NATUREPOSITIVEAND

NETZERO:THEECOLOGY

OFREALESTATE

CONTENTS

AboutThisReport

Introduction

WhatDoesNature-Positive

DevelopmentMean?

TheIntersectionofNaturePositive

andNetZero

TheBusinessCasefor

Nature-PositiveSolutions

4

5

8

9

10

ScalingBiodiversity

Portfolio-LevelStrategies

Building-LevelStrategies

MaterialSelectionStrategies

Off-SiteStrategies

MovingtowardNature-Positive

RealEstate

Acknowledgments

ProjectTeam

15

20

30

49

52

55

5

7

5

7

ABOUTTHISREPORT

AccordingtotheWorldEconomicForum,halfofglobalgrossdomesticproduct,or$44trillionofeconomicvalue,ishighlyormoderatelydependentonnaturefortheservicesitprovides.Inaddition,theworldiscurrentlyundergoingtheSixthGreatExtinction,witha68percentreductioninwildlifepopulationssince1970andanother1millionspeciesatriskofextinctioninthecomingdecades.

Theclimatecrisisandbiodiversitylossaredeeplyinterlinked.Astheworldacceleratestowardnetzero,nature-basedsolutionsarepoisedtoprovideupto30percentofthenecessaryemissionsreductions.TherecentU.N.ClimateConference,COP26,broughtthesetwoideastogether,withmanyorganizationspledgingtopreservelandandusenature-basedsolutionstocreatearegenerativeenvironment.

Therealestateindustryhasalargeimpactonlandusebothwithinandoutsideurbanenvironmentsbuthasnotoftenconsideredbiodiversityorecosystemservicesaspartofitsbusinessorclimatestrategy.However,restoringandpreservingnaturalsystemsarekeytoresilientandsustainablerealestate,protectingmaterialsupplychainsandpreservingbuilding

value,whilealsoachievingambitiousnetzerocarbongoals.

Thegoalofthisreportistohighlightkeyglobalmarketdriversfordevelopersandownerstopreserveandenhancebiodiversityindevelopmentaspartoftheiroverallclimatestrategyaswellastoeducateownersanddevelopersonbestpracticesforimplementingnaturepositivesolutionsatmultiplescales.

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateAboutThisReport4

INTRODUCTION

“Weneedtolookatclimate,biodiversity,andlanddegradationasathreefoldcrisis.Wecan’tlookatthemseparatelybecausethesolutionsarealsoconnected.”

—ElizabethMarumaMrema,executivesecretaryoftheU.N.Conventionon

BiologicalDiversityandco-chairoftheTaskforceonNature-relatedFinancialDisclosures(TNFD)

The1992U.N.ConventiononBiologicalDiversitydefinesbiodiversityas“thevariabilityamonglivingorganismsfromallsources,including,

amongotherthings,terrestrial,marineandotheraquaticecosystemsandtheecologicalcomplexesofwhichtheyarepart;thisincludesdiversitywithinspecies,betweenspeciesandofecosystems.”Thisbiodiversityisnotjustorganismsonecansee,butacomplexweb,includingspecies

suchassoilmicroorganisms.Biodiversityisoneofmanyecosystemservices,whicharethepositivebenefits—bothsmallandlarge—thatnatureprovidestohumans.

Thelossofbiodiversityisanindicatorofoveralldeclineofecosystemservicesthathumansandbusinessesdependon,includingairfiltration,pollination,floodprotection,andclimateregulation/carbonstorage.

Thesenaturalassetshavenotbeenmanagedsustainably;asnotedintheUnitedKingdom’sreportTheEconomicsofBiodiversity:The

DasguptaReview,whilehuman-producedcapitalperpersonincreasedby13percentglobally,stockofnaturalcapitalperpersondeclinedby40percentbetween1992and2014.Theprimarydriversofbiodiversitylossarethefollowing:

?Changeinlanduseorseause;

?Invasivespecies;

?Pollution;

?Climatechange;and

?Thedirectexploitationoforganisms.

Realestateplaysaroleinthisbiodiversityloss,particularlythroughchangesinlanduse,unsustainablesourcingofawidearrayofbuildingmaterials,andcontributionstoclimatechange.Recognizingthese

impacts,leadingrealestateownersanddevelopershavebegunincorporatingnature-positiveprinciplesintotheirdesign,operations,andportfolio

managementstrategies.

