專(zhuān)題14閱讀理解之議論文2022-2023學(xué)年七年級(jí)英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期期末考點(diǎn)大串講（外研版）【知識(shí)梳理】議論文往往有觀點(diǎn)，有事實(shí)，邏輯性強(qiáng)，命題往往從事實(shí)的有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)及文章的主旨或作者的表達(dá)意圖等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。所以考生要培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文猜詞的能力，或者說(shuō)根據(jù)情境能揣測(cè)作者的意圖。議論文的閱讀同其他體裁文章的閱讀理解一樣，可以有主旨大意、細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測(cè)等幾種出題方式。解題方法：一、重視文章標(biāo)題，找準(zhǔn)全文主題句，把握文章主旨標(biāo)題往往是全文的主題，審視標(biāo)題，有利于理解全文，提高解題效率。主題句對(duì)全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用。根據(jù)主題句既可以知道文章議論的是什么，也可以知道作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。議論文題材偏難，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用總—分—總的結(jié)構(gòu)，交替使用正面和反面的論證方式。通常，先總說(shuō)現(xiàn)象或觀點(diǎn)；其次，正面陳述、反面論證；最后作者表明自己的態(tài)度，再次總結(jié)文章。通常主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在文章的首句或句末，在這些地方要多留意表示歸納的詞匯，也可以在具體事例之后或之前的表示觀點(diǎn)的陳述句中尋找。二、細(xì)讀文章，注意文章細(xì)節(jié)理解除主旨題外，細(xì)節(jié)理解題也是閱讀理解題中的基礎(chǔ)題，它主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文中的具體事例、數(shù)字、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等的理解。經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)排序題(按事情發(fā)展順序排序)，圖表題(按文章內(nèi)容找出正確圖形)，正誤題(依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容對(duì)所列的陳述進(jìn)行正誤判斷)。對(duì)這種題型，無(wú)論細(xì)節(jié)題如何變化形式，立足點(diǎn)都應(yīng)是從文章中找出相應(yīng)詞句作為依據(jù)。雖然答案中有的細(xì)節(jié)在文中很清楚，但可能與問(wèn)題無(wú)關(guān)。細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、分析、對(duì)比，有根據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。假如問(wèn)題采用的是反向思維，題中含有not或except等表示否定意義的詞，則需要更加留意。此法可以加強(qiáng)閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高做題的準(zhǔn)確率。做此類(lèi)題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。三、理解整體語(yǔ)篇，掌握作者意圖做推理判斷題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語(yǔ)篇的同時(shí)，對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷，站在作者的視角，而不是主觀臆斷、憑空想象，從而走入誤區(qū)。英語(yǔ)文章講究使用主題段與主題句，段與段之間通常有過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫。有時(shí)文章還會(huì)在時(shí)間順序、空間順序或邏輯推理上運(yùn)用較高級(jí)的手段進(jìn)行組編。要想準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解文章，必須對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握全篇的文脈，即句內(nèi)、句間和段落間的修辭手段或邏輯關(guān)系。作者往往在構(gòu)思語(yǔ)篇前會(huì)進(jìn)行預(yù)先設(shè)定：讀者知道什么，不知道什么，讀者可能與自己共同擁有什么樣的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、思想見(jiàn)地和需求欲望等，然后設(shè)計(jì)一些隱藏在語(yǔ)篇深層的＂潛臺(tái)詞＂。因此，這類(lèi)試題要求考生利用主題句進(jìn)行推測(cè)，揣摩文字背后作者的意圖，運(yùn)用背景知識(shí)去挖掘文章的深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時(shí)認(rèn)真體會(huì)文章的語(yǔ)氣與感情基調(diào)。四、多讀多背，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，掌握猜詞技巧由于當(dāng)今的閱讀文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一詞多義，甚至出現(xiàn)沒(méi)學(xué)過(guò)的詞匯。許多學(xué)生感到困擾很大，有的甚至煩躁得難以堅(jiān)持閱讀下去。要解決閱讀中的生詞問(wèn)題，一是要擴(kuò)大英語(yǔ)詞匯量，二是要學(xué)習(xí)并掌握一些猜測(cè)生詞詞義的方法，如：利用同義、反義、上義、下義、詞的集合、詞的搭配等關(guān)系；利用照應(yīng)、替代、省略、定義、舉例等情境關(guān)系；利用詞綴、轉(zhuǎn)化、合成等構(gòu)詞法；利用后置定語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)；利用前后對(duì)比或因果推理法等。總之，想要提高閱讀能力，尤其是對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)難度較大的議論文閱讀，學(xué)生應(yīng)能從篇章和試題雙方面入手。