土木工程專業(yè)英語模擬考卷一（考試時間：90分鐘）Part1.VocabularyTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.預應力混凝土結構2.銷栓作用3.均布荷載4.反應譜5.抗火性6.偏心預應力7.和易性8.地震力9.傳感器10.數(shù)據(jù)采集11.有限元分析12.塑性鉸13.單向板14.預制混凝土結構15.橋梁工程PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.cablestayedbridge2.retainingwall3.dynamicnonlineartimehistoryanalysis4.seismicdesign5.modulusofelasticity6.underreinforcedbeam7.progressivecollapse8.weatherresistance9.principleofvirtualwork10.root-mean-square11.outriggertrusses12.vibrationcontrol13.homogeneousmaterial14.structuraldamping15.nuclearplantPart2.SentenceTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Loadeffectsonindividualstructuralmembersshallbedeterminedbymethodsofstructuralanalysisthattakeintoaccountequilibrium,generalstability,geometriccompatibility,andbothshort-andlong-termmaterialproperties.Allstructuralmembersandsystems,andallcomponentsinastructure,shallbedesignedtoresistforcesduetoearthquakeandwind,withconsiderationofoverturning,sliding,anduplift,andcontinuousloadpathsshallbeprovidedfortransmittingtheseforcestothefoundation.Constructionjointsshouldbelocatedwheretheywillcausetheleastweaknessinthestructure.Whenshearduetogravityloadisnotsignificant,asisusuallythecaseinthemiddleofthespanofflexuralmembers,asimpleverticaljointmaybeadequate.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Additionalwater,overandabovethatneedforthischemicalreaction,isnecessarytogivethemixturetheworkabilitythatenablesittofilltheformsandsurroundtheembeddedreinforcingsteelpriortohardening.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.通過適當?shù)恼{(diào)整混凝土組成材料的比例，可以得到各種不同特性的混凝土。很多年來，北美地區(qū)抗震設計的目標是建造中震下不壞、大震下不倒的建筑物。抗震設計的目的是合理設計結構，以使其可以承受由于地面運動引起的位移和力。開展鋼筋混凝土或預應力混凝土結構的結構分析是為了定量確定該結構在生命周期內(nèi)的某一時刻可能經(jīng)受的最大應力。被動系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強結構阻尼、剛度、強度的材料和裝置。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.ThecompositestructuralsystemfortheJinMaoTowerlocatedinShanghai,Chinawasdesignedtoresisttyphoonwinds,earthquakeforces,andaccommodatepoorsoilconditionswhileprovidingaveryslendertowertobefullyoccupiedforofficeandhoteluses.ThestructurefortheJinMaoTowerwascompletedinAugust1997withoccupancyexpectedinAugust1998.TheToweristhetallestbuildinginChinaandthethirdtallestintheworld.ThesuperstructureoftheTowerresistlateralloadswithacentralreinforcedconcreteshearwallcoreinterconnectedwithcompositemega-columnsthroughcompositeoutriggertrussesatthree(3)two-storylevels.Gravityloadsareresistedbycompositefloormemberswhichframetostructuralsteelmega-columnsandtothecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns.ThefoundationsystemfortheTowerconsistsofopensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat.Adeepslurrywallsystemformsthetemporaryretentionaswellasthepermanentfoundationsystemaroundthesite.2.Thereareatleastthreewaystolookattheprestressingofconcrete:(a)asamethodofachievingconcretestresscontrol,bywhichtheconcreteisprecompressedsothattensionnormallyresultingfromtheappliedloadsisreducedoreliminated,(b)asameansforintroducingequivalentloadsontheconcretemembersothattheeffectsoftheappliedloadsarecounteractedtothedesireddegree,and(c)asaspecialvariationofreinforcedconcreteinwhichprestrainedhigh-strengthsteelisused,usuallyinconjunctionwithhigh-strengthconcrete.Eachoftheseviewpointsisusefulintheanalysisanddesignofprestressedconcretestructures.3.Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtoresearchanddevelopmentofstructuralcontroldevices,withparticularemphasisonalleviationofwindandseismicresponseofbuildingsandbridges.Inbothareas,seriouseffortshavebeenundertakentodevelopthestructuralcontrolconceptintoaworkabletechnology,andtodaywehavemanysuchdevicesinstalledinawidevarietyofstructures.Thefocusofthisstate-of-the-artpaperisonpassiveandactivestructuralcontrolsystems.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.Activesystems,whichincludeactive,hybridandsemi-activesystems,employcontrollableforcedevicesintegratedwithsensors,controllersandreal-timeinformationprocessing.Thispaperincludesabriefhistoricaloutlineoftheirdevelopmentandanassessmentofthestate-of-the-artandstate-of-the-practiceofthisexciting,andstillevolving,technology.Alsoincludedinthediscussionaretheiradvantagesandlimitationsinthecontextofseismicdesignandretrofitofcivilengineeringstructures.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)通常，高強混凝土通常有更高的彈性模量。這意味著施加預應力下初始彈性應變減小，并且徐變應變減小，而徐變應變是與彈性應變近似成比例的。這就使得預應力損失減小。結構內(nèi)部，剛度較大的構件往往會承擔較大部分的荷載。當框架與剪力墻結合時，會對減小結構位移并減少結構和非結構損壞產(chǎn)生積極影響。然而，當剛度較大的構件，如砌體填充墻，沒有被考慮在設計中時，常常會出現(xiàn)意料之外的不好的結果。PrestressconcretestructureDowelactionDistributedloadResponsespectrumFireresistanceEccentricprestressWorkabilitySeismicforceSensorDataacquisitionFiniteelementanalysisPlastichingeOne-wayslabFabricatedconcretestructureBridgeengineering斜拉橋擋土墻動力非線性時程分析抗震設計彈性模量少筋梁連續(xù)性倒塌耐候性虛功原理均方根伸臂桁架振動控制各向同性材料結構阻尼核電廠PAGE5PAGE1.分析單個構件上的荷載效應時，應考慮平衡、整體穩(wěn)定、幾何協(xié)調(diào)以及短期和長期材料性能2.所有的結構構件和體系以及結構的所有組件應設計抵御地震和風荷載，并考慮傾覆、滑移和上拔，且應用連續(xù)的荷載傳遞路徑實現(xiàn)荷載傳遞至基礎。3.施工縫應設置在對結構產(chǎn)生最小弱化影響的位置。當自重引起的剪力不顯著時，通常在受彎構件的跨中位置，簡單的垂直接縫應該是足夠的。4.在頻域方法，假設荷載是周期的，并且通過傅里葉變換分解成離散的簡諧成分5.額外的水，即超過化學反應所需的水，對于拌合物的和易性是非常必要的，這樣使得拌合物可填滿模板并且在硬化之前圍繞在預埋的鋼筋周圍。1.Concreteswithawiderangeofpropertiescanbeobtainedbyappropriateadjustmentoftheproportionsoftheconstituentmaterials.2.Formanyyears,thegoalofearthquakedesigninNorthAmericahasbeentoconstructbuildingsthatwillwithstandmoderateearthquakeswithoutdamageandsevereearthquakeswithoutcollapse.3.Thepurposeofseismicdesignistoproportionstructuressothattheycanwithstandthedisplacementsandtheforcesinducedbythegroundmotion.4.Thestructuralanalysisofareinforcedorprestressedconcretestructureisundertakentoquantifytheorderofthemaximumforcesorstressesthatthestructuremightbeexpectedtoexperienceatsometimeinitslife.5.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.中國上海金茂大廈結構體系復雜，依據(jù)抗臺風、抗震、適應差的地質(zhì)條件來設計，同時有一個非常細長的塔供辦公和旅館使用。金茂大廈結構部分在1997年8月完成，預計1998年8月投入使用。它是中國最高的建筑，世界第三。塔的上部結構橫向受力體系是由鋼筋混凝土剪力墻核心筒和巨型復合柱通過三個兩層高的復合懸臂桁架連接而組成的。豎向荷載由建造于型鋼巨柱、核心筒以及組合巨柱的組合樓板抵抗。基礎形式是鋼管樁筏基礎，地下連續(xù)墻作為場地周圍基礎的一部分，有暫時和長久的承載作用。對預應力混凝土至少有3種觀點：（a）作為一種控制混凝土應力的方法，通過預壓混凝土來減小或者消除一般外加荷載產(chǎn)生的拉應力，（b）作為一種在混凝土構件內(nèi)產(chǎn)生等效荷載的方法，從而外加荷載的作用得以控制在可以接受的范圍內(nèi)，以及（c）作為一種鋼筋混凝土的特殊變形體，在其中配合使用預張拉的高強鋼筋和高強混凝土。每一種觀點都在預應力混凝土結構的設計和分析中有用。近年來，結構控制裝置的研發(fā)引起了大量的重視，其中格外重視減輕房屋和橋梁在風荷載和地震荷載下的反應。在這兩個領域，人們努力將結構控制概念發(fā)展為一個可施行的技術，并且今天我們已經(jīng)有這樣的裝置安裝在許多結構上。這篇文獻綜述的關注點在被動和主動結構控制系統(tǒng)。被動系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強結構阻尼、剛度、強度的材料和裝置。主動系統(tǒng)，包括主動，混合和半主動系統(tǒng)，運用可控荷載裝置與傳感器組合在一起，控制器和信息處理系統(tǒng)。這篇文章包括了對于它們發(fā)展的歷史概述，對于這一激動人心又仍在不斷發(fā)展的技術的國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀以及應用狀況的評估。同樣也包含了對于它們在土木工程結構抗震設計和改進方面優(yōu)點和不足的討論。Ordinarily,concreteofsubstantiallyhighercompressive