Unit1

GeneticallyModifiedFoods—FeedtheWorld?

I.ComprehensionandAppreciation

1.Whatistheauthor9soverallpositiononthisissue?Ishefororagainstgenetically

modifiedfoods?

HeisonthesideofGMfoods,andhethinksthatfearsthatgeneticallymodified,

pest-resistantcropsmightkillgoodinsectsaswellasbadappearunfounded.

2.DoyouknowGMfoodsarealreadypartofourlives?WhatkindofGMfoodshave

youhad?Howdoestheauthorsupportthefactthatthegeneticisoutofthebottle?

Haveyougotanyclueofallusionandparodyusedintheexpression“thegeneticis

outofthebottle”?

Theauthorusesthefactthatathirdofthecornandmorethanhalfthesoybeansand

cottongrownintheUSlastyearweretheproductofbiotechnologyandmorethan65

millionacresofgeneticallymodifiedcropswillbeplantedintheUSthisyeartoshow

thegeneticisoutofthebottle.

ItisfromeGenieinaBottle,thefirsthitsingleandsignaturesongfromChristina

Aguilera'sdebutalbum.

3.TheentryofGMfoodsintothefoodchainraisesthedebateaboutbiotechinmany

countries,whatisthegeneralattitudeofwealthycountriestowardthisissue?What

aboutthedevelopingcountriesonthisissue?

Inwealthycountries,thedebateaboutbiotechistemperedbythefactthatwehavea

richarrayoffoodstochoosefrom—andasupplythatfarexceedsourneeds.In

developingcountriesdesperatetofeedfast-growingandunderfedpopulations;the

issueissimplerandmuchmoreurgent:Dothebenefitsofbiotechoutweightherisks?

4.Whataretheeffectsofthefactthatnearly800millionpeoplearoundtheworldare

undernourished?

Theeffectsaredevastating.About400millionwomenofchildbearingageareiron

deficient,whichmeanstheirbabiesareexposedtovariousbirthdefects.Asmanyas

100millionchildrensufferfromvitaminAdeficiency,aleadingcauseofblindness.

Tensofmillionsofpeoplesufferfromothermajorailmentsandnutritional

deficienciescausedbylackoffood.

5.HowcanbiotechhelptocurethechildrenwithvitaminAdeficiency?

Biotechnologistshavedevelopedgeneticallymodifiedricethatisfortifiedwith

beta-carotene-whichthebodyconvertsintovitaminA-andadditionaliron.

6.HowdoyouliketheGM,pest-resistantcrops?Howdoestheauthorsupportthe

ideathatfearsthatGM,pest-resistantcropsmightkillgoodinsectsaswellasbad

appeargroundless?

TheGM,pest-resistantcropscanimprovefarmingproductivityinplaceswherefood

shortagesarecausedbycropdamageattributiontopests,drought,poorsoilandcrop

viruses,bacteriaorfungi.Theyarequiteamazingandseeminglyamircle.

Theauthoruses2examplestosupporthisideathatfearsthatGM,pest-resistantcrops

mightkillgoodinsectsaswellasbadappeargroundless:

(1).TheEuropeancomborer,forexample,destroys40milliontonsoftheworld's

corncropannually,about7%ofthetotal.Incorporatingpest-resistantgenesintoseeds

canhelprestorethebalance.

(2).Intrialsofpest-resistantcottoninAfrica,yieldshaveincreasedsignificantly.

7.Howdoesbiotechhelptosolvetheproblemofcropfailuresduetoviruses,

droughtsandsoilswithexcessaluminum?

Byincorporatingvarietiesofgenesintotheseeds,biotechcanhelptocreate

virus-resistantcrops,whichcanreducethatdamage,ascandrought-tolerantseedsin

regionswherewatershortageslimittheamountoflandundercultivation.Biotechcan

alsohelpsolvetheproblemofsoilthatcontainsexcessaluminum,whichcandamage

rootsandcausemanystaple-cropfailures.Agenethathelpsneutralizealuminum

toxicityinricehasbeenidentified.