通過(guò)觀察、體驗(yàn)、探究等積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)方法，優(yōu)化閱讀理解中議論文的解題思路和方法策略，提高學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力。【專(zhuān)題過(guò)關(guān)】A（2022·廣東·深圳市東湖中學(xué)七年級(jí)期末）Takingpublictransportation(公共交通)intheUnitedStates,youcanoftenseepeoplereadingbooksontheirwaytoschoolorwork.ButinChina,Irarely(很少的)seepeoplereadingduringtheirfreetime.Arepeoplesattitudestowardreadingdifferenthere?Notreally,Data(數(shù)據(jù))releasedbyAmazonChinainDecember2017showthatChinesepeoplestillreadalot.Theysimplyprefere-booksoverregularbooks.However,otherdatashowthatreadingisstillmorepopularintheUSthaninChina.Isthereareasonforthisdifference?I’mnotsure.WhatIdoknowisthatChinahasarichhistoryofliterature(文學(xué))(FromclassicnovelslikeRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(《三國(guó)演義》)tothemodemscience-fictionbooksTheThree-BodyProblem(《三體》),Chinesewritershavecreatedmanyfantasticwrittenworks.Perhapsthedifferencestartsfromchildhood.Readingtextbooksanddoinghomeworkcanmakeyoufeelquitetired.Bythetimeyoufinishit,youmightnotfelllikereadingforfun.Chinesestudentsdefinitely(肯定)havetoreadmoreanddomorehomeworkthanUSstudents.Soit’snowonderthattheymightnotwanttoreadmuchintheirsparetime.Butlearningtolovereadingcanbegreat.Readingcanopendoorstoplaces,peopleandideasthatyoucannotimagine.Evenjustasinglebookhasthepowertochangeyourownbeliefsandattitudes.Wherewillyournextbooktakeyou?1．FromParagraph1,whatdoweknowaboutpeopleintheUS?A．Mostpeopletakepublictransportationtowork.B．Manyofthemhavethehabitofreading.C．Studentshavehomeworktodoontheirwaytoschool.D．Theyreadbooksthatareleftbehindonpublictransportation.2．WhyisreadinglesspopularinChina,accordingtotheauthor?A．BecauseChinesepeopleprefertowatchplaysinsteadofreading.B．Becauseit’shardtochoosewhattoread.C．BecauseChinesepeoplealreadyreadmanyfantasticwrittenworksinchildhoods.D．BecausePeople’schildhoodexperiencesmayinfluencetheirreadinghabits.3．WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A．Chinesepeople’sattitudestowardreadinghavechanged.B．Chinesepeopleprefere-bookstoregularbooksnow.C．Chinesepeopleneverreadintheirsparetime.D．ChinesepeopleboughtthemostbooksfromAmazonChinain2017.4．Accordingtothewriter,readingbookscan______.A．helpyoulearnmoreaboutschoolworkB．taketoomuchofyourtimeC．makeyourimaginationmorepowerfulD．changeyourpersonalideas5．Inwhichpartofanewspapermightyoufindthispassage?A．Culture. B．History. C．Science. D．Nature.B（2022·山東東營(yíng)·七年級(jí)期末）Doyouwanttotakeupreadingasahobby?Areallyourfriendsbook-loversanddoyoufeelleftout(被忽視)?Thefollowingwillhelpyoutomakereadingasahobby.Savesomefreetime.Toenjoyreading,youneedtobefree.Don’treadthroughthepagesasquicklyasyoucan.Finishallyourchoresandhomework.Inthisway,youwillnotworryyourselfaboutdoingsomethingwhenyouarereading.Getcomfortable.Beforebeginningtoread,makeyourselfcomfortable.Youcouldsnuggleupinyourwarmbed,sitdowninacomfortablesofaorevensitonthefloorifyoufeelcomfortablethere.Ifitisaniceday,youcouldgototheparkandreadthere.Chooseyourbook.Thebookyouchooseisthemostimportant.Don’tchooseapoetry(詩(shī)歌)ifyoulikeaction,adventure(探險(xiǎn))ormystery(神秘)stories.Startreading!Ifyouchooseyourbook,youcanstarttoread.Youcanreadaslongasyoulike,butbesuretotakebreaksoryoureyeswillgettired.Keepyourhobby.Don’tstopwithjustafewbooks!Therearesomanygreatbooks.Youcanreadwhateveryoulike,aslongasitisgoodforyou.6．