./全國翻譯資格考試三級筆譯綜合能力資料推薦教材：1．《英語筆譯綜合能力3級》,外文,黃源深總主編,20xx版。〔黃皮書〕2．《英語三級筆譯考試真題精選》,外文,盧敏編,20xx版。〔藍皮書〕課外閱讀材料：X培基、喻云根等,《英漢翻譯教程》。XX：XX外語教育,1980年版。陳宏薇,《新實用漢譯英教程》。XX：XX教育,1996年版。柯平,《英漢與漢英翻譯教程》。：大學,1993年版。呂瑞昌、喻云根,《漢英翻譯教程》。XX：XX人民,1983年版。陸殿揚,《英漢翻譯理論與技巧》〔上、下冊〕。：時代,1958年版。楊莉藜,《英漢互譯教程》。XX：XX大學,1993年版。X仲英,《實用翻譯教程》。：外語教學與研究,1994年版。馮慶華,《實用翻譯教程》。XX：XX外語教育,1997年版。郭著章,《英漢互譯實用教程》。武昌：XX大學,1996年版。10．申雨平,《實用英漢翻譯教程》。：外語教學與研究,20xx版。11．古今明,《英漢翻譯基礎》。XX：XX外語教育,20xx版。12．王恩冕、李正中,《大學英漢翻譯教程》。：對外經濟貿易大學,1998年版。13．李長拴,《非文學翻譯理論與實踐》。：中國對外翻譯出版公司。14．姜桂華,《中式英語之鑒》。：清華大學。15．莊繹傳,《英漢翻譯簡明教程》。：外研社。16．許淵沖：《翻譯的藝術》,五洲傳播出版。17．包惠南著：《文化語境與語言翻譯》,中國對外翻譯出版公司。18．何善芬等著：《英漢語言對比研究》,XX外語教育。19．曾蕙蘭：《進出口實用英語》,外文。《漢英中華文化詞典》,XX外語教育。20．《翻譯研究論文集》<1894-1948、1949-1983><《翻譯通訊》編輯部>21．《翻譯理論與翻譯技巧文集》,中國對外翻譯出版公司。22．Language,Culture,andTranslation,byEugeneA.Nida,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress詞法、句法流派代表作陸殿揚：《英漢翻譯理論與技巧》,商務印書館。X培基等：《英漢翻譯教程》,XX外語教育。馮樹鑒：《實用英漢翻譯技巧》,同濟大學。功能流派的代表作郭頤頓、X穎,《商務英漢翻譯教程》,XX大學,1995年版。X鸞鈴,《實用英漢翻譯技巧》,XX教育,1996年版。譚寶全,《現代英語翻譯技巧》,XX交通大學,1997年版。當代譯論流派代表作柯平,《英漢與漢英翻譯教程》,大學。楊莉藜,《英漢互譯教程》,XX大學。X仲英,《實用翻譯教程》,外語教學與研究。陳宏薇,《新實用漢譯英教程》,XX教育。中文語法書目呂叔湘,朱德熙：《語法修辭講話》,XX教育。王力：《中國現代語法》,商務印書館。王力：《中國古代語法》,商務印書館。高名凱：《漢語語法理論》,商務印書館。呂叔湘：《語法學習》,復旦大學。翻譯史馬祖毅：《中國翻譯史》,中國對外翻譯出版公司。方文華：《中國翻譯史》,西北大學。譚載喜：《西方翻譯簡史》,商務印書館。第一節考試內容介紹、定語從句講解、練習與譯法第一部分考試介紹一、考試題型詞匯和語法部分50題25分25分鐘閱讀理解50題55分75分鐘完型填空20題20分20分鐘二、考試要求掌握本大綱要的英語詞匯；掌握并能夠正確運用雙語語法；具備對常用問題英語文章的閱讀理解能力。三、筆譯綜合能力試題的基本類型第一部分詞匯和語法部分可分為三大部分：詞匯選擇〔VocabularyandGrammar〕1-20難度大約在四級左右；詞語替代〔VocabularySelection〕21-40主要找出和劃橫線部分相同意思的詞匯,難度在4級到6級之間；改錯〔ErrorCorrection〕主要有詞匯和語法的兩種錯誤。第一部分考察的內容主要為近義詞的辨析、短語介詞和動詞詞組的搭配；語法點主要包括定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句、虛擬語氣、非謂語動詞等等。在其后會分專題來講解。第二部分閱讀理解共5篇,字數在每篇150-450字之間,絕大多數在250字左右,每篇有5到10題,不定量。題材廣泛,選題多樣。類似于四級以上難度和題型,但是和專業四級題型更加相似。第三部分為開放性完型填空,20空,共20分。題材廣泛,選題多樣。難度和專業四級等同。四、基本復習策略綜合能力課程作為三級筆譯必修的課程,主要是考察學生對于英語基本知識的了解,特別是對雙語習慣的掌握,為了能夠更好地為實務課程打下堅實的基礎,所以希望每一位同學都不要對這門課程產生掉以輕心的念頭。根據個人經驗,我個人推薦以下幾個復習的策略：第一、要對大綱的詞匯做到十分熟悉,這種熟悉不是簡單地認識,而是要學會使用,特別是在沒有字典的幫助之下可以迅速而準確地判斷搭配。第二、對于語法結構的重視,但凡是學翻譯就必須要對語法結構有著深入的了解,這種了解不是簡單地會劃分句子成分,而是將每個句子如何組合,這將決定你實務中的句型翻譯的關鍵。第三,閱讀能力要強。任何考試都是得閱讀者得天下,咱們的綜合能力考試也不除外。包括實務考試,如果文章內容沒有弄明白,那么對文章的翻譯肯定是不行的。以上三點經驗之談,僅供參考。第二部分定語從句的講解、練習與譯法1．that和which用法比較：1>which用于非限定性定語從句中。e.g.:Hesaidhewasbusy,whichwasnottrue.他說他很忙,那是假的。Wedon’twanttoenterthehouse,whichisverycold.我們不想進房間,因為太冷了。2>which用于介詞后做賓語。e.g.:Theroomofwhichwindowsareoppositetotheroomislarge.窗戶正對著海的房間很大。Thechairinwhichyouaresittingismadeofiron.你坐的椅子是用鋼做的。3>that一定用于"不〔不定代詞作先行詞時〕止〔"只是"only修飾先行詞時〕最〔形容詞最高級修飾先行詞時〕兩〔先行詞同時出現人和物〕序〔序數詞修飾先行詞時〕"五種情況。e.g.:Allthatyouneedishelp.你所需要的是幫助。Alotofthingsandchildrenthatarefullofthecarwerelostinthedistrict.裝滿了車的東西和孩子們在這個地區失蹤了。ThatisonlythingthatIwanttoknow.那是我唯一想知道的事情。ThelastbookthatyouboughtisthatIwantedtobuy.你買的最后一本書是我想買的。Whatisthesizeofthelargestmapthatyouhaveseenbefore?你以前見過的最大的尺寸的地圖有多大？2．