PAGE5PAGE土木工程專業(yè)英語模擬考卷一（考試時間：90分鐘）Part1.VocabularyTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.預應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)2.銷栓作用3.均布荷載4.反應(yīng)譜5.抗火性6.偏心預應(yīng)力7.和易性8.地震力9.傳感器10.數(shù)據(jù)采集11.有限元分析12.塑性鉸13.單向板14.預制混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)15.橋梁工程PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.cablestayedbridge2.retainingwall3.dynamicnonlineartimehistoryanalysis4.seismicdesign5.modulusofelasticity6.underreinforcedbeam7.progressivecollapse8.weatherresistance9.principleofvirtualwork10.root-mean-square11.outriggertrusses12.vibrationcontrol13.homogeneousmaterial14.structuraldamping15.nuclearplantPart2.SentenceTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Loadeffectsonindividualstructuralmembersshallbedeterminedbymethodsofstructuralanalysisthattakeintoaccountequilibrium,generalstability,geometriccompatibility,andbothshort-andlong-termmaterialproperties.Allstructuralmembersandsystems,andallcomponentsinastructure,shallbedesignedtoresistforcesduetoearthquakeandwind,withconsiderationofoverturning,sliding,anduplift,andcontinuousloadpathsshallbeprovidedfortransmittingtheseforcestothefoundation.Constructionjointsshouldbelocatedwheretheywillcausetheleastweaknessinthestructure.Whenshearduetogravityloadisnotsignificant,asisusuallythecaseinthemiddleofthespanofflexuralmembers,asimpleverticaljointmaybeadequate.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Additionalwater,overandabovethatneedforthischemicalreaction,isnecessarytogivethemixturetheworkabilitythatenablesittofilltheformsandsurroundtheembeddedreinforcingsteelpriortohardening.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.通過適當?shù)恼{(diào)整混凝土組成材料的比例，可以得到各種不同特性的混凝土。很多年來，北美地區(qū)抗震設(shè)計的目標是建造中震下不壞、大震下不倒的建筑物。抗震設(shè)計的目的是合理設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)，以使其可以承受由于地面運動引起的位移和力。開展鋼筋混凝土或預應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析是為了定量確定該結(jié)構(gòu)在生命周期內(nèi)的某一時刻可能經(jīng)受的最大應(yīng)力。被動系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強度的材料和裝置。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.ThecompositestructuralsystemfortheJinMaoTowerlocatedinShanghai,Chinawasdesignedtoresisttyphoonwinds,earthquakeforces,andaccommodatepoorsoilconditionswhileprovidingaveryslendertowertobefullyoccupiedforofficeandhoteluses.ThestructurefortheJinMaoTowerwascompletedinAugust1997withoccupancyexpectedinAugust1998.TheToweristhetallestbuildinginChinaandthethirdtallestintheworld.ThesuperstructureoftheTowerresistlateralloadswithacentralreinforcedconcreteshearwallcoreinterconnectedwithcompositemega-columnsthroughcompositeoutriggertrussesatthree(3)two-storylevels.Gravityloadsareresistedbycompositefloormemberswhichframetostructuralsteelmega-columnsandtothecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns.ThefoundationsystemfortheTowerconsistsofopensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat.Adeepslurrywallsystemformsthetemporaryretentionaswellasthepermanentfoundationsystemaroundthesite.2.Thereareatleastthreewaystolookattheprestressingofconcrete:(a)asamethodofachievingconcretestresscontrol,bywhichtheconcreteisprecompressedsothattensionnormallyresultingfromtheappliedloadsisreducedoreliminated,(b)asameansforintroducingequivalentloadsontheconcretemembersothattheeffectsoftheappliedloadsarecounteractedtothedesireddegree,and(c)asaspecialvariationofreinforcedconcreteinwhichprestrainedhigh-strengthsteelisused,usuallyinconjunctionwithhigh-strengthconcrete.Eachoftheseviewpointsisusefulintheanalysisanddesignofprestressedconcretestructures.3.Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtoresearchanddevelopmentofstructuralcontroldevices,withparticularemphasisonalleviationofwindandseismicresponseofbuildingsandbridges.Inbothareas,seriouseffortshavebeenundertakentodevelopthestructuralcontrolconceptintoaworkabletechnology,andtodaywehavemanysuchdevicesinstalledinawidevarietyofstructures.Thefocusofthisstate-of-the-artpaperisonpassiveandactivestructuralcontrolsystems.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.Activesystems,whichincludeactive,hybridandsemi-activesystems,employcontrollableforcedevicesintegratedwithsensors,controllersandreal-timeinformationprocessing.Thispaperincludesabriefhistoricaloutlineoftheirdevelopmentandanassessmentofthestate-of-the-artandstate-of-the-practiceofthisexciting,andstillevolving,technology.Alsoincludedinthediscussionaretheiradvantagesandlimitationsinthecontextofseismicdesignandretrofitofcivilenginee