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1.

Colorisveryimportanttomostanimalsforithelpsthemtogetalong

intheworld.Color(31)tomakeananimaldifficultforitsenemiesto

see.Manyanimalsmatchtheir(32)soweIIthataslongastheydonot

movenooneis(33)toseethem.Youprobablyhaveoften'Jumped"arabbit.

Ifyou(34),youknowhowtherabbitsitsperfectlystill(35)youare

justafewfeetaway.You(36)seetherabbittillitrunsforits(37)

matchesverycloselytheplacewhereitis(38)Manytimesyoumayhave

waIkedpastarabbit(39)didn'trunandyouneverknewitwasthere

atall.

Oneofthemostusualcolorschemesthathelpsanimalstokeep(40)being

seen,isadarkbackandIightunderpants,ifananimalisthesamecolor

alIover,thereisaIwaysadarkshadowalongtheanima19sbelly(腹

部).Evenifanenemycouldn5tseetheanimalhecouldseethisdark

shadow.

A.helps

B.contributes

C.tries

D.manages

2.Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,

buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearanceswere

determinedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,and

engineers-usingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesand

quaIitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnoIogistthinksaboutcan,tbereduced

tounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindby

avisual,nonverbalprocess.InthedeveIopmentofWesterntechnology,

ithasbeennonverbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutIines

andfilledinthedetails,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryor

thermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsof

thosewhobuiltthem.

Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist'smindcanbeseenin

nearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadiesel

engine,atechnoIogistmightimpressindividualwaysofnon-verbal

thinkingonthemachinebycontinua11yusinganintuitivesenseof

tightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber

WhereshouIdbethevalvespIayedShouIdithavealongorshortpiston

Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,

byphysicalrequirements,byIimitationsofavaiIabIespace,andnot

leastbyasenseofformSomedecisions,suchaswalIthicknessandpin

diameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientific

componentofdesignremainsprimary.

Designcourses,then,shouIdbeanessentialeIementinengineering

curricula,nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,

invoIvesperceptions,thestock-in-tradeoftheartist,notthescientist.

Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumed,toentaiI"hardthinking",

nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthe

deveIopmentofcognitiveprocessesandinferiortoverbaIormathematicaI

thought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoric

AmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesand

isometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordof

Americanengineering,theonlycoIIegestudentswiththerequisite

abilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattending

architecturaIschooIs;

Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineering

curriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticaIprobIem-soIving,

arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostIyerrors

occurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.ForexampIerearlymodelsof

high-speedraiIroadcarsIoadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunable

tooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectrical

system.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsare

notmerelytrivialaberrations;theyareareflectionofthechaosthat

resultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.

Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith.

A.identifyingthekindsofthinkingthatareusedbytechnologists

B.stressingtheimportanceofnonverbalthinkinginengineeringdesign

C.proposinganewrolefornonscientificthinkinginthedevelopmentof

technology

D.criticizingengineeringschoolsforemphasizingscienceinengineering

curricula

3.

ThecIimateofEarthischanging.ClimatoIogistsareconfidentthatover

thepastcentury,thegIobaIaveragesurfacetemperaturehasincreased

byabouthalfadegreeCelsius.Thiswarmingisthoughttobeatleast

partIytheresu11ofhumanactivities,suchastheburningoffossiIfueIs

andtheclearingofforestsforagriculture.AsthegIobaIpopuIation

growsandnationaIeconomiesexpand,theglobalaveragetemperatureis

expectedtocontinueincreasingbyanadditional1.0~Cto3.5℃bythe

year2100.

Climatechangeisoneofthemostimportantenvironmentalissuesfacing

humankind.UnderstandingthepotentiaIimpactsofcIimatechangefor

naturaIecosystemsisessentialifwearegoingtomanageourenvironment

tominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechangeandmaximizethe

opportunitiesthatitmayoffer.Becausenaturalecosystemsarecomplex,

nonIinearsystems,itfoIIowsthattheirresponsestoclimatechangeare

likelytobecompIex.Climatechangemayaffectnaturalecosystemsin

avarietyofways.Intheshortterm,cIimatechangecanalterthemix

ofplantspeciesinlandecosystemssuchasgrasslands.Inthelongterm,

cIimatechangehasthepotentiaItodramaticallyalterthegeographic

distributionofmajorvegetationtypes-savannas,forests,andcIimate

changecanalsopotentiaIIyaltergIobaIecosystemprocesses,including

theeyeIingofcarbon,nitrogen,phosphorus,andsulfur.Moreover,

changesintheseecosystemprocessescanaffectandbeaffectedbychanges

intheplantspeciesoftheecosystemandvegetationtype.AlIofthe

cIimatechange-inducedalterationsofnaturalecosystemsaffectthe

servicesthattheseecosystemsprovidetohumans.

Theglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincreaseofhalfa

degree.Celsiusobservedoverthepastcenturyhasbeeninpartdueto

differentialchangesindailymaximumandminimumtemperatures,

resultinginanarrowingofthediurnaltemperaturerange.Decreasesin

thediurnaltemperaturerangewerefirstidentifiedintheUnitedStates,

wherelarge-areatrendsshowedthatmaximumtemperatureshaveremained

constantorincreasedonlysIightIyfwhereasminimumtemperatureshave

increasedatafasterrate.Inthisissue,AlwardetaI.reportonthe

differentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperatures

increases.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmeritionedasareasonforthegIobaIwarming

A.Theburningoffuelssuchascoaloroil.

B.Theclearingofforests.

C.Thecultivationoffarmland.

D.Thenegativeconsequencesofhumanactivities.

4.Theoceanbottomaregionnearly2.5timesgreaterthanthetotalland

areaoftheEarthisavastfrontierthateventodayisIargeIyunexpIored

anduncharted.UntiIaboutacenturyago,thedeep-oceanfloorwas

compIeteIyinaccessible,biddenbeneathwatersaveragingover3600

metersdeep.TotallywithoutIightandSubjectedtointensepressures

hundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth,ssurface,thedeep-ocean

bottomisahostiIeenvironmenttohumans,insomewaysasforbidding

andremoteasthevoidofouterspace.

AlthoughresearchershavetakensampIesofdeep-oceanrocksand

sedimentsforoveracentury,thefirstdetailedgIobaIinvestigation

oftheoceanbottomdidnotactuaIlystartuntiI1968,withthebeginning

oftheNationalScienceFoundation,sDeepSeaDrillingProject(DSDP).

UsingtechniquesfirstdeveIopedfortheoffshoreoiIandgasindustry,

theDSDP'sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger,wasabletomaintaina

steadypositionontheocean5ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwaters,

extractingsampIesofsedimentsandrocksfromtheoceanfloor.

TheGlomarChailengercompIeted96voyagesina15-yearresearchprogram

thatendedinNovember1983.Duringthistime,thevesselIogged600000

kilometersandtookaImost20000coresampIesofseabedsedimentsand

rocksat624drillingsitesaround'theworld.TheGlomarChallenger'

scoresampleshaveaIIowedgeologiststoreconstructwhatthepIanet

IookedIikehundredofmillionsofyearsagoandtocaIcuIatewhatit

willprobablylookIikemiIIionsofyearsinthefuture.Today,largely

onthestrengthofevidencegatheredduringtheGlomarChailenger5s

voyages,nearlyalIearthscientistsagreeonthetheoriesofplate

tectonicsandcontinentaIdriftthatexplainmanyofthegeological

processesthatshapetheEarth.

ThecoresofsedimentdriIledbytheGIomarChaIIengerhavealsoyielded

informationcriticaltounderstandingtheworld'spastclimates.

Deep-oceansedimentsprovideaclimaticrecordstretchingbackhundreds

ofmillionsofyears,becausetheyarelargelyisoIatedfromthe

mechanicaIerosionandtheintensechemicaIandbiologicalactivitythat

rapidlydestroymuchIand-basedevidenceofpastclimates.Thisrecord

hasalreadyprovidedinsightsintothepatternsandcausesofpast

cIimaticchangeinformationthatmaybeusedtopredictfutureclimates.

Theauthorreferstotheoceanbottomasa"frontier11inthefirstsentence

becauseit.

A.isnotapopularareaforscientificresearch

B.containsawidevarietyoflifeforms

C.attractscourageousexplorers

D.isanunknownterritory

5.Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,

buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearanceswere

determinedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,and

engineers-usingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesand

quaIitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcan'tbereduced

tounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindby

avisual,nonverbalprocess.InthedeveIopmentofWesterntechnology,

ithasbeennonverbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutIines

andfilledinthedetaiIsvandrocketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryor

thermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsof

thosewhobuiltthem.

ThecreativeshapingprocessofatechnoIogistJsmindcanbeseenin

nearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadiesel

engine,atechnoIogistmightimpressindividualwaysofnon-verbal

thinkingonthemachinebycontinuaIIyusinganintuitivesenseof

tightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber

WhereshouldbethevalvespIayedShouIdithavealongorshortpiston

Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,

byphysicalrequirements,byIimitationsofavaiIabIespace,andnot

leastbyasenseofformSomedecisions,suchaswalIthicknessandpin

diameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientific

componentofdesignremainsprimary.

Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialeIementinengineering

curricula,nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesigny

invoIvesperceptions,thestock-in-tradeoftheartist,notthescientist.

Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumed,toentaiI"hardthinking",

nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthe

deveIopmentofcognitiveprocessesandinferiortoverbaIormathematicaI

thought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoric

AmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesand

isometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordof

Americanengineering,theonlycoIIegestudentswiththerequisite

abiIitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattending

architecturaIschooIs;

Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineering

curriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticaIprobIem-soIving,

arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostIyerrors

occurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.ForexampIerearlymodeIsof

high-speedraiIroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunable

tooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectrical

system.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsare

notmerelytrivialaberrations;theyareareflectionofthechaosthat

resultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.

Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorthinksengineeringcurriculaare.

A.strengthenedwhentheyincludecoursesindesign

B.strongbecausenonverbalthinkingisstillemphasizedbymostofthe

course

C.strongdespitetheerrorsthatgraduatesofsuchcurriculahavemade

inthedevelopmentofautomaticcontrolsystems

D.strongdespitetheabsenceofnonscientificmodesofthinking

6.WealIknowthatthenormaIhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome

748hours'sleepalternatingwithsome16417hours5wakefulnessand

that,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursof

darkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthis

cyclecanbemodified.

Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Theease,forexample,withwhich

peopIecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestion

ofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround

the-cIockworkingofmachines.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystoone

weekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,

sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoften

thecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek:apersonmay

workfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and

4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosooner

hashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothat

muchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsIeepingveryefficiently.

TheonlyrealsoIutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshiftto

anumberofpermanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomestic

IifeandhealthofnightshiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1957.

Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepfindotherdisordersamong

thoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrence

ofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork.

Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy,but

meanwhiIesomethingmaybedonetoreIievethestrainsofalternateday

andnightworkbyseIectingthosepeopIewhocanadaptmostquicklyto

theChangesofroutine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedis

bymeasuringhisbodytemperature.PeopIeengagedinnormalday-timework

wiIIhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalow

oneatnight;whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwiIIonlyadjust

graduallybacktomatchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoes

soparaIlels,broadlyspeaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,

particularlyintermsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbody

temperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodof

wakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversed

routine,andthiscouIdbeusedasabasisforseIection.Sofar;however,

suchaformofseIectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice.

Themainproblemoftheround-the-clockworkingsystemIiesin.

A.theinconveniencesbroughtaboutto,theworkersbytheintroduction

ofautomation

B.thedisturbanceofthedailycycleofworkerswhohavetochangeshifts

toofrequently

C.thefactthatpeopleworkingatnightareoftenlesseffective

D.thefactthatitisdifficulttofindanumberofgoodnightworkers

7.

Colorisveryimportanttomostanimalsforithelpsthemtogetalong

intheworld.Color(31)tomakeananimaldifficultforitsenemiesto

see.Manyanimalsmatchtheir(32)soweIIthataslongastheydonot

movenooneis(33)toseethem.Youprobablyhaveoften,rjumped"arabbit.

Ifyou(34),youknowhowtherabbitsitsperfectlystill(35)youare

justafewfeetaway.You(36)seetherabbittillitrunsforits(37)

matchesverycloselytheplacewhereitis(38)Manytimesyoumayhave

waIkedpastarabbit(39)didn'trunandyouneverknewitwasthere

atall.

Oneofthemostusualcolorschemesthathelpsanimalstokeep(40)being

seen,isadarkbackandIightunderpants,ifananimalisthesamecolor

alIover,thereisaIwaysadarkshadowalongtheanimaPsbelly(腹

部).Evenifanenemycouldn9tseetheanimalhecouldseethisdark

shadow.

A.conditions

B.surroundings

C.enemies

D.bodies

8.

ThecIimateofEarthischanging.ClimatoIogistsareconfidentthatover

thepastcentury,thegIobaIaveragesurfacetemperaturehasincreased

byabouthalfadegreeCelsius.Thiswarmingisthoughttobeatleast

partlytheresu11ofhumanactivities,suchastheburningoffossiIfueIs

andtheclearingofforestsforagriculture.AsthegIobaIpopuIation

growsandnationaIeconomiesexpand,thegIobaIaveragetemperatureis

expectedtocontinueincreasingbyanadditional1.0~Cto3.5℃bythe

year2100.

Climatechangeisoneofthemostimportantenvironmentalissuesfacing

humankind.UnderstandingthepotentiaIimpactsofcIimatechangefor

naturaIecosystemsisessentialifwearegoingtomanageourenvironment

tominimizethenegativeconsequencesofcIimatechangeandmaximizethe

opportunitiesthatitmayoffer.Becausenaturalecosystemsarecomplex,

nonIinearsystems,itfoIIowsthattheirresponsestoclimatechangeare

IikelytobecompIex.Climatechangemayaffectnaturalecosystemsin

avarietyofways.Intheshortterm,cIimatechangecanalterthemix

ofplantspeciesinlandecosystemssuchasgrasslands.Inthelongterm,

cIimatechangehasthepotentiaItodramaticallyalterthegeographic

distributionofmajorvegetationtypes-savannas,forests,andcIimate

changecanalsopotentiaIIyalterglobalecosystemprocesses,including

theeyeIingofcarbon,nitrogen,phosphorus,andsulfur.Moreover,

changesintheseecosystemprocessescanaffectandbeaffectedbychanges

intheplantspeciesoftheecosystemandvegetationtype.AlIofthe

climatechange-inducedalterationsofnaturalecosystemsaffectthe

servicesthattheseecosystemsprovidetohumans.

ThegIobaIaveragesurfacetemperatureincreaseofhalfa

degree.Celsiusobservedoverthepastcenturyhasbeeninpartdueto

differentialchangesindailymaximumandminimumtemperatures,

resultinginanarrowingofthediurnaltemperaturerange.Decreasesin

thediurnaltemperaturerangewerefirstidentifiedintheUnitedStates,

wherelarge-areatrendsshowedthatmaximumtemperatureshaveremained

constantorincreasedonlysiightlyrwhereasminimumtemperatureshave

increasedatafasterrate.Inthisissue,AlwardetaI.reportonthe

differentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperatures

increases.

Thesecondparagraphisprimarilyconcernedwith.

A.thepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystems

B.howtominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechange

C.howtomaximizetheopportunitiesthatclimatechangemayoffer

D.thecomplex,nonlinearnatureofnaturalecosystems

9.Theoceanbottomaregionnearly2.5timesgreaterthanthetotalland

areaoftheEarthisavastfrontierthateventodayisIargeIyunexpIored

anduncharted.UntiIaboutacenturyago,thedeep-oceanfloorwas

compIeteIyinaccessible,biddenbeneathwatersaveragingover3600

metersdeep.TotallywithoutIightandSubjectedtointensepressures

hundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth,ssurface,thedeep-ocean

bottomisahostiIeenvironmenttohumans,insomewaysasforbidding

andremoteasthevoidofouterspace.

AlthoughresearchershavetakensampIesofdeep-oceanrocksand

sedimentsforoveracentury,thefirstdetailedgIobaIinvestigation

oftheoceanbottomdidnotactuaIIystartuntiI1968,withthebeginning

oftheNationaIScienceFoundation,sDeepSeaDrillingProject(DSDP).

UsingtechniquesfirstdeveIopedfortheoffshoreoiIandgasindustry,

theDSDP'sdrillship,theGlomarChailenger,wasabletomaintaina

steadypositionontheocean5ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwaters,

extractingsampIesofsedimentsandrocksfromtheoceanfloor.

TheGlomarChailengercompIeted96voyagesina15-yearresearchprogram

thatendedinNovember1983.Duringthistime,thevesselIogged600000

kilometersandtookaImost20000coresampIesofseabedsedimentsand

rocksat624drillingsitesaround1theworld.TheGlomarChallenger'

scoresampleshaveaIIowedgeologiststoreconstructwhatthepIanet

IookedIikehundredofmi11ionsofyearsagoandtocalculatewhatit

wiIIprobablylookIikemiIIionsofyearsinthefuture.Today,largely

onthestrengthofevidencegatheredduringtheGlomarChallenger's

voyages,nearlyalIearthscientistsagreeonthetheoriesofplate

tectonicsandcontinentaIdriftthatexplainmanyofthegeological

processesthatshapetheEarth.

ThecoresofsedimentdriIledbytheGIomarChaIIengerhavealsoyielded

informationcriticaltounderstandingtheworId5spastclimates.

Deep-oceansedimentsprovideacIimaticrecordstretchingbackhundreds

ofmillionsofyears,becausetheyarelargelyisolatedfromthe

mechanicaIerosionandtheintensechemicalandbiologicalactivitythat

rapidlydestroymuchIand-basedevidenceofpastclimates.Thisrecord

hasalreadyprovidedinsightsintothepatternsandcausesofpast

climaticchangeinformationthatmaybeusedtopredictfutureclimates.

Theauthormentionsouterspaceinthefirstparagraphbecause.

A.theEarth'sclimatemillionsofyearsagowassimilartoconditions

inouterspace

B.itissimilartotheoceanfloorinbeingalientothehumanenvironment

C.rockformationsinouterspacearesimilartothosefoundontheocean

floor

D.techniquesusedbyscientiststoexploreouterspaceweresimilarto

thoseusedinoceanexploration

10.

Colorisveryimportanttomostanimalsforithelpsthemtogetalong

intheworld.Color(31)tomakeananimaldifficultforitsenemiesto

see.Manyanimalsmatchtheir(32)soweIIthataslongastheydonot

movenooneis(33)toseethem.Youprobablyhaveoften'Jumped"arabbit.

Ifyou(34),youknowhowtherabbitsitsperfectlystill(35)youare

justafewfeetaway.You(36)seetherabbittillitrunsforits(37)

matchesverycloselytheplacewhereitis(38)Manytimesyoumayhave

waIkedpastarabbit(39)didn'trunandyouneverknewitwasthere

atall.

Oneofthemostusualcolorschemesthathelpsanimalstokeep(40)being

seen,isadarkbackandIightunderpants,ifananimalisthesamecolor

alIover,thereisaIwaysadarkshadowalongtheanimal9sbelly(腹

部).Evenifanenemycouldn5tseetheanimalhecouldseethisdark

shadow.

A.enable

B.hardly

C.likely

D.possible

11.Theoceanbottomaregionnearly2.5timesgreaterthanthetotal

landareaoftheEarthisavastfrontierthateventodayislargely

unexploredanduncharted.UntiIaboutacenturyago,thedeep-oceanfloor

wascompIeteIyinaccessible,biddenbeneathwatersaveragingover3600

metersdeep.TotaIlywithoutIightandSubjectedtointensepressures

hundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth1ssurface,thedeep-ocean

bottomisahostiIeenvironmenttohumans,insomewaysasforbidding

andremoteasthevoidofouterspace.

AlthoughresearchershavetakensampIesofdeep-oceanrocksand

sedimentsforoveracentury,thefi