8.Isbiotechtheonlychancefordevelopingcountriestoovercomehunger?

Biotechisfarfrombeingthewholeanswer.Indevelopingcountries,lostcropsare

onlyonecauseofhunger.Povertyplaysthelargestrole.

9.Whatproblemsisbiotechconfrontedwith?Aretheresomecompaniesresponding

totheneedsofpoorcountries?Howdidtheyhelpthepoorcountries?

Biotechhasitsown"distribution"problems.Private-sectorbiotechcompaniesinthe

richcountriescarryoutmuchoftheleading-edgeresearchongeneticallymodified

crops.Theirproductsareoftentoocostlyforpoorfarmersinthedevelopingworld,

andmanyofthoseproductswon'tevenreachtheregionswheretheyaremostneeded.

Toourgreatjoyandease,therearesomeofthesecompaniesrespondingtoneedsof

poorcountries.ALondon-basedcompany,forexample,hasannouncedthatitwill

sharewithdevelopingcountriestechnologyneededtoproducevitamin-enriched

"goldenrice0.

10.IfGMfoodsfailtotransformagricultureinmanydevelopingcountries,whatis

thedauntingquestiontheauthorvisualizesforthedevelopingcountries?Whyisit

daunting?

Biotechisnotapanacea,butitdoespromisetotransformagricultureinmany

developingcountries.Ifthatpromiseisnotfulfilled,therealloserswillbetheir

people,whocouldsufferforyearstocome.

ILVocabulary

1.alternative2.modification3?devastating4.rigorous5.collaborate

6.recoup7.incentive8.restriction9.subjectedto10.arrayof

11.attribute...to12.beingexposed...to13.incorporate...into14.fortified

with15.suffersfrom

III.Translation

(1)vocalgreenlobbies主張環(huán)保的游說(shuō)集團(tuán)

arableland耕地面積

vitaminAdeficiency缺乏維生素A

nutritionallyimprovedcrops增進(jìn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的農(nóng)作物

restorethebalance避免這一損失

staplecrops主要糧食作物

neutralizealuminumtoxicity中和鋁的毒性

overallcropproductivity農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)量

transportinfrastructures運(yùn)輸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

targetrichmarkets把富裕國(guó)家的市場(chǎng)作為目標(biāo)

(2)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品來(lái)源于轉(zhuǎn)基因生物體。轉(zhuǎn)基因生物體自身發(fā)生了特定變化，基因

工程技術(shù)使得其DNA發(fā)生這種變化成為可能。這些技術(shù)比突變(突變育種)精確

的多，因?yàn)橥蛔冎皇鼓硞€(gè)生物體暴露于輻射或化學(xué)物質(zhì)從而創(chuàng)造-?種非特異性而

穩(wěn)定的變化。人類(lèi)改變食物機(jī)體的其他技術(shù)還包括選擇性育種(植物育種和養(yǎng)殖

動(dòng)物)，和體細(xì)胞無(wú)性系變異。

轉(zhuǎn)基因食品于90年代初首次推出市場(chǎng)。通常情況下，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品為轉(zhuǎn)基因植物

產(chǎn)品：大豆，玉米，油菜，棉花子油。但動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品也已得到開(kāi)發(fā)。2006年研究

人員通過(guò)一種名為線蟲(chóng)的基因，在一頭豬身上有爭(zhēng)議的研發(fā)出叱3脂肪酸。研

究人員還開(kāi)發(fā)了一種轉(zhuǎn)基因品種的豬，它能夠更高效地吸收植物磷，因此其糞便

的磷含量也減少高達(dá)60%o

批評(píng)家反對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的若干理由，包括理論或想象的安全問(wèn)題，生態(tài)問(wèn)題，經(jīng)

濟(jì)問(wèn)題，上述問(wèn)題的提出是由于轉(zhuǎn)基因生物體受知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法支配。

2.TranslatethefollowingChineseintoEnglish.