定語從句的種類定語從句可分為非限定性定語從句〔描繪性定語從句〕和限定性定語從句。e.g.:Theydon’tlikethatpersonwhoisnoisy.他們不喜歡那個吵鬧的人。*非限定性定語從句〔描繪性定語從句〕和先行詞關系緊密,不可省略。e.g.:Theydon’tlikethatperson,whoisnoisy.他們不喜歡那個人,因為他太吵鬧了。*限定性定語從句和先行詞關系疏松,用逗號和主句隔開,可以省略。它翻譯時,相當于一個狀語從句。語法與詞匯練習1.Thebridgewasnamed__theherowhogavehislifeforthecauseofthepeople.AafterBwithCbyDfrom2.Therewerenotickets__forFriday’sperformance.ApreferableBconsiderableCpossibleDavailable3.__theRevolutionaryWar,theUnitedStateswasanEnglishcolony.AInferiortoBSuperiortoCPriortoDPreferableto4.Cancerissecondonly__heartdiseaseasacauseofdeath.AofBtoCwithDfrom5.Itwasn'tsuchagooddinner__shehadpromisedus.AthatBwhichCasDwhat6.Americanwomenwere__therighttovoteuntil1920aftermanyyearsofhardstruggle.AignoredBneglectedCrefusedDdenied7.Theydecidedtochasethecowaway__itdidmoredamage.AunlessBuntilCbeforeDalthough8.__studentwithalittlecommonsenseshouldbeabletoanswerthequestion.AEachBAnyCEitherDOne9.Themedicineisonsaleeverywhere.Youcangetitat__chemist’s.AeachBsomeCanyDcertain10.All__isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.AwhatisneededBforourneedsCthethingneededDthatisneeded11.__withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.AWhencomparedBCompareCWhilecomparingDComparing12.After__forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.AbeinginterviewedBinterviewedCinterviewingDhavinginterviewed13.__shefirstheardofthemanreferredtoasaspecialist.AThatwasfromStephenBItwasStephenwhomCItwasfromStephenthatDItwasStephenthat14.Iftheseshoesaretoobig,asktheclerktobringyouasmaller__.AsuitBsetConeDpair15.Manynew__willbeopenedupinthefutureforthosewithauniversityeducation.AopportunitiesBnecessitiesCrealitiesDprobabilities16.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe__then.AwouldhavebeenhereBhadtobehereCshouldbehereDwouldbehere17.You__allthosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.Aneedn’thavedoneBmustnothavedoneCshouldn’thavedoneDcannothavedone18.Itwasverykindofyoutodothewashing-up,butyou__it.Amustn’thavedoneBwouldn’thavedoneCmightn’thavedoneDdidn’thavetodo19.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationsforms__backbeforethedeadline.AmustbesentBwouldbesentCbesentDweresent20.We__ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.AjusthavehadBhavejusthadCjusthadDhadjusthad21.Ihadjuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclothes__Iheardvoices.AasBwhileCafterDwhen22.Ifeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,__somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.AunlessBuntilCwhenDwhile23.Itwasessentialthattheseapplicationforms__backasearlyaspossible.AmustbesentBwillbesentCaresentDbesent24.Thechildrenwenttheretowatchtheirontower__.AtoerectBbeerectedCerectingDbeingerected25.Theengine__smokeandsteam.AgivesupBgivesinCgivesawayDgivesoff26.Themanagerpromisedtokeepme__ofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.AtobeinformedBoninformingCinformedDinforming27.Thegoals__hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.AafterwhichBforwhichCwithwhichDatwhich28.Ishouldliketorentahouse,modern,comfortableand__inaquietneighborhood.AallinallBaboveallCafterallDoverall29.__wehavefinishedthecourse,weshallstartdoingmorerevisionwork.AFornowBNowthatCEversinceDBynow30.Whatyouhavedoneis__thedoctor’sorders.AattachedtoBresponsibletoCresistanttoDcontraryto譯法：1．定語從句的前置合譯法：Onthewhole,suchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.譯文：總的來說,得出這種結論是有一定程度把握的,但是必須具備兩個條件：能夠假定這個孩子對測試的態度和與他比較的另一些孩子的態度相同；他也沒有因為缺乏別的孩子已掌握的有關知識而被扣分。2．定語從句的前置合譯法與后置分譯法：Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponsewillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.譯文：行為主義者認為,如果兒童的成長環境里有許多刺激因素,這些因素又有利于其適當反應能力的發展,那么,兒童的智力就會發展到較高的水平。TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootsinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.譯文：希臘人認為,語言結構與思維能力過程之間存在著某種聯系。這一觀點在人們尚未認識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。3．定語從句的溶合變譯法；Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.<48words>譯文：這種假設是依據這樣的一種謬論：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而實際上,除了特別懶惰的人以外,幾乎沒有人愿意掙只相當于最低生活維持費的錢,也沒有人愿意飽食終日、無所事事。定語從句翻譯練習：1.Priortothetwentiethcentury,womeninnovelswerestereotypesoflackinganyfeaturesthatmadethemuniqueindividualsandwerealsosubjecttonumerousrestrictionsimposedbythemale-dominatedculture.在20世紀以前,小說中的婦女像都是一個模式。她們沒有任何特點,因而無法成為具有個性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統強加給他們的種種束縛。2.Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.鋁總是跟其他元素結合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧結合;因為鋁跟氧有很強的親和力,由于這個原因,在自然界找不到游離狀態的鋁。所以,鋁直到19世紀才被人發現。3.They<thepoor>arethefirsttoexperiencetechnologicalprogressasacursewhichdestroystheoldmuscle-powerjobsthatpreviousgenerationsusedasameanstofighttheirwayoutofpoverty.對于以往幾代人來說,舊式的體力勞動是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段,而技術的進步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動,因此首先體驗到技術進步之害的是窮人。4.ThenumberoftheyoungpeopleintheUnitedStateswhocan’treadisincredibleaboutoneinfour.大約有1/4的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力,這簡直令人難以置信。〔前置譯法〕第二節語法與詞匯練習、定語從句長難句分析與翻譯、閱讀理解講解回顧也是一種前瞻Reviewingispreparingusforthefuture第一部分語法與詞匯練習1.Johnregretted__tothemeetinglastweek.AnotgoingBnottogoCnothavingbeengoingDnottobegoing2.Weregrettoinformyouthatthematerialsyouorderedare__.AoutofworkBoutofstockCoutofreachDoutofpractice3.They__inspiteoftheextremelydifficultconditions.AcarriedoutBcarriedoffCcarriedonDcarriedforward4.Mrs.Brownissupposed__forItalylastweek.AtohaveleftBtobeleavingCtoleaveDtohavebeenleft5.He’swatchingTV?He’s__tobecleaninghisroom.AknownBconsideredCregardedDsupposed6.Mycameracanbe__totakepicturesincloudyorsunnyconditions.AtreatedBadjustedCadoptedDremedied7.Anewtechnique__,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.AworkingoutBhavingworkedoutChavingbeenworkedoutDtohavebeenwordedout8.Between1974and1997,thenumberofoverseasvisitorsexpanded__27%.AbyBforCtoDin9.Childrenwhoareover-protectedbytheirparentsmaybecome__.AhurtBdamagedCspoiledDharmed10.WhenMr.Jonesgetsold,hewill__overhisbusinesstohisson.AtakeBhandCthinkDget11.Wehadapartylastmonth,anditwasalotoffun,solet’shave__onethismonth.AanotherBmoreCtheotherDother12.Noagreementwasreachedinthediscussionasneithersidewouldgivewayto__.AtheotherBanyotherCanotherDother13.Itwasdifficulttoguesswhather__tothenewswouldbe.AimpressionBreactionCcommentDopinion14.IdecidedtogotothelibraryassoonasI__.AfinishwhatIdidBfinishedwhatIdidCwouldfinishwhatIwasdoingDfinishedwhatIwasdoing15.Weareinterestedintheweatherbecauseit__ussodirectlywhatwewear,whatwedo,andevenhowwefeel.AbenefitsBaffectsCguidesDeffects16.Willallthose__theproposalraisetheirhands?AinrelationtoBincontrasttoCinexcessofDinfavorof17.Childrenareverycurious__.AatheartBinpersonConpurposeDbynature18.Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers__amatchwithoutastandardcourt.AobjectedtohavingBwereobjectedtohaveCobjectedtohaveDwereobjectedtohaving19.Themaninthecornerconfessedto__alietothemanagerofthecompany.AhavetoldBhavingtoldCbeingtoldDbetold20.Theteacherdoesn’tpermit__inclass.AsmokeBtosmokeCsmokingDtohaveasmoke21.Aswecannolongerwaitforthedeliveryofourorder,wehaveto__it.ApostponeBrefuseCdelayDcancel22.Thesebooks,whichyoucangetatanybookshop,willgiveyou__youneed.AalltheinformationBalltheinformationsCallofinformationDalloftheinformations23.Notuntilthegamehadbegun__atthesportsground.AhadhearrivedBwouldhehavearrivedCdidhearriveDshouldhehavearrived24.Youngpeoplearenot__tostandandlookatworksofart;theywantarttheycanparticipatein.AconservativeBcontentCconfidentDgenerous25.MostbroadcastersmaintainthatTVhasbeenunfairlycriticizedandarguethatthepowerofthemediumis__.AgrantedBimpliedCexaggeratedDremedied26.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo__bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.AunrecordedBtobeunrecordedCunrecordingDtohavebeenunrecorded27.Ihavenoobjection__yourstoryagain.AtohearBtohearingCtohavingheardDtohaveheard28.Theclothesapersonwearsmayexpresshis__orsocialposition.AcuriosityBstatusCdeterminationDsignificance29.Bylaw,whenonemakesalargepurchase,heshouldhave__opportunitytochangehismind.AaccurateBurgentCexcessiveDadequate30.Youwillseethisproduct__whereveryougo.AtobeadvertisedBadvertisedCadvertiseDadvertising第二部分定語從句長難句成分分析與翻譯練習5.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.人們常說,通過電視可以了解時事,掌握科學和政治的最新動態。從電視里還可以看到既有教育意義又有娛樂性的層出不窮的新節目。〔后置譯法〕6.TakinghiscuefromIbsen`sADoll`sHouse,inwhichtheheroine,Nora,leaveshomebecausesheresentsherhusband’streatingherlikeachild,thewriterLuXunwarnedthatNorawouldneedmoneytosupportherself;shemusthaveeconomicrightstosurvive.易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走,因為她憎惡她的丈夫像對待孩子一樣來對待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示,從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢來養活自己,她要生存就必須有經濟上的權利。〔句首譯法〕7.Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個個體所能擁有的后代數量,并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復制品的數量。〔倒裝、定從使用〕8.Withtheconclusionofaburstactivity,thelacticacidlevelishighinthebodyfluids,leavingthelargeanimalvulnerabletoattackuntiltheacidisreconverted,viaoxidativemetabolism,bytheliverintoglucose,whichisthensent<inpart>backtothemusclesforglycogenresynthesis.隨著爆發出來的運動的結束,再體液中乳酸含量會變得很高,使得大型動物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態,直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝,被肝臟轉化成〔convertinto〕葡萄糖,而葡萄糖接下來又會〔部分〕傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。9.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’preference,revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent,wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.雖然古特曼承認,由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁,但他還是證明,奴隸的偏愛——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側重于穩定的一夫一妻制。10.Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutmansuggests,mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage,which,thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother,allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.古特曼表示,這種對于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規定,盡管這些規定在一個和另一個部落群體之間不盡相同,但都涉與到某種對近親聯姻〔unionwithclosekin〕的禁止。第三部分閱讀理解的基本理念〔見PPT〕第三節非謂語動詞,練習與其譯法,閱讀理解講解與練習第一部分閱讀理解題目練習：Whenmyfirstchildwasborn,mymother-in-lawsaidtome:‘MotherhoodisawonderfuljustaslongasyourememberthatAMother’sPlaceisintheWrong.Nomatterwhatyoudo,yourchildrenwillblameyou.’Sinethattime,almostnineyearsago,Ihavecarefullymonitoredmothersandtheirgrowingoffspringtoverifythismaxim,andfoundthatindeeditcontainsmuchtruth.If,ontheotherhand,amothersendsherlittlelambtothelocalneighborhoodschool,thelittlelambwillgrumbletearslaterthathisparentsdidnotgiveafigforeducationandthatiswhyhewasilliterateandonthedole.Ifawomanhasajob,herchildrenwillspeakmournfullyoftheexperienceofbeinglatch-keykidswhoneverknewwhatitwastocomehometothejoyandsecurityofmumbakingbreadinthekitchen.Ifsheconsidersittoebesttoendthemarriage,theywillaccuseherofcausingthem‘parentaldeprivationsyndrome’andobligationthemtogrowupin‘aone-parentsituation’.Truly,amother’splaceisinthewrongplaceand,yea,itgoesonevenuntothethirdgeneration.Whenyourchildrenencountertroubleordifficultiesasadults,intheirownmarriagesorintheirpersonalities,whomdoyoublame?You’vegotitinone:Mother.1.Havingthoughtabouthermother-in-lawadvice,theauthor_________________.AwasinclinedtodoubttheadviceBinterviewedwomenwhosechildrenhadgrownupCdecidedtoputtheadvicetothetestDaskedadultsabouttheirchildren2.Thepassagesuggeststhatthelocalschools___________________.AmakechildrenfeelinsecurityBhaveapooreducationalrecordCallowchildrentoomuchfreedomDareforthechildrenof‘suburbancabbages’3.Accordingtothepassage,awomanwhodivorcesherhusbandwill____________________.AbebackedbyherchildrenBbeblamedbyherchildrenCusuallyblameherhusbandDsoonlosethechildren’saffection4.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatmothers_________________.AarewillingtotaketheblameBareblamedunfairlyCcannotbeblamelessDcannotavoidblameTheworldwideconsumptionofbakeryfoodproductsisincreasing.Manypopulationsthatformerlyreliedsolelyonriceorcoarsergrainsastheirmainsourceofcarbohydratesshowapreferenceforcompoundedbakeryproductsasnewindustryandincreasedincomesmakethemmorewidelyaccessible.Japanisanoutstandingexampleofcountriesfollowingthistrend.TheUnitedStateshasshownasteadydownwardtrendinpercapitaconsumptionofcereal-basedfoodsformanyyears,andtheconsumptionofsweetbakeryfoods,suchascakesorpastry,hasbeenincreasinglydisplacingbreadconsumption.Probably95%ofthewhitebreadsoldintheUnitedStatesisenrichedwiththiamine,niacin,andiron,andabout30ofthestateshavelawsrequiringwhitebreadenrichment.Formerly,calciumandvitaminDwerefrequentlyaddedtoenrichedbread,butlackofconsumerdemandandquestionablenutritionalbenefitledtogradualphasingoutoftheseenrichments.Indiahasattemptedtoencourageconsumptionofprotein-enrichedbread,withsomesuccess.Exceptforresearchprojects,littlehasbeendoneinothercountries,however.Inareaswherebakeryproductscomprisealargeproportionofthediet,theycouldprovideanidealvehiclefornutritionalsupplementation.Theneedforbetterqualityinthedailydietoccursmostlyinthedevelopingcounties,wherecarbohydratesfoodsusuallyJapanisusedinthispassagetillustrateafashioninmanycountries___________.AtoenrichbreadBtoinvestmoreinfoodindustryCtoincreaseconsumptionofbakeryfoodsDtoincreasearelianceonriceandgrains2.Becauseoflittledemandandquestionablevalue____________.AcalciumandvitaminDarenolongeraddedtobreadBcereal-basedfoodsarebeingreplacedbybakeryproductsCriceandcoarsergrainsbeingreplacedbybakeryproductsDlittlehasbeendonetoencourageconsumptionofenrichedbread3.Accordingtothepassage,popularcerealscouldbethebestwayindevelopingcountriesto___.AsupplementthedietBdisplacericeconsumptionCincreaserelianceoncarbohydratesDphaseoutnecessarybreadenrichments4.Fromthepassage,welearnthatthereisaworldwidetrendtowards_____________.AenrichingthenutritionalvalueofbreadBincreasingtheconsumptionofproteinCusingbakeryproductsasasourceofcarbohydratesDusinggrains,suchasrice,asasourceofcarbohydrates第二部分非謂語動詞難點講解獨立主格與非謂語動詞：獨立主格獨立主格的結構一：名詞〔代詞〕+分詞[現在分詞、過去分詞]Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper__itclosely.AfollowedBfollowingCtofollowDbeingfollowedAllthings__,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.AconsideredBbeconsideredCconsideringDhavingconsidered獨立主格的結構2：with+名詞〔代詞〕+分詞[句子當中作狀語]AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys__togotoschool.AtobeencouragedBbeenencouragedCbeingencouragedDbeencouraged非謂語動詞非謂語動詞的結構：分詞〔分詞短語〕句子的主語決定非謂語動詞中的分詞是用主動還是被動形式。如果是句子的主語發出動作,則使用現在分詞；如果動作不是由句子的主語發出,則使用過去分詞。43.Nomatterhowfrequently__,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.AperformedBperformingCtobeperformedDbeingperformedperformvt.表演,演出,演奏；tobeperformed將要被演奏；beingperformed正在被演奏；一些特殊的動詞：第一個：remember記住；62.Iremember__tohelpusifweevergotintotrouble.AonceofferingBhimonceofferingChimtoofferDtoofferhim第二個：want想要；48.Yourhairwants__.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.AcutBcuttingCtocutDbeingcut18.Thisroomissodirtythatitwants__.AcleaningBtocleanCbeingcleanedDcleaned第三個：mean意味；25.There'samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans__trouble.AmakingBtomakeCtohavemadeDhavingmade練習：41.Itisnotdifficultto________theideathatmachinesmaycommunicateinformationtous.A>admitB>receiveC>acceptD>convince42. Ihavenottheleast________ofhurtingyourfeelings.A>conceptB>intentionC>mindD>purpose43. Astheshortageofcertainmetalsapproaches,othersmustbefoundtotaketheir________.A>shareB>placeC>roleD>shape44. Thenewpowerstationisreported________withinthreeyears.A>tohavecompletedB>tohavebeencompletedC>havingBeencompletedD>tocomplete45. Maryisinbedwithafeverandshecan’thopeto________thecoldinafewday.A>getoverB>getawayC>getoffD>getout46. Althoughtheweatherwasveryhad,thebusesstillranon________.A>listB>planC>scheduleD>arrangement47. Thesituationtodayisobviouslyquitedifferentfrom________itwasonly50yearsago.A>whatB>whichC>whenD>such48. Soon,Americanshope,therainswillreturnandeasethehardship________U.S.farmers.A>facedB>facesC>facingD>toface49. Eversincethefamilymovedtothesuburbslastyear,they________betterhealth.A>couldhaveenjoyedB>havebeenenjoyingC>hadenjoyedD>areenjoying50. Itismucheasiertotalkaboutsocialchangethanto________.A>bringitonB>bringitaboutC>burningitupD>bringitout51. Janewashitontheheadbytherobberandwasknocked________.A>mindlessB>unawareC>brainlessD>unconscious52. Helikesdoingsomereadingathometothecinema.A>thantogoB>thangoingC>morethangoingD>ratherthantogo53. ________neglectingoureducation,myfathersentmybrotherandmetoasummerschool.A>AccusedofB>AccusingofC>ThathewasaccusedofD>Tobeaccusedof54. Iboughtanewhouselastyear,butI________myoldhouseyet,soatthemomentIhavetwohouses.A>didnotsellB>donotsellC>hadnotsoldD>havenotsold55. Shedidn’tregretpaying200dollarsforthebookcase.Asamatterorafact,shewouldgladlyhavepaid________forit.A>asmuchtwiceB>muchastwiceC>astwicemuchD>twiceasmuch56. BythetimeyougettoBeijingtomorrow,I________forShanghai.A>amleavingB>shouldhaveleftC>willleaveD>havealreadyleft57. Itwasessentialthatallthenecessarydocuments________tothepresident’sofficebeingtheendofthismonth.A>behandedinB>mustbehandedinC>shouldD>hadbeenhandedin58. Thecarisquite________ofpetrol.A>economicB>economicalC>savingD>sparing59. Thetrafficwasveryheavy;otherwiseI________here50minutessooner.A>wouldbeB>shouldbeC>hadbeenD>wouldhavebeen60. ________hisgreatwealth,healwaysremainedamanofsimpletastes.A>ExceptforB>WithregardtoC>DespiteD>Although61. Thesocksweretoosmallanditwasonlyby________themthathemanagedtogetthemon.A>spreadingB>extendingC>lengtheningD>stretching62. Languagecanbedefinedasatoolbywhichhumanbeings________withoneanother.A>associateB>connectC>communicateD>correspond63. Asasmallboy,hewasslow________learningtoreadandwrite.A>onB>withC>inD>about64. Tonywas________amileofthehotelwhenheranoutofpetrol.A>withinB>insideC>aboutD>off65. Ithasbeenrathercostlytoinstallthemachinery,butitwillprovetobeworththemoney________.A>inthelongrunB>inconclusionC>atlonglastD>attheend66. Idon’tknowwhyhe________inthemiddleofasentence.A>brokeoffB>brokeoutC>brokethroughD>brokeaway67. I’msorryAndydidn’twanttogototheconference.________willingtogowewouldhavepaidallhisexpenses.A>BeingB>WasheC>HehadbeenD>Hadhebeen68. Theministerwastheperson________.A>whomthestatedinnerwasgiveninhonourB>forwhomthestatedinnerwasgivenhonourC>whosehonourthestatedinnerwasgivenD>inwhosehonourthestatedinnerwasgiven69. Theyoungdriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit________ontheway.A>goeswrongB>wouldgowrongC>wentwrongD>shouldgowrong70. Johnhadbeenworkinghardand________.A>sohisbrotherhadB>sohadhisbrotherC>sowashisbrotherD>sohisbrotherdid第三節非謂語動詞的譯法1．Evenwhenweturnoffthebesidelampandarefastasleep,electricityisworkingforus,drivingourrefrigerators,heatingourwater,orkeepingourroomsair-conditioned.〔現在分詞正常使用〕即使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉時,電仍在為我們工作:幫我們開動電冰箱,把水加熱,或使室內空調機繼續運轉。2．Takingthetrain,thetwofriendsarrivedinBerlininlateOctober1922,andwentdirectlytotheaddressofChou-EnLai.他們兩個人坐火車于1922年3月到柏林,立即去周恩來的住處。Thefarmerof1800,usingahandsickle,couldhopetocutafifthofahectareofwheataday.在1800年,一個農民,使用鐮刀,在一天內可望收割五分之一公頃小麥。3．WhenChouEnLai’sdooropenedtheysawaslendermanofmorethanaverageheightwithgleamingeyesandafacesostrikingthatitborderedonthebeautiful.周恩來的房門打開時,他們看到的是一個身材瘦小、比普通人略高一點的人,兩眼閃著光輝,面貌很引人注意,稱得上清秀。4．Withthepricesandhouserentsincreasingrapidly,manyyounguniversitygraduatescannotearntheirliving,letalonesupportparents.隨著物價和房租迅速上漲,許多年輕大學畢業生無法掙錢養活自己,更不用說贍養父母。5．SituatedatthebaseoftheMt.LoftyRanges,阿德萊德位于羅夫迪嶺山麓,屬地中海型氣候。Thisarea,notedforitsbeautifulscenery,wascountedasoneoftheeightoutstandingviewsofBeijing.附近風光秀麗,過去是燕京八景之一。6．Ignoringthechairofferedhim,ChuTe朱德顧不得來過來的椅子,端端正正地站在這個比他年輕十幾歲的青年面前,用平穩的語調說明自己的身份。第四節非謂語動詞,長難句分析與翻譯、閱讀理解第一部分語法與詞匯練習北冥有魚,其名為鯤。鯤之大,不知其幾千里也；化而為鳥,其名為鵬。鵬之背,不知其幾千里也；怒而飛,其翼若垂天之云。鵬之徙于南冥也,水擊三千里,摶扶搖而上者九萬里……——《莊子?內篇?逍遙游》41. Ican’tunderstandhowyou________theseunpleasantsurroundings.A>putoutB>putdownC>putupwithD>putforward42. ________youdecidetotakeupyoushouldtrytomakeitasuccess.A>WhateverB>UnlessC>WheneverD>Ifonly43. IfHarrydidnotattendtheconferencelastnight,he________toomuchworktodo.A>musthavehadB>musthaveC>hadhadD>hadtohavehad44. Johnoftenattendspubliclectures