LookUpLookDownPhotography(Unsplash)

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateIntroduction5

Nature-positiveactivitiescanrangefromreducingimpactsonbiodiversitytofullyrecoveringnativeecosystemsasshowninthefigurebelow.

Realestatecanstrivetoreachthehighestlevelofnaturerestorationpossible,whilerecognizingthatactivitiesatallpointsonthisspectrumcancontributetooptimizingecologicalandsocialoutcomes.

THERESTORATIVECONTINUUM

Source:

TheSocietyforEcologicalRestoration

,fromSER’sInternationalPrinciples&StandardsforthePracticeofEcologicalRestoration.

Restorationactivitiesrangefromreducingsocietalimpactsonnaturetofullyrecoveringnativeecosystems.Eachlevelofactivityonthecontinuumcanplayanimportantroleinnature-positiverealestate.

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateIntroduction6

MarkusSpiske(Unsplash)

Adoptinganature-positiveoutlookisimportantfordevelopersinallregions“AsweseewithheatwavesintheU.K.andacrossEurope,the

contributionstourbannatureandhaveanopportunitytoengagetenants

oftheworld,becauseeventhoseinurbanlocationscanmakemeaningfulextremitiesofclimateriskandbiodiversitylossareseenincities

andthebroadercommunityonthetopicofbiodiversitybyhelpinginmanyways,includingtheurbanheatislandeffect,alackof

peoplefeelmoreconnectedtotheenvironment.Urbanareashavemoreaccesstonature,poorairquality,physicalandmentalhealth.The

thandoubledsince1992,contributingtoadeclineinbiodiversity,soasolutionislivingandworkingalongsidenature,whetherinrural

largeopportunityexistsforrealestateinthebuilt-upurbanareastoreverseorurbanenvironments,usingnature-basedsolutionsincitiesto

thesechanges.ensurehumansarehealthyandhappyandstartingtoreverse

catastrophicdeclinewe’reseeing.”

—TorBurrows,Grosvenor

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateIntroduction7

WHATDOESNATURE-POSITIVEDEVELOPMENTMEAN?

Anature-positiveperspectiveisnotjustaboutconservingexistingbiodiversityinlanduseplanninganddevelopmentbutisalsoseekingtoenhanceorrestorenaturalfunctionsandspeciesrichnesstoasite.

Nature-positivedevelopmentinitsfullestexpressionwouldensurethatanygivendevelopmentisasecologicallyfunctional“asthewildlandsnextdoor” insupportinglocalspeciesandtheirecosystemneeds,accordingtoNicoleMiller,managingdirectorofthebio-inspiredconsultancyBiomimicry3.8.“Natureisouronlysuccessfulmodelforregenerativeimpact.”

“Natureworksingradients:gradientsofwater,light,nutrients,

temperature,amongothers,andsomethingthatnaturedoesperfectlywellistofillvoids.Whereverthere’saspace,nature

willtakeit.Everysinglepartandpieceinthecoreofthebiggestcityintheworldhasanopportunitytorecoversomefunctionalityandwildlife.Everylittleintentionalpatchformsamatrixthattogethercreatesconnectivity.”

—JuanRovalo,Jacobs

Urbanenvironmentshaveoftenbeendismissedasplacesbereftofnatureorenvironmentalprocessesworthpreservingorrestoring.However,

citiesareinseparablefromtheecosystems,land,andwaterstheyarebuilton,and

manyspeciesofplantsandanimalsalreadycallcitiestheir

home

.Forexample,thelargesturbanpopulationofperegrinefalconsintheworldisindenselydeveloped

NewYorkCity

.Creatingmorehabitatforotherlivingbeingswillnotonlyenrichourcitiesfurther,itwillalsoalignurbanplacesmoredeeplywiththeflowsofwater,air,soil,carbon,nutrients,andenergythatconnecttheworldandallitsinhabitants.

