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Unit6PeriodⅤWriting——概要寫作一、技法指導概要寫作是在正確理解文章的基礎上,對原文的內容和思想進行濃縮,用精煉的詞句概括出文章的要點、次要點等內容,再現原作者的思想、觀點,主要包括閱讀和寫作兩個過程。首先,要求考生能夠讀懂所給閱讀材料的內容;其次,要求考生將原文的要點及所理解的內容用自己的簡明、精練的語句準確地表達出來。二、寫作步驟在寫概要時,要按照“六步法”的程序進行,具體操作方法如下:1.Scanthepassage—覽全文,定體裁2.Underlinethemainpoints—劃要點3.Missthedetails—畫細節4.Analysethestructure—析結構5.Restatethepoints—換表達6.Combinethesentencesintoapassage—連全文一、亮點詞匯1.轉折:but,however,yet,nevertheless2.結果:so,thus,therefore,consequently,infact3.原因:because,as,since,for,dueto/owingto4.對比:instead,likewise,onthecontrary5.讓步:though,as,although,despite6.列舉:first(ly),next/later,then,finally/eventually7.增補:also,besides,what’smore,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,aboveall...8.舉例:forexample,forinstance9.替代:alternatively10.解釋:namely,inotherwords,whichmeans,referto,thatistosay,orrather11.目的:aimto,mainlydealwith,focuson二、高級句式1.議論文可用以下開頭語:①Thepassage/authorarguesthat...本文/作者主張……②Thepassage/authorhighlightstheimportanceof...本文/作者強調了……的重要性。③Thepassage/authordiscussestheimpactof...本文/作者討論了……的影響。④Thepassage/authorcompares...with...本文/作者比較了……與……2.說明文可用以下開頭語:①Accordingtothepassage,wecanknow...根據文章我們可知……②Thispassage/articleismainlyabout...這篇文章主要是關于……③Inthepassage,thewriter/authormainlytellsus...在這篇文章中,作者主要告訴我們……④Anewstudyfound...一項新的研究發現……⑤Thepurposeofthereportistoshow...這一報告的目的是表明……3.記敘文可用以下開頭語:①Thepassage/storyismainlyabout...本文/這個故事主要是關于……②Thewriter/authortellsusastoryabout...作者告訴我們一個關于……的故事。③Thepassageisastoryabout...本文是一個關于……的故事。④Accordingtothepassage,weknow...根據短文,我們知道……閱讀下面短文,根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。Scientistssayahugepercentageofbirdspeciesareindangerbecausetheirhabitats,orhomelands,aredisappearing.Traditionalmigrationpathstakebirdsthroughcountriesthatarenotprotectinglocationstostop,restandfeed.Thescientistsstudiedthemigration,orflightpaths,ofalmost1,500species.Theydecidedthat91percentofthempassedthroughdangerousareas.Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.Buildingandpavinghavecoveredovernaturewherebirdsstopandfeedastheymovefromonepartoftheworldtoanother.Forexample,abirdcalledthebar-tailedgodwitmigratesfromitsbreedinggroundsintheArctic.ItfliesallthewaytothesouthernhemisphereinAustraliaandNewZealand.Alongtheway,thesmallbirdsstopatYellowSeamudflatsinChina,NorthKoreaandSouthKorea.Oneofthescientistsworkingonthestudysays,“Manyofthesecriticalsiteshavebeenlosttolandreclamation(開墾)owingtourban,industrialandagriculturalexpansion.”Theproblem,accordingtoinvestigators,isthatmanyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigrationbecausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest.Thereisnoplacetorestoretheirenergyforthenextlegoftheirjourney.“Theysimplyperish(死亡)alongtheway,”saysoneofthescientists.CountriesinNorthAfrica,CentralAsiaandthosealongthecoastsofEastAsiaarehavingthemostdifficulttimeconservingland.Thescientistssaythesecountriesdonothaveenoughareasthataresafeforbirds.Theresearcherssaycountriesneedtoworktogetherandprovidesafestopoverareasforbirdsthatpassthroughtheirboundaries.Forexample,onecountrymighthavepreservedsafezonesformigratingbirds.Butaneighborcountrymightnot.Abirdmightperish.OnescientisttellstheLosAngelesTimesthatwhilesomehabitatsarechanging,moreworkcanbedonetomakeurbanareassafeforbirds.Hesayssmallchanges—likeplantingmorenativeplantsorkeepingcatsoutofareasbirdswouldbelikelytouse—couldmakeabigdifference.