Unit6PeriodⅤWriting——概要寫作一、技法指導概要寫作是在正確理解文章的基礎上，對原文的內容和思想進行濃縮，用精煉的詞句概括出文章的要點、次要點等內容，再現原作者的思想、觀點，主要包括閱讀和寫作兩個過程。首先，要求考生能夠讀懂所給閱讀材料的內容；其次，要求考生將原文的要點及所理解的內容用自己的簡明、精練的語句準確地表達出來。二、寫作步驟在寫概要時，要按照“六步法”的程序進行，具體操作方法如下：1.Scanthepassage—覽全文，定體裁2.Underlinethemainpoints—劃要點3.Missthedetails—畫細節4.Analysethestructure—析結構5.Restatethepoints—換表達6.Combinethesentencesintoapassage—連全文一、亮點詞匯1.轉折：but，however，yet，nevertheless2.結果：so，thus，therefore，consequently，infact3.原因：because，as，since，for，dueto/owingto4.對比：instead，likewise，onthecontrary5.讓步：though，as，although，despite6.列舉：first(ly)，next/later，then，finally/eventually7.增補：also，besides，what’smore，moreover，furthermore，inaddition，aboveall...8.舉例：forexample，forinstance9.替代：alternatively10.解釋：namely，inotherwords，whichmeans，referto，thatistosay，orrather11.目的：aimto，mainlydealwith，focuson二、高級句式1.議論文可用以下開頭語：①Thepassage/authorarguesthat...本文/作者主張……②Thepassage/authorhighlightstheimportanceof...本文/作者強調了……的重要性。③Thepassage/authordiscussestheimpactof...本文/作者討論了……的影響。④Thepassage/authorcompares...with...本文/作者比較了……與……2.說明文可用以下開頭語：①Accordingtothepassage，wecanknow...根據文章我們可知……②Thispassage/articleismainlyabout...這篇文章主要是關于……③Inthepassage，thewriter/authormainlytellsus...在這篇文章中，作者主要告訴我們……④Anewstudyfound...一項新的研究發現……⑤Thepurposeofthereportistoshow...這一報告的目的是表明……3.記敘文可用以下開頭語：①Thepassage/storyismainlyabout...本文/這個故事主要是關于……②Thewriter/authortellsusastoryabout...作者告訴我們一個關于……的故事。③Thepassageisastoryabout...本文是一個關于……的故事。④Accordingtothepassage，weknow...根據短文，我們知道……閱讀下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。Scientistssayahugepercentageofbirdspeciesareindangerbecausetheirhabitats，orhomelands，aredisappearing.Traditionalmigrationpathstakebirdsthroughcountriesthatarenotprotectinglocationstostop，restandfeed.Thescientistsstudiedthemigration，orflightpaths，ofalmost1，500species.Theydecidedthat91percentofthempassedthroughdangerousareas.Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.Buildingandpavinghavecoveredovernaturewherebirdsstopandfeedastheymovefromonepartoftheworldtoanother.Forexample，abirdcalledthebar-tailedgodwitmigratesfromitsbreedinggroundsintheArctic.ItfliesallthewaytothesouthernhemisphereinAustraliaandNewZealand.Alongtheway，thesmallbirdsstopatYellowSeamudflatsinChina，NorthKoreaandSouthKorea.Oneofthescientistsworkingonthestudysays，“Manyofthesecriticalsiteshavebeenlosttolandreclamation(開墾)owingtourban，industrialandagriculturalexpansion.”Theproblem，accordingtoinvestigators，isthatmanyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigrationbecausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest.Thereisnoplacetorestoretheirenergyforthenextlegoftheirjourney.“Theysimplyperish(死亡)alongtheway，”saysoneofthescientists.CountriesinNorthAfrica，CentralAsiaandthosealongthecoastsofEastAsiaarehavingthemostdifficulttimeconservingland.Thescientistssaythesecountriesdonothaveenoughareasthataresafeforbirds.Theresearcherssaycountriesneedtoworktogetherandprovidesafestopoverareasforbirdsthatpassthroughtheirboundaries.Forexample，onecountrymighthavepreservedsafezonesformigratingbirds.Butaneighborcountrymightnot.Abirdmightperish.OnescientisttellstheLosAngelesTimesthatwhilesomehabitatsarechanging，moreworkcanbedonetomakeurbanareassafeforbirds.Hesayssmallchanges—likeplantingmorenativeplantsorkeepingcatsoutofareasbirdswouldbelikelytouse—couldmakeabigdifference.