TheRoleofIndigenousandNativePeoplesinStewardingBiodiversity

Bysomeestimates

,

Indigenousandnativepeoples

representonly5percentoftheworld’spopulationbutprotectandsupport

80percentoftheworld’sbiodiversity,and

conservemoreland

thantheworld’snationalparksandforests.However,manyIndigenouspeoplesareatriskofdisplacementfromirresponsibledevelopment;lackoffree,prior,andinformedconsent;andtheimpactsofclimatechange.SupportingIndigenousrightsandsovereigntyovertraditionallandsandrecognizingIndigenousexpertiseatmaintaininghealthyecosystemsarethereforecriticalhumanrights,climate,andbiodiversitypriorities.Realestatecanoperationalizethisgoalbytreating

Indigenousandnativepeoplesaspartnerswhendevelopmentaffectstheircommunities(whetherontraditionalorreservationlands

orinurbansettings),respectingtheirrighttoself-determination,andincorporatingtheirleadershipontheenvironmental,social,and

financialneedsagivenprojectcanhelpmeet.

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateIntroduction8

THEINTERSECTIONOFNATUREPOSITIVEANDNETZERO

Netzerointhebuiltenvironmentdescribesabuildingportfoliothatis

highlyenergyefficientandfullypoweredbyon-andoff-siterenewablesandoffsets.Anincreasingnumberofrealestateorganizationsaroundtheworldaresettingnetzerocommitmentsthroughorganizationslike

ULI

Greenprint

,the

UNNetZeroAssetOwnerAlliance

,

WorldGreenBuilding

Council

,orthe

U.K.BetterBuildingsPartnership

.

Beyondprovidingcarbonsequestration,emissionsreductions,andecosystemservices,scientistswiththeU.N.’s2020ConventiononBiologicalDiversityestimatethatconserving30percentoftheplanetfromhumanusethroughecologicallyrepresentativeandwell-connectednaturalareascould

protectupto80percentoflivingorganismsandsecure60percentof

storedcarbonand66percentofcleanwater.Otherprominentscientists,likebiologistE.O.Wilson,recommendanevengreatergoalofconserving

halftheplanet

toprotectnature.

Leadingrealestateorganizationshavebeguntoincorporatebiodiversityintotheiroverallsustainabilitystrategies,recognizingthatprotectingandrestoringnaturalfunctionsisintegraltoreducingemissionsandprotectingassetvalue.Whileeachofthesolutionsidentifiedinthisreportpromotesbiodiversityinrealestate,thereareoftenco-benefits,ultimatelysupportingbuildingsinachievingnetzero.Byconsideringnatureastheirreplaceablefoundationofoursystemsthatincludesclimate,health,community,

resiliency,andotherbenefitstogether,multifunctionalsolutionsforrealestatecanbedevelopedinawaythatperformswellenvironmentally,socially,andfinancially.

UsingtheU.N.SDGsasaFrameworkforNaturePositiveandNetZero

The17U.N.SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)aimtoend

povertywhilealsoimprovingglobalhealth,reducinginequality,andprotectingtheplanet,tyingclimate,health,andbiodiversityintoabroadandglobalrangeofgoals.WhileanumberofSDGssupportnature-positivesolutions,thefollowingtwoinparticularseekto

encouragebiodiversity:

?SDG14,LifebelowWater:Conserveandsustainablyusetheoceans,seas,andmarineresourcesforsustainabledevelopment.

?SDG15,LifeonLand:Protect,restore,andpromotesustainableuseofterrestrialecosystems,sustainablymanageforests,combatdesertification,andhaltandreverselanddegradationandhaltbiodiversityloss.

FormoreinformationonwhatrealestateisdoingtoalignwiththeU.N.SDGs,seeULI’sreport

GlobalGoals:APrimerontheU.N.SDGs

forRealEstate.

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateIntroduction9

“BiodiversityenablesNaturetobeproductive,resilientandadaptable.Justasdiversitywithinaportfoliooffinancialassetsreducesriskanduncertainty,sodiversitywithinaportfolioofnaturalassetsincreases

Nature’sresiliencetoshocks,reducingtheriskstoNature’sservices.Reducebiodiversity,andNatureandhumanitysuffer.”