第一步讀懂原文,歸納大意本文是說明文,全文共分四段。每段的中心大意如下:第一段:科學家指出世界上大部分的鳥類的生存受到威脅,因為鳥類正在失去它們的棲息地。第二段:對鳥類最大的威脅來自人類的經濟發展。第三段:因為鳥兒們找不到安全的棲息場所,大量的鳥兒死在遷徙的途中。第四段:呼吁世界各國加強合作,為過境的鳥兒提供安全的棲息地。只有這樣才能改變或改善現狀。本文是典型的“總—分—總”的結構,即提出問題——分析問題——提出解決辦法,結構明確,要點清晰。第二步定位主題句,找到關鍵在讀懂原文、抓住大意的基礎上,接下來需要逐段定位每個段落的主題句,并以提綱的形式記錄下來。第一段:Scientistssayahugepercentageofbirdspeciesareindangerbecausetheirhabitats,orhomelands,aredisappearing.第二段:Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.第三段:Theproblem,accordingtoinvestigators,isthatmanyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigrationbecausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest.第四段:Theresearcherssaycountriesneedtoworktogetherandprovidesafestopoverareasforbirdsthatpassthroughtheirboundaries.Smallchangescouldmakeabigdifference.第三步整理要點,轉換表達要點1:第一段主題句可概括為要點1,主題句中的birdspeciesareindanger可改為birdspeciesareendangered;becausetheirhabitats,orhomelands,aredisappearing可改為短語duetothedisappearanceoftheirhabitatsorhomelands或withtheirhabitatsorhomelandsdisappearing。要點2:第二段主題句可概括為要點2,主題句中的Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.可用另一種結構和表達方式,比如:Developmentaccountsfor/istoblamefor/takestheresponsibilityforthemajordangerformigratorybirds.要點3:第三段主題句可概括為要點3,主題句中的becausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest可整合為forlackingofasafeeatingandrestingplace。要點4:第四段主題句可概括為要點4,主題句中的needtoworktogether可用makejointefforts來替換;smallchanges可改為alittlekindness;makeabigdifference可改為contributealot。第四步銜接過渡,連句成篇Scientistssayalargepercentageofbirdspeciesareendangeredwiththeirhabitatsorhomelandsdisappearing,(要點1)forwhichdevelopmentshouldtaketheresponsibility.(要點2)Also,investigatorsaddthatthedeathofbirdsduringtheirimmigrationisforlackingofasafeeatingandrestingplace.(要點3)Thus,notonlyshouldcountriesmakejointeffortstosavethebirdsbutalsoalittlekindnesscancontributealot.(要點4)閱讀下面短文,根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。InplaceslikeCalifornia,theRockyMountains,andtheSouthernUnitedStates,wildfiresareanunavoidablereality.Wildfirescancausedamagetopropertyandhumanlife,buttheyhavemanybeneficialeffectsonnativevegetation(植被),animals,andecosystemsthathaveevolvedwithfires.Theforests,includingpinebarrens,lodgepolepineforestsandmanymore,requirefirestoreproducebecausethetreesintheforestareadaptedtoonlyproduceseedsfollowingamajorfireevent.Therefore,withoutthemmanyoftheseforesttypeswoulddecline.Afirerenewsthewatershed(集水區)inwaysincluding,butnotlimitedto,recyclingofnutrients,increasingfoodsourcesforfishinstreams,supplementtostream-sidevegetation,spreadoffire-adaptedplants,etc.nottomentionrenewalofthesoilchemistrywhichisvitaltotheforestandthewatershed.Thebasisisthatofsomeonewhohasstudiedwildfiresandstreamssincethe1988Yellowstonewildfires.Thesciencebacksuphownaturalwildfirescanbefavorablethroughresearchpublicationafterpublication.It’slike“resettingtheclock”ontheecosystem,allowingtheforesttofunctionsmoothlyalloveragainforanother200years.Bytheway,astandburningfiresuchastheYellowstonefiresof1988alsoresultsinthelandscapeofyoungerforestmendswhichacttoreducethespreadoffuturewildfiresandcanstopamajorwildfire

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