第一步讀懂原文，歸納大意本文是說明文，全文共分四段。每段的中心大意如下：第一段：科學家指出世界上大部分的鳥類的生存受到威脅，因為鳥類正在失去它們的棲息地。第二段：對鳥類最大的威脅來自人類的經濟發展。第三段：因為鳥兒們找不到安全的棲息場所，大量的鳥兒死在遷徙的途中。第四段：呼吁世界各國加強合作，為過境的鳥兒提供安全的棲息地。只有這樣才能改變或改善現狀。本文是典型的“總—分—總”的結構，即提出問題——分析問題——提出解決辦法，結構明確，要點清晰。第二步定位主題句，找到關鍵在讀懂原文、抓住大意的基礎上，接下來需要逐段定位每個段落的主題句，并以提綱的形式記錄下來。第一段：Scientistssayahugepercentageofbirdspeciesareindangerbecausetheirhabitats，orhomelands，aredisappearing.第二段：Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.第三段：Theproblem，accordingtoinvestigators，isthatmanyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigrationbecausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest.第四段：Theresearcherssaycountriesneedtoworktogetherandprovidesafestopoverareasforbirdsthatpassthroughtheirboundaries.Smallchangescouldmakeabigdifference.第三步整理要點，轉換表達要點1：第一段主題句可概括為要點1，主題句中的birdspeciesareindanger可改為birdspeciesareendangered；becausetheirhabitats，orhomelands，aredisappearing可改為短語duetothedisappearanceoftheirhabitatsorhomelands或withtheirhabitatsorhomelandsdisappearing。要點2：第二段主題句可概括為要點2，主題句中的Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.可用另一種結構和表達方式，比如：Developmentaccountsfor/istoblamefor/takestheresponsibilityforthemajordangerformigratorybirds.要點3：第三段主題句可概括為要點3，主題句中的becausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest可整合為forlackingofasafeeatingandrestingplace。要點4：第四段主題句可概括為要點4，主題句中的needtoworktogether可用makejointefforts來替換；smallchanges可改為alittlekindness；makeabigdifference可改為contributealot。第四步銜接過渡，連句成篇Scientistssayalargepercentageofbirdspeciesareendangeredwiththeirhabitatsorhomelandsdisappearing，(要點1)forwhichdevelopmentshouldtaketheresponsibility.(要點2)Also，investigatorsaddthatthedeathofbirdsduringtheirimmigrationisforlackingofasafeeatingandrestingplace.(要點3)Thus,notonlyshouldcountriesmakejointeffortstosavethebirdsbutalsoalittlekindnesscancontributealot.(要點4)閱讀下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。InplaceslikeCalifornia，theRockyMountains,andtheSouthernUnitedStates，wildfiresareanunavoidablereality.Wildfirescancausedamagetopropertyandhumanlife，buttheyhavemanybeneficialeffectsonnativevegetation(植被)，animals，andecosystemsthathaveevolvedwithfires.Theforests，includingpinebarrens，lodgepolepineforestsandmanymore，requirefirestoreproducebecausethetreesintheforestareadaptedtoonlyproduceseedsfollowingamajorfireevent.Therefore，withoutthemmanyoftheseforesttypeswoulddecline.Afirerenewsthewatershed(集水區)inwaysincluding，butnotlimitedto，recyclingofnutrients，increasingfoodsourcesforfishinstreams，supplementtostream-sidevegetation，spreadoffire-adaptedplants，etc.nottomentionrenewalofthesoilchemistrywhichisvitaltotheforestandthewatershed.Thebasisisthatofsomeonewhohasstudiedwildfiresandstreamssincethe1988Yellowstonewildfires.Thesciencebacksuphownaturalwildfirescanbefavorablethroughresearchpublicationafterpublication.It’slike“resettingtheclock”ontheecosystem，allowingtheforesttofunctionsmoothlyalloveragainforanother200years.Bytheway，astandburningfiresuchastheYellowstonefiresof1988alsoresultsinthelandscapeofyoungerforestmendswhichacttoreducethespreadoffuturewildfiresandcanstopamajorwildfire