—

TheDasguptaReview

THEBUSINESSCASE

FORNATURE-POSITIVE

SOLUTIONS

10

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstate

THEBUSINESSCASEFORNATURE-POSITIVESOLUTIONS

Cost-effectiveandvalue-enhancingsolutions,newregulations,and

stakeholderinterestaredrivingmorerealestateorganizationstorecognizetheconnectionsbetweenclimateandnatureandtoinvestinbiodiversityatmultiplescales.Marketdriversfornature-positivesolutionsincludethefollowing:

?Regulations:Multiplejurisdictionshavepassednewpoliciesthatincorporatebiodiversityintoplanningandfinancialreporting.Manyrealestateorganizationswithbiodiversityplanscitegettingaheadofthecurveinmarketswithlocalregulationsasamajordriverforbiodiversityprojects.Citiesandcountriesaroundtheglobewith

theseregulationsincludethefollowing:

UnitedKingdom’sBiodiversityNetGain:In2023,newnetgainregulationrequiresa10percentnetgaininbiodiversityasa

conditionofplanningpermissionforallnewdevelopmentsacrossEnglandandWales.Theseimprovementswillbemeasuredinbiodiversityunitsandmustbemaintainedforatleast30years.Developmentprojectscanusethe

BiodiversityMetric3.1

tool

tocalculatethenumberofbiodiversityunitsrequiredatasite.

France’sArticle29:In2021,Francepassedadecreethat

requiresallfinancialinstitutionstodisclosebiodiversity-andclimate-relatedrisksaswellasastrategywithspecifictargetsforreducingbiodiversityimpacts.

Singapore’s

LandscapingforUrbanSpacesandHigh-rises

(LUSH)

:LUSHiscomposedofLandscapeReplacementAreas(LRAs)andgreen-spaceincentives.DevelopmentsinstrategicareaswillprovideLRAsthatareminimallyequivalenttothedevelopment’sgrosssitearea;atleast40percentoftheLRA

requirementmustbesoftscapeandtherestmaybehardscape.

Malmo,Sweden’surbangreeningfactor:Theurbangreening

factorgivespointsforeachsquaremeterbasedonitsgreenvalue(0pointsforaparkinglotandmorepointsforpermeable

pavementoragreenroof).Thesenumbersareaddedupanddividedbythetotalpropertyarea.Malmosetsminimums,andthedevelopmentcanselectanymixtureofsolutionstoachievethatnumber.

Washington,D.C.,GreenAreaRatio:Thiszoningregulation

setsrequirementsincertainzonesforlandscapeandsitedesigntominimizestormwaterrunoffandreducetheurbanheat

islandeffect.

SeattleGreenFactor:Thiscoderequirementsetsaminimumscorebasedonaweightedmenuofpointsrelatingtolandscapeelementslikeplantings,vegetatedwalls,greenroofs,permeablepaving,andotherfeatures.Thetotalscoreisthendividedbytheparcelsize,andcomplianceisrequiredforprojectpermitapproval.

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateTheBusinessCaseforNature-PositiveSolutions11

?Propertyvalueenhancements:Manytenantsandownersrecognizetheimportanceofbiodiversity.Biodiversitysolutionsarealsohighlyvisibletotenants,increasingmarketability.Itmaybedifficultto

showtenantsbuildinginvestmentsinenergyefficiency,buttenantscanclearlyseegreenroofs,nativelandscaping,orotherfeatures.

Theseinvestmentscanpayoffintheshorttermbyincreasingthemarketingvaluethroughaesthetics,withonedevelopernotingthat

alow-floorcondominiumunitwitharaingardensoldformorethantheunitsonthenexttwofloors.Nature-positivedesignscanalso

expeditethepermittingandapprovalsprocessbygoingbeyondlocalrequirements,reducingcostsandtimetodevelopmentbygarneringsupportfromlocalgovernments.Biodiversityinvestmentscanalsopayoffinthelongtermbyincreasingefficiencyandreducingoperatingcosts,suchasbyreducingHVACrequirementsthroughagreenroofortreatingrainwateronsite.

?Availablelow-costopportunities:Retrofittinglandscapingtofacilitatebiodiversitycanbedoneatarelativelylowcost.Forexample,

reducing/discontinuingmowingandsowingthelandscapewithnativeplantseedscanbeaestheticallypleasingwithoutincreasing

maintenancecosts.

“DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,peoplecametoappreciatethevalueofopenspaceandviews,andaplacetostepoutona

porchandgetfreshair.There’sarenewedinterestbypeopletoexperiencebiodiversity—theymaynotknowexactlywhat

they’reexperiencing,orusethetermbiodiversitytodescribeit,buttheyappreciateitandseeit.Allofthoseforushelpimproveourlong-termreturn.”

—AndyBush,MorganCreekVentures

?Communityengagement:Sincebiodiversityinvestmentsarehighly

visible,theycreateanidealengagementopportunitybetweenbuildingownersandthebroadercommunity,enhancingacompany’slocal

brand.On-sitegreenspacecanbringincommunitymembersandprovideseducationalopportunitiesforadultsandlocalschools.Buildingownershavereportedpositivefeedbackfromthecommunityonbiodiversityprojects.However,programmingaspaceshouldbebalancedwiththeconservationrequirementsofanarea,sothatvisitorsdonotdriveawayordegradenewlycreatedhabitats.

?Stakeholderinterest:Realestateorganizationsreportedgettingmorequestionsfrominvestorsonthetopicofbiodiversity,shiftingfromafocusoncarbon.Inaddition,somebanksareofferingsustainability-linkedfinancingandsettingbiodiversitytargets,particularlyinlocationswithnewbiodiversity-relatedregulations.

“Theinvestorspaceisprettyactiveinaskinguswhatwe’redoingonbiodiversity.Theconversationhasturnedfrom,‘Whatare

youdoinginthecarbonspace?’to‘Whatareyoudoinginthebiodiversityspace?’That’sobviouslyputtingusinapositionwhereweneedtobeonourfrontfoot.”

—DarrylStuckey,Lendlease

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateTheBusinessCaseforNature-PositiveSolutions12

“Realestateisnotanisland;it’scollectivewithsociety,so

Nature-PositiveResilienceStrategies

Nature-basedsolutionsareakeypartofbuildingresiliencetoclimateimpactsandplayanessentialpartinreducingtheimpactsofmanytypesofphysicalclimaterisks.Formoreonthesesolutions,headtoULI’sUrbanResilienceprogramtolearnaboutaddressingwildfires,floodimpacts,drought,andmore:

?CloudburstInfrastructureWorkshopforNewYorkCityHousingAuthority;

?EnhancingResiliencethroughNeighborhood-ScaleStrategies;

?Firebreak:WildfireResilienceStrategiesforRealEstate;

?HarvestingtheValueofStormwater;

?OnSaferGround:FloodplainBuyoutsandCommunityResilience;and

?Scorched:ExtremeHeatandRealEstate.

there’salevelofresponsibilityregardingrealestateactorsandbiodiversity.AEWisafundmanagementcompany,sowedon’t

ownthebuilding,butweassessbiodiversityimpactsoftheasset,

thebuildingandlandaroundit,andwecomeupwith

recommendationstoimprovebiodiversitystatusoftheassetandincorporatethisactionplanintheimprovementplanof

theasset’s10-yearcapexfund.WeincludebiodiversityquestionsinourESG[environment,social,andgovernance]auditsand

scoringthatmustbeassessedbyanexternalauditoraswellasspecificbiodiversityauditforexistingandnewconstruction.”

—ThierryLaquitaine,AEW

?Resiliencebenefits:Naturalinfrastructurecanprovidearangeof

resilience-relatedinfrastructurebenefits,whichownersandtenantsareincreasinglyawareof.Forexample,theseincludestormwater

managementandextremeheatmitigation(e.g.,urbantreescansupportcoolingduringheatwaves,whilemangrovesorplanteddunescanhelpreducecoastalstormimpacts).Inland,naturalinfrastructurecanhelpslowwatertoreduceflooding,storeitduringpeakflow,and

dischargeitsafelylater,andrestoredegradedlandscapestoimprovebothecologyandthecommunity’squalityoflife.Theseinvestmentscanalsobeimplementedatmultiplescales,andinvestmentsmadeatthecommunitylevelcanhavepositiveimpactsatthebuildinglevel.

?Newdisclosurerequirements:Similartothewiderangeofvoluntarycarbonreductiondisclosureframeworks,newframeworksareunderdevelopmentfornature-relatedrisks,includingthe

Taskforceon

Nature-RelatedFinancialDisclosures(TNFD)

andScienceBasedTargetsforNature(SBTN).TNFDisafinancialmarket-ledmanagementanddisclosureframeworktoreportandactonevolvingnature-relatedrisksandopportunities,withthegoalofhelpingorganizationsfactornatureintofinancialandbusinessdecisions.SBTNaimstoprovideaclearpathwayforreversingnaturelossinlinewithsciencetocreateresilientbusinesses,healthycities,andsustainableeconomies.

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateTheBusinessCaseforNature-PositiveSolutions13

?Achievinggreenandhealthybuildingcertifications:Many

nature-positiveandbiodiversitysolutions,suchasenhancedgreenspaceandlandscaping,canhelpachievecertifications,includingLEED(LeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign),theLivingBuildingChallenge,orWELL,becauseoftheirimportantrolein

supportingbothsustainabilityandhealth.Forexample,visibleaccesstonatureiscorrelatedwithreducedstress,improvedmentalhealth,anddecreasedsickdays,improvingemployeesatisfaction,wellness,andproductivity.Thesecertificationscanincreaseassetvalue

andmarketability.Specificbiodiversity-focusedbuildingcertificationsarepoppingupaswell,asnotedon

page22

.

Notallbenefitsofnatureandbiodiversityareimmediatelymeasurableandcapturable.Inparticular,realestateshouldconsideritsexposuretoimpactsofreducedbiodiversityonthematerialsupplychain.Demandforlow-carbonmaterialslikemasstimberisincreasing,whichcanreduceembodied

carbon,buttheremaybesupplychaindisruptionsifthesematerialsarenotsourcedsustainably,increasingconstructiontimeandcosts.

“Developmentdoesn’tneedtohavenegativeimpactonecology;itcaninsteadhavepositiveimpact.”

—DavidMellor,Prologis

PaulSzewczyk(Unsplash)

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstateTheBusinessCaseforNature-PositiveSolutions14

“Naturepositiveisthefoundationforallsocialandculturalbenefitsyoucanreach.Everysiterequiresdifferentapproaches,issubjecttodifferentdynamics,pressures,

andpastlanduses.Thatlegacycreatesasetofconditionsthatneedstobeunderstoodinordertoimproveandelevatethemagain.Throughnatureishowwelearntoadapt

tocurrentandfutureconditions.Insomeprojects,it’saboutsoillossandcoastalerosion,whileinothers,it’saboutfireriskreductionusinglandscapeapproaches.Nature

positiveisaboutstackedbenefitsforthecompany,community,andallspeciesthatliearoundit.”

—JuanRovalo,Jacobs

SCALING

BIODIVERSITY

15

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstate

SCALINGBIODIVERSITY

Biodiversityconversationsoftenhappenatmultiplelevelsofanorganization.Atthehighestlevel,theorganizationfocusesonplanning,buildingoutabiodiversityplanfortheorganization.However,conversationsarealsohappeningatthepropertylevel,becauseoflocation-specificneedsor

motivatedpropertymanagementteams.Tobesuccessful,strategiesacrossalllevelsmustbeinalignment.

Asinthefigureonthefollowingpage,realestate’simpactonbiodiversitycanbecategorizedconceptuallyintoupstreamanddownstreamimpacts.Upstreamimpactsonbiodiversity,positiveornegative,couldoccurthroughthesourcingofmaterialsandenergyforbuildingconstructionand

operations,whichcanpreserveorrestoretheecosystemsrealestatereliesontocreateandrunbuildings.Downstreamimpactscouldincludeavoidingdevelopmentongreenfieldsites,minimizingbuildingfootprintsandmaximizingsite/buildingdesignforpositiveimpact(e.g.,throughgreeninfrastructureorbird-friendlyglass),andensuringbuildingoperations

andmaintenancepracticesdonotpollutesoilorwaterwaysordisturbon-sitebiodiversity(e.g.,throughexcessiveorpoorlytimedmowingortreetrimming).Bothupstreamanddownstreamimpactscanaddupinscalefromprojectorsitetoneighborhood,city,orregion.

NaturePositiveandNetZero:TheEcologyofRealEstate