四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid

為害小麥的害蟲（包括螨類）達200多種，其中分布廣泛，為害嚴重的有：麥蚜、地下害蟲（螻蛄、蠐螬、金針蟲等）、麥螨、粘蟲、吸漿蟲等。局部地區為害較為嚴重的還有麥水蠅、麥葉蜂、麥桿蠅、棉鈴蟲等。

Therearemorethan200pests(includingmites)damagingwheat,whicharewidelydistributed,andtheseriousonesinclude:wheataphids,soilpests(molecricket,grub,wireworm,etc.),barleybugs,armyworms,andblossommidges.Hydrelliachinensis,wheatsawflies,stemmaggots,cottonbollworms,etc.arealsoseriouslyharmfulinsomeareas.不僅害蟲取食對小麥造成直接損失，而且有些害蟲如麥蚜、葉蟬、飛虱等還能傳播病害，造成更大損失。在一般情況下，小麥因害蟲的為害造成損失約10%左右，當一些害蟲大發生時，減產達30%～50%，甚至顆粒無收。因此有效地控制各種小麥蟲害，對保證小麥高產穩產具有極為重要的作用。

Notonlydopestscausedirectlossestowheat,butalsosomepestssuchaswheataphids,leafhoppersandplanthopperscanspreaddiseases,causinggreaterlosses.Ingeneral,thelossofwheatcausedbypestsisabout10%.Wheresomepestsoccuronalargescale,theyieldwillbereducedby30%-50%,oreventotalgrainfailure.Therefore,effectivecontrolofvariouswheatpestsplaysanextremelyimportantroleinensuringhighandstableyieldofwheat.小麥蟲害綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatInsectPests四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid（一）發生與為害情況

OccurrenceandDamage

麥蚜包括麥長管蚜、麥二叉蚜、禾谷縊管蚜和麥無網蚜，均屬于同翅目蚜科。麥蚜除為害麥類作物外，也為害玉米、高梁、粟等禾本科作物及雜草。

麥長管蚜在全國小麥栽培區均有發生，是大多數地區的優勢種；

麥二叉蚜主要分布在我國北方冬麥區；禾谷縊管蚜分布于華北、東北、華南、華東、西南各麥區，是多雨地區的優勢種；麥無網蚜主要分布在華北及云南和西藏等地。

Atthewheatseedlingstage,wheataphidsmostlyfeedonthebackofleaves,leafsheathsandcoreleaves;Atthejointingstage,headingstageandfillingstage,theymainlyfeedonstems,leavesandears,andexcretehoneydew,whichaffectstherespirationandphotosynthesisofwheat.Theaffectedpartsshowlightyellowspots.Ifitisserious,theleavesturnyellowwhen,andeventhewholeplantwithers.Damagetothespikesresultsintheshrivelingofkernels,thedeclineofthousandkernelweight,andsignificantyieldreduction.Wheataphidsarealsoimportantinsectvectorsofwheatviraldiseasessuchaswheatyellowdwarfvirus.（一）發生與為害情況

OccurrenceandDamage

小麥苗期，麥蚜多群集在葉片背面、葉鞘及心葉取食；拔節期、抽穗期和灌漿期集中在莖、葉和穗部取食，并排泄蜜露，影響小麥的呼吸作用和光合作用。被害處呈淺黃色斑點，嚴重時葉片發黃，甚至整株枯死。穗部受害，造成麥粒干癟，千粒重下降，嚴重減產。麥蚜還是傳播小麥黃矮病毒等小麥病毒病的重要媒介昆蟲。

Atthewheatseedlingstage,wheataphidsmostlyfeedonthebackofleaves,leafsheathsandcoreleaves;Atthejointingstage,headingstageandfillingstage,theymainlyfeedonstems,leavesandears,andexcretehoneydew,whichaffectstherespirationandphotosynthesisofwheat.Theaffectedpartsshowlightyellowspots.Ifitisserious,theleavesturnyellowwhen,andeventhewholeplantwithers.Damagetothespikesresultsintheshrivelingofkernels,thedeclineofthousandkernelweight,andsignificantyieldreduction.Wheataphidsarealsoimportantinsectvectorsofwheatviraldiseasessuchaswheatyellowdwarfvirus.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheat

Aphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheat

Aphid（二）形態識別四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheat

Aphid(II)MorphologicalRecognition麥二叉蚜前翅中脈二叉四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidBifurcationofForewingMidribSchizaphisgraminum麥二叉蚜Schizaphisgraminum四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid麥二叉蚜（Schizaphisgraminum）無翅孤雌蚜(Apterousviviparousfemale)

a.喙節Ⅳ+Ⅴ(RostralsegmentⅣ+Ⅴ)；b.體背毛(Dorsalseta)

；c.腹部緣瘤(Abdominalfibraemarginatae)；d.腹管(Ventraltube)；e.尾片(Cauda)有翅孤雌蚜(Alateviviparousfemale)

f.觸角(Antenna)；g.腹部背面觀(Abdomenindorsalview)；h.前翅(Forewing)四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidSchizaphisgraminum麥長管蚜前翅中脈三叉四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidMacrosiphumavenaeTrifurcationofForewingMidrib腹管黑色，圓筒形、極長Theabdominaltubeisblack,cylindricalandextremelylong四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidMacrosiphumavenae麥長管蚜Macrosiphumavenae四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid

腹管端部縊縮如瓶頸狀，腹部后方有紅色暈斑。Theendoftheabdominaltubeisconstrictedlikeabottleneck,andthereareredhalosbehindtheabdomen.禾谷縊管蚜Rhopalosiphumpadi四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidRhopalosiphumpadi生活史

麥長管蚜麥二叉蚜禾谷縊管蚜為害特性喜光耐濕，嗜食穗部喜幼苗，畏光喜旱，嗜葉、葉鞘畏光喜濕，嗜食莖桿、葉鞘為害部位孕穗期多在上部葉正面，尤其是抽穗后絕大多數均集中于穗部為害拔節期多在植株下部葉背聚集為害，致害能力強；孕穗期為害部位上移，以倒二、倒三葉背居多小麥心葉和基部居多，為害部位較為分散繁殖力次之強差傳毒次之最強最弱（三）發生規律1、生活史與習性四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid(III)OccurrenceRegularity1.LifehistoryandhabitsLifeHistoryMacrosiphumavenaeSchizaphisgraminumRhopalosiphumpadiDestructivecharacteristicsPhotophilousandmoisture-resistant,predatoryonearsPrefersseedlings,photophobia,xerophilous,predatoryonleavesandleafsheathsPhotophobiaandhygrophilous,predatoryonstemsandleafsheathsAffectedpartsInthebootingstage,mostofthemareonthefrontoftheupperleaves,especiallytodamagetheearsafterheadingInthejointingstage,mostofthemgatheronthebackofthelowerleaves,causingsignificantdamage;inthebootingstage,theaffectedpartsarehigher,mostofwhichisthebackofthesecondandthirdleavesMostofthemoncoreleavesandbases,scatteredlyFecundityLessHighPoorVirustransmissionLessHighestLowest

在重慶一年發生20～22代，幾乎無越冬現象，即在平壩、淺丘麥區，冬季溫度較高，麥蚜可以終年在小麥和其他禾本科寄主上繁殖，以有翅和無翅胎生雌蚜完成生活周期。InChongqing,thereare20-22generationsayear,andalmostnooverwintering.ItmeansthatinshallowhillywheatregionsinPingba,wherethetemperatureisrelativelyhighinwinter,wheataphidsmayreproduceonwheatandothergramineoushostsallyearround,andcompletetheirlifecyclewithwingedandwinglessviviparousfemales.

每年小麥播種出苗后，特別是早播麥田均會有不同種類的蚜蟲遷入，但在翌年2月以前，氣溫偏低，蚜蟲繁殖較慢，群體數量一般都不大。2月下旬以后氣溫同升，蚜蟲繁殖加快，在小麥拔節孕穗期蟲口急增。Afterwheatissownandseedlingsareemergedeveryyear,especiallyinearly-sownwheatfields,therewillbedifferentkindsofaphidsmovingin.However,whenthetemperatureislowbeforeFebruaryofthenextyear,aphidsreproduceslowlyandinsmallcoloniesgenerally.AfterlateFebruary,whenthetemperaturerises,aphidsreproducefasterandtheirpopulationincreasessharplyatthejointingandbootingstagesofwheat.

