物理消毒滅菌法主講老師：王利沙PhysicaldisinfectionsterilizationWeifangNursingVocationalCollege濰坊護理職業學院物理消毒滅菌法Physicaldisinfectionsterilization用于消毒滅菌的物理學方法有：Thephysicalmethodsusedfordisinfectionandsterilizationinclude:

熱力（濕熱和干熱）Heat(wetheatanddryheat)

紫外線照射

Ultravioletirradiation

電離輻射

Ionizingradiation

濾過除菌等

Filtrationsterilization,etc.01熱力滅菌法Heatsterilization熱力滅菌法Heatsterilization在同一溫度下濕熱的滅菌效果比干熱好，其原因：Thesterilizationeffectofmoistheatisbetterthandryheatatthesametemperature,andthereasonis:①濕熱比干熱穿透力強；

Dampheathasstrongerpenetrationthandryheat;②濕熱時細菌快速吸收水分，菌體蛋白質易于凝固變性。

Bacteriaquicklyabsorbwaterduringhumidandhotconditions,andbacterialproteinsareproneto

coagulationanddenaturation.

③濕熱的蒸汽有潛熱效應存在，可迅速提高被滅菌物體的溫度。

Dampandhotsteamhaslatentheateffects,whichcanrapidlyincreasethetemperatureofthesterilizedobject.熱力滅菌法分濕熱滅菌和干熱滅菌兩類。Thermalsterilizationmethodisdividedintotwocategories:wetheatsterilizationanddryheatsterilization.濕熱滅菌法

Wetheatsterilizationmethod一種最常用、最有效的滅菌方法。Themostcommonlyusedandeffectivesterilizationmethod.適用于耐高溫和不怕潮濕物品Suitableforhightemperatureresistantandmoistureresistantitems熱力滅菌法Heatsterilization高壓蒸汽滅菌

Highpressuresteamsterilization溫度121.3℃，維持15～20minTemperature121.3℃,maintainfor15-20minutes水煮沸100℃

5分鐘，可殺滅細菌繁殖體，細菌芽胞需煮沸1～2小時才能殺滅。Boilingwaterat100℃for5minutescankillbacterialcolonies,andbacterialsporesneedtobeboiledfor1-2hourstobekilled.常用于飲水、食具及一些醫療器械（刀剪、注射器等）的消毒。Commonlyusedfordisinfectionofdrinkingwater,tableware,andsomemedicalequipment(knives,scissors,syringes,etc.)熱力滅菌法Heatsterilization煮沸法

Boilingmethod濕熱滅菌法

Wetheatsterilizationmethod利用蒸籠或阿諾蒸鍋進行消毒，可殺滅細菌的繁殖體，但不能殺滅細菌芽胞。UsingasteamerorArnosteamerfordisinfectioncankillbacterialcolonies,butcannotkillthebacterialspores.熱力滅菌法Heatsterilization流通蒸汽消毒法

Circulating濕熱滅菌法

Wetheatsterilizationmethod把經過流通蒸汽消毒的物品放置37℃孵箱過夜，使殘存的芽胞發育成繁殖體，次日再蒸一次。如此連續三次以上，可達到滅菌的效果，稱為間歇滅菌法。Placetheitemsdisinfectedwithcirculatingsteamina37℃incubatorovernighttoallowtheremainingsporestodevelopintoreproductivebodies,andsteamagainthenextday.Theintermittentsterilizationmethod,whichcanachievesterilizationeffectformorethanthreeconsecutivetimes,iscalledintermittentsterilization.常用于一些不耐高溫的含糖、牛奶等營養豐富的培養基滅菌。Commonlyusedforsterilizingnutrientrichculturemediasuchassugarandmilkthatarenotresistanttohightemperatures.熱力滅菌法Heatsterilization間歇蒸汽滅菌法

Fractionalsterilization濕熱滅菌法

Wetheatsterilizationmethod61.1~62.8℃，加熱30min或71.7℃加熱15~30s61.1~62.8℃,heatfor30minutesor71.7℃for15~30seconds牛奶、酒類Milkandalcoholicbeverages熱力滅菌法Heatsterilization巴氏消毒

Pasteurizationmethod濕熱滅菌法

Wetheatsterilizationmethod·焚燒：廢棄的物品或尸體Burning:Abandoneditemsorcorpses燒灼：實驗用的接種器、試管口、瓶口等可通過火焰直接燒灼滅菌。Cauterizing:Theinoculant,testtubemouth,bottlemouth,etc.usedintheexperimentcanbesterilizedbydirectburningwithaflame.熱力滅菌法Heatsterilization焚燒與燒灼

Burningandcauterizing干熱滅菌法

Dryheatsterilizationmethod·利用電熱干烤箱滅菌，通常加熱至160℃～170℃

2小時。Sterilizeusinganelectricdryingoven,usuallyheatedto160℃to170℃for2hours.適用于高溫下不變質、不損壞、不蒸發的物品，如玻璃器皿、瓷器等的滅菌。Suitableforsterilizationofitemsthatdonotdeteriorate,damage,orevaporateathightemperatures,suchasglassware,porcelain,etc.熱力滅菌法Heatsterilization干烤

Drybaking干熱滅菌法

Dryheatsterilizationmethod02紫外線與電離輻射滅菌法Ultravioletandionizingradiationsterilizationmethod紫外線與電離輻射滅菌法Ultravioletandionizingradiationsterilizationmethod日光與紫外線

Sunlightandultravioletradiation病人的衣服、被褥、書籍等經日光直接曝曬數小時，可殺死大部分微生物。Patients'clothes,bedding,books,etc.canbedirectly

exposedtosunlightforseveralhours,whichcankillmostmicroorganisms.殺菌的主要成分是紫外線Themaincomponentofsterilizationisultravioletradiation日光

Sunlight紫外線與電離輻射滅菌法Ultravioletandionizingradiationsterilizationmethod日光與紫外線

Sunlightandultravioletradiation265～266nm殺菌力最強

265-266nmhasthestrongestbactericidalpower。紫外線

Ultravioletrays干擾DNA復制

InterferencewithDNAreplication紫外線與電離輻射滅菌法Ultravioletandionizingradiationsterilizationmethod日光與紫外線

Sunlightandultravioletradiation紫外線

Ultravioletrays只適用于物體表面及手術室、病房、無菌實驗室等的空氣消毒

Onlyapplicableforairdisinfectionofobjectsurfaces,

operatingrooms,wards,sterilelaboratories,etc穿透力弱

Weakpenetrationpower紫外線與電離輻射滅菌法Ultravioletandionizingradiationsterilizationmethod在足夠劑量時，電離輻射對各種細菌均有致死作用。Atsufficientdoses,ionizingradiationhaslethaleffectsonvariousbacteria.常用于大量的一次性醫用塑料制品的消毒；亦能用于食品、藥品和生物制品的消毒而不破壞其營養成分。Commonlyusedfordisinfectionoflargequantitiesofdisposablemedicalplasticproducts;Itcanalsobeusedfordisinfectionoffood,medicine,andbiologicalproductswithoutdamagingtheirnutritionalcontent.03濾過除菌法Filtrationsterilizationmethod濾過除菌法Filtrationsterilizationmethod濾過除菌法

Filtrationsterilizationmethod用濾菌器物理阻留的方法將液體或空氣中的細菌、真菌除去，以達到無菌的目的，一般不能除去病毒、支原體和L型細菌等小的微生物。

Thephysicalretentionmethodofusingafiltertoremove

bacteriaandfungifromliquidorairinordertoachieve

sterilitygeneral