Thewritergivesus________waystogetcomfortablewhenstartingtoread.A．two B．three C．four D．five7．Theunderlinedphrase“snuggleup”means“________”inChinese,A．依偎 B．站在 C．坐著 D．掀起8．Whatshouldyoudobeforebeginningtoread?①Getsomefreetime.②Chooseabookyoulike.③Findacomfortableplace.④Keepyourhobby.A．①②④ B．①②③ C．②③④ D．①③④9．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Ifyoudon’tlikereadingbooks,youwillfeellonely.B．Whenyoustarttoread,youshouldreadasquicklyasyoucan.C．Youshouldreadthebookaslongasyoucanwithoutrelaxing.D．Finishingallyourhomeworkbeforereadingisagoodwaytohelpyouread.10．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Howtochooseactivitiesasahobby. B．Howtodevelopyourreadinginterest.C．Howtospendyourfreetime. D．Howtofindgoodbooks.C（2022·福建龍巖·七年級(jí)期末）Whendoyouarrive(到達(dá))atschooleveryday?Howmanyhoursdoyouspendatschooleveryday?Zhejiangprimaryschools(小學(xué))aregoingtostartschoollater.Studentsinthefirstandsecondgradeswillarriveatschoolnoearlierthan(不早于)8a.m.Theschoolshopetoseechildrengetmoresleep.Studentsseemto(好像)likethisidea.LiangYinuoisafirst-graderfromHangzhou,“Ithinkit’sagoodidea.Icangetuplaterandhavebreakfastathome,”shesaid.Whendoesyourschoolstarteveryday?Wouldyouliketogotoschoolearlierorlater?LvRongbo,9,DalianIgotobedandgetupearlyeveryday.Iusuallyarriveatschoolat7:50.SoIhopeschoolsstartearlier.ThatwayIcanfinishschoolearlyandthenplaysportsordomyhomework.YanSiyu,7,HongKongIusuallyarriveatschoolat8:15.Ihandinmyhomework,andthenIstarttoread.Myschool’sschedule(作息時(shí)間)isgreat.It’snottooearlyortoolate.ShaoYixiao,10,Xi’anStartingschoollaterisgoodforlowergradestudents.It’sdifficultfortheschoolstartsat8:15.Mostkidsarriveatschoolaround8:00.11．Howmanystudentsarementioned(提到)inthepassage?A．3 B．4 C．5 D．612．Zhejiangprimaryschoolsaregoingtostartschoollaterbecausetheyhopethechildrenwill________.A．domorehomework B．havemoretimetosleepC．watchTVmore D．getupearlier13．Whichstudentgoestoschooltheearliest(最早)accordingtothepassage(根據(jù)文章)?A．LiangYinuo. B．YanSiyu. C．LvRongbo. D．ShaoYixiao.14．WhatcanwelearnfromLvRongbo’swords?A．Helikestheideathattheywillarriveatschoollater.B．Hewantstohavebreakfastathome.C．Hedoesn’twanttoarriveatschoollater.D．Hehopestohavemoretimeforhomework.15．Wherecanwereadthispassage?A．Newspapers. B．Ads(廣告).C．Exercisebook. D．Posters(海報(bào)).D（2022·廣東肇慶·七年級(jí)期末）Lotsofkidshateschool，anewstudyfound.Usuallythiskindoffeelingdoesn'tlastlong.Butwhathappensifyoufeelthiswaytoomuch?Schoolisafactoflifeandgettingagoodeducationcanhelpyoubuildthekindoffuturelifeyouwant.Solet'stalkaboutschoolandwhattodowhenyoudon'tlikeit．Ifyoudon'tlikeschool，thefirststepistofindoutwhy.Youmightnotlikeschoolbecauseyoudon'thaveenoughfriends，ormaybeyoudon'tgetalongwithyourteacher.Sometimesit'sabigproblemwithyourclassesandschoolwork.Youmaybegettingfartherandfartherbehind，anditmayseemlikeyou'llnevercatchup.

Whenyouknowwhyyoudon’tlikeschool，you

canstarttakingstepstomakethingsbetter.It’sagoodideatotalktosomeoneaboutyourproblemswithschool.Yourmom，dad，teacherorschoolcounselor(顧問(wèn))willbeabletohelpyou.Anothergoodideaistow