在氣候、營養條件適宜時，產生無翅蚜，但當營養條件惡化或蟲口密度過大時則多產生有翅蚜遷飛到適宜的寄主上繼續繁殖。

Whentheclimateandnutrientconditionsaresuitable,winglessaphidswillbereproduced,butwhenthenutrientconditionsaredeterioratedorthepopulationdensityisexcessive,wingedaphidswillbereproducedandmigratetoappropriatehoststocontinuereproducing.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid2、發生條件

OccurrenceConditions

自然條件下，溫、濕度對麥蚜發生和消長起主導作用。溫度在15～25℃，相對濕度40％～80％范圍內，即中溫低濕條件常有利于麥蚜大發生。蚜蟲種類不同，適宜發生的溫濕度范圍不同。

Undernaturalconditions,temperatureandhumidityplayaleadingroleintheoccurrence,growthanddeclineofwheataphids.Whenthetemperatureis15-25℃andtherelativehumidityis40%-80%,whichmakesaconditionofmediumtemperatureandlowhumidity,oftenconducivetotheoccurrenceofwheataphids.Suitabletemperatureandhumidityrangesaredifferentfordifferentaphidspecies.

麥二叉蚜生長發育的最適溫度為15～20℃，30℃以上滯育。

TheoptimumtemperatureforthegrowthanddevelopmentofSchizaphisgraminumis15-20°C,andthediapausetemperatureisabove30℃.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid麥長管蚜的適溫范圍低于麥二叉蚜，為12～20℃，28℃以上滯育。TheoptimumtemperatureofMacrosiphumavenaeislowerthanthatofSchizaphisgraminum,whichis12-20℃,andthediapausetemperatureisabove28℃.

禾谷縊管蚜耐高溫，在適宜的濕度條件下，30℃左右生育速度最快，但不耐低溫，在1月份平均溫度為-2℃以北的地區不能越冬。Rhopalosiphumpadiisresistanttohightemperature.Undersuitablehumidityconditions,itgrowsfastestatabout30℃,butisnottoleranttolowtemperature.Itcannotoverwinterinareasnorthofthosewherethemeantemperatureis-2℃inJanuary.

麥二叉蚜喜干燥，適宜相對濕度為35％～67％。而麥長管蚜比較喜濕，適宜相對濕度為40％～80％。禾谷縊管蚜喜高濕，不耐干旱，在年降雨量250mm以下地區不易大發生。降雨通過影響田間濕度而間接影響蚜量消長。但暴風雨的沖刷常使蚜量顯著下降。

麥蚜的天敵種類很多，如飄蟲類、草蛉類，食蚜蠅類、蚜繭蜂，食蚜蜘蛛和蚜霉菌等，其中以瓢蟲的捕食蚜量最大，蚜繭蜂的寄生率最高，對麥蚜有一定的抑制作用，應注意保護與利用。Schizaphisgraminumprefersdryness,withasuitablerelativehumidityof35%-67%.However,Macrosiphumavenaeishygrophilous,withansuitablerelativehumidityof40%-80%.Rhopalosiphumpadiisliabletohighhumiditybutisintolerantofdrought.Itislesspronetooccuronalargescaleinareaswithannualrainfalloflessthan250mm.Rainfallindirectlyaffectsthegrowthanddeclineofaphidsbyaffectingthefieldhumidity.However,thenumberofaphidsoftendecreasessignificantlyduetothescouringofstorms.Wheataphidshavemanynaturalenemies,suchasladybirds,lacewings,hoverflies,aphidiidae,aphivorousspidersandEntomophthora.Amongthem,ladybirdsfeedonaphidsthemostandaphidiidaehasthehighestparasitismrate,whichhaveacertaininhibitioneffectonwheataphidsandshouldbewellprotectedandutilized.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid（四）防治措施

Preventionandcontrolmeasures

防治麥蚜要以農業防治為基礎，關鍵時期采用藥劑防治，注意選擇農藥品種，嚴格掌握施藥技術，減少對天敵的殺傷。非小麥黃矮病流行區，重點抓小麥穗期防治。在小麥黃矮病流行區，除進行穗期防治外，還要抓好苗期防治。Thepreventionandcontrolofwheataphidsshouldbebasedonagriculturalcontrol,andchemicalcontrolshouldbeusedincriticalperiods.Attentionshouldbepaidtotheselectionofpesticides,andthepesticideapplicationtechnologyshouldbestrictlyappliedtoreducethedamagetothosenaturalenemies.Innon-wheatyellowdwarfendemicareas,preventionandcontrolshouldbeemphasizedattheheadingstageofwheat.Inendemicareasofwheatyellowdwarf,effortsshouldbemadetopreventionandcontrolattheseedlingstage,inadditiontodoingsoattheheadingstage.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid1、農業防治

Agriculturalcontrol

選用抗蚜耐蚜豐產品種；清除麥田內外雜草；適時集中播種，冬麥區適當遲播，春麥區適當早播，冬春麥混播區冬春麥分別種植。增施基肥和追施速效肥，促進麥株生長健壯，增加抗蚜能力。Selecthigh-yieldcultivarsresistantandtoleranttoaphids;removeweedsinsideandoutsidethewheatfield;carryoutconcentratedsowinginatimelymanner,appropriatelatesowinginwinterwheatregions,appropriateearlysowinginspringwheatregions,andplantingwinterandspringwheatseparatelyinregionswherewinterandspringwheatareblended.Increasebasefertilizerandapplyquick-actingfertilizerastopdressingtofacilitatethegrowthofwheatplantsandincreasetheabilitytoresistaphids.2、生物防治

Biologiccontrol

合理選用農藥，注意保護利用天敵、促進天敵繁殖，充分發揮天敵對麥蚜的控制作用；有條件的地方還可人工繁殖或助遷天敵。Rationallyselectpesticides,payattentiontotheprotectionandutilizationofnaturalenemies,facilitatethereproductionofnaturalenemies,andgivefullplaytothecontroleffectofnaturalenemiesonwheataphids;whereconditionsareavailable,artificialreproductionorrelocationofnaturalenemiesmayalsobecarriedout.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid3、藥劑防治

Chemicalcontrol

（1）種子處理：在小麥黃矮病流行區，種子處理是治蚜防病的有效措施。可選用70％吡蟲啉拌種劑60～180g，加水10L，與100kg小麥種子攪拌均勻，再攤開晾干后播種。(1)Seedtreatment:Inendemicareasofwheatyellowdwarf,seedtreatmentisaneffectivemeasuretocontrolaphidsandpreventdiseases.Itisappropriatetouse60-180gof70%imidacloprid,aseeddressingagent,add10Lofwater,mixwith100kgwheatseedsevenly,thenspreadoutanddrythembeforesowing.

（2）使用顆粒劑：結合播種，選用3％呋喃丹顆粒劑22.5～30kg／hm2，播種后撒顆粒劑，再覆土，可維持藥效40～50d。(2)Useofgranules:Use3%carbofurangranules,22.5-30kg/hm2,accordingtothesowing,andspreadthegranulesandthencoverthemwithsoilaftersowing,andtheefficacymaybemaintainedfor40-50days.四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麥蚜蟲綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid（3）小麥生長期施藥：穗期防治蚜蟲要按無公害糧食生產和有利于保護天敵的要求，選用速效、低毒、低殘留農藥。可選用烯啶蟲胺、啶蟲脒、氟蟲·乙多素、吡蚜·螺蟲酯等。噴藥適期為小麥揚花后麥蚜數量急劇上升期。(3)Applicationofpesticideduringwheatgrowthperiod:Inordertocontrolaphidsattheheadingstage,quick-acting,low-toxicityandlow-residuepestic