(1)挑起爭(zhēng)論tosparkadebate

轉(zhuǎn)基因食品geneticallymodifiedfoods

解決問(wèn)題toresolveissues

食物鏈thefoodchain

供大于求Thesupplyexceedstheneeds

世界人均耕地theworld'scultivablelandperperson

大幅度提高toincreasesignificantly

罪魁禍?zhǔn)譼oplaythelargestrole

從整體上看takenasawhole

尖端研究theleading-edgeresearch

(2)Findingitdifficulttoadapttotheclimatethere

(3)tohavenoaccesstothehealthservice

(4)animportantroleinprosperinganddeveloping

(5)adepressioninyieldandareductioninquality

(6)couldhavemadeagoodsalary

(7)Wecannotestimatethevalueofmodemscienceandtechnologytoomuch.

(8)Theinsurancecompanywillrecoupthefarmersforthelosscausedbytheflood.

(9)DuringtheSARSoutbreak,thelackofhygieneinpoorcountrieshaddevastating

consequencestoallpeopleoftheworld.

(10)ThisUniversityLibraryisoneofthelargestLibrariesinChina,withastackof

over2.3millionvolumes.ItsupportstheUniversity'sresearchandteachingacross

afullrangeofsubjects,andprovidesinformationabouttheLibrary'scollections

andservicesineachsubjectarea.

(ll)Therecessionhashitmiddle-incomeandpoorfamilieshardest,wideningthe

economicgapbetweentherichestandpoorestAmericansasjoblayoffsravaged

householdbudgets.

(⑵China'sgovernmentdeclaredtwostrainsofgeneticallymodifiedricesafeto

produceandconsume,takingamajorsteptowardendorsingtheuseof

biotechnologyinthestaplefoodcropofbillionsofpeopleinAsia.Chinaisthe

world'stopproducerandconsumerofrice,soitsuseofmodifiedvarietieshasthe

potentialtoalterthegrain*sglobalsupplypatterns.China*sofficialshavebeenless

constrainedbypublicpressureoverthesometimes-controversialuseof

biotechnologyinfoodthanofficialsinothercountries.Thegovernmenthaslong

supportedresearchintoagriculturalbiotechnologyaspartofadrivetoensurethe

nationremainsself-sufficientinstaplecrops.

IV.Cloze

1.species2.predictable3.unrelated4.different5.into

6.produce7.seeing8.also9.obvious10.inserted

11.nobody12.approved13.apparently14.humans15.risks

Unit2

TheBiologyofSkinColor:BlackandWhite

I.comprehensionandAppreciation

1.Howdoyoulikethistitle“TheBiologyofSkinColor:BlackandWhite"?

Itisagreatone.Ononehand,thephrase-BlackandWhiteislikelytoremindus

readersoftheallegedwhitesuperiorityovertheBlacksandracialdiscrimination

againstthembyassociationestablishedwiththewell-knownsong“BlackandWhite”

sungbyMichaelJakson.Ontheotherhand,theword-biologyprovidesthefollow-up

discussionascientificgroundandthereforemaychangethewaypeoplethinkabout

skincolor.

2.WhydidanthropologistNinaJablonskifeeldismayedwhenshewentthroughthe

literatureonhumanskin?

Shefeltdismayedbecauseshefoundsometheoriesonhumanskinadvancedbefore

the1970stendedtoberacist,andotherswerelessthanconvincing.Afterthe1970s,

whenresearcherswerepresumablymoreawareofthecontroversysuchstudiescould

kickup,therewasverylittleworkatall.

3.Jablonskiandherhusbandhaveformulatedthefirstcomprehensivetheoryofskin

color,andwhatdidtheirnewfindingsonskincolorshow?

Theirfindings,publishedinarecentissueoftheJournalofHumanEvolution,showa

strong,somewhatpredictablecorrelationbetweenskincolorandthestrengthof

sunlightacrosstheglobe.Buttheyalsoshowadeeper,moresurprisingprocessat

work:Skincolor,theysay,islargelyamatterofvitamins.

