

【答案】25.B26.C27.A28.C29.B

【解析】

【導語】本文介紹了中國對大熊貓外交的重視程度，并呼吁人們保護大熊貓.

[25題詳解】

細節理解題。根據“ItwasreportedinMay2024thattheChinaWildlifeConservationAssociationwillsend

giarpandasYunChuanandXinBaototheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates,whichisasymbolofanew

10-yearperiodofinterationalconseivationpartnership,“可知中國野生動物保護協會將把大熊貓云川和鑫寶送往

美國圣地亞哥動物園，這標志著雙方新的10年國際保護伙伴關系。故選B。

【26題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據"ThecooperationbetweentheCWCAandtheSanDiegoZoodatesbackto1996whenBaiYun

andShiShibecamethefirstpairofjpandastoliveinthezOO.“可知中國野生動物保護協會和圣地亞哥動物園的

合作是從1996年開始，到現在已經28年了。故選C。

【27題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據"ThecooperationbetweentheCWCAandtheSanDiegoZoodatesbackto1996whenBaiYun

andShiShibecamethefirstpairofpandastoliveinthezOO.”可知本段介紹了中國野生動物保護協會和圣地亞

哥動物園的合作。故選Ao

[28題詳解】

詞義推斷題。根據"Giantpandaswillfacilitatecommunicationbetweenpeoplesandletpeoplearoundthe

worldknowChinabetter”可知大熊貓會促進人們的溝通，讓世界人們了解中國，facilitate有“促進”的意思，

用improve意思相近。故選C。

[29題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據“Scientificandeducationaloutreachalsoservesasakeyroleininternationalgiant

pandaexchanges,allowingmorepeopletounderstandgiantpandas,whichprovidesverygoodsupportforour

effortsinprotectingwildgiantpandas,”可知最后一段介紹了延伸服務的重要作用。故選B。

8.TheHutuoRiveristheriverofShijiazhuang,thecapitalcityofHebei.About20yearsago,itwasdirtyand

almostdriedup.

WuWenzhong,a58-year-oldvillager,livesnear