4.Whydidourancestorshavetodevelopabettercoolingsystem?Andwhatwasthe

answer?

Onceonthesavanna,theearlyhumansnotonlyhadtocopewithmoreexposureto

thesun,buttheyalsohadtoworkhardertogatherfood.Mammalianbrainsare

particularlyvulnerabletooverheating:Achangeofonlyfiveorsixdegreescancause

aheatstroke.Thatisthereasonwhyourancestorshadtodevelopabettercooling

system,andtheanswerwassweat,whichdissipatesheatthroughevaporation.

5.Howmanysweatglandsdoeseachhumanhaveafteramillionyearsofnatural

selection?Whydoeshumanskindrymuchquickerthanchimpanzeeskin?

Amillionyearsofnaturalselectionlater,eachhumanhasabout2millionsweat

glandsspreadacrosshisorherbody.Humanskinislesshairythanchimpanzeeskin,

anditdriesmuchquicker.

6.Whatistheweakpointofharilessskin?

Hairlessskinisparticularlyvulnerabletodamagefromsunlight.

7.WhatsortofconnectionsdidJablonskifindrespectivelyina1978studyandata

seminaronembryonicdevelopment?

Shefoundtheeffectsofultravioletlightonfolateina1978studythatshowedanhour

ofintensesunlightisenoughtocutfolatelevelsinhalfifyourskinislight.Andshe

madethesecondcrucialconnectionthatlowfolatelevelsarecorrelatedwith

neural-tubedefectssuchasspinabifidaandanencephaly,inwhichinfantsarebom

withoutafullbrainorspinalcordataseminaronembryonicdevelopment.

8.WhathadthebiochemistW.FarnsworthLoomissuggestedasfarbackasthe1960s?

IshishypothesisabsolutelysoundandreasonablebythetimeJablonskididher

research?

Hehadsuggestedthatskincolorisdeterminedbythebody'sneedforvitaminD.The

vitaminhelpsthebodyabsorbcalciumanddeposititinbones,anessentialfunction,

particularlyinfast-growingembryos.BythetimeJablonskididherresearch,

Loomis'shypothesishadbeenpartiallydisproved.

9.Whyhavepeopleinthetropicsdevelopeddarkskinandpeoplefarfromthe

equatordevelopedfairskin?

Peopleinthetropicshavedevelopeddarkskintoblockoutthesunandprotecttheir

body'sfolatereserves.Peoplefarfromtheequatorhavedevelopedfairskintodrinkin

thesunandproduceadequateamountsofvitaminDduringthelongwintermonths.

10.Whatisthesignificaneofthisresearch?

ThisresearchishelpfultoalertpeopletotheimportanceofvitaminDandfolatein

theirdiet.Moreimportant,thisworkwillbegintochangethewaypeoplethinkabout

skincolor,atopicthathascausedsomuchdisagreement,somuchsuffering,andso

muchmisunderstanding,andcompletelydisarmit.

ILVocabulary

1.dismayed2.formulated3.dissipate4.evaporation5.foragefor

6.dispersing7.hampered8.correlatedwith9.defect10.inhibits

11.overdose12.disproved13.blockout14.reserves15.complement

III.Translation

(1)wentthroughtheliteratureonthesubject查閱這一專(zhuān)題的文獻(xiàn)

arecentissueoftheJournalofHumanEvolution最近一期的《人類(lèi)進(jìn)化雜志》

exposuretothesun強(qiáng)烈陽(yáng)光

areparticularlyvulnerabletooverheating特別易受過(guò)熱溫度的傷害

toabsorbordisperseultravioletlight吸收或散射紫外線

children'sneural-tubedefects嬰兒的神經(jīng)管缺陷

overdosingonvitaminD過(guò)量攝取維生素D

harddatacorrelatingskincolortolightlevels與膚色與光線水平有關(guān)聯(lián)的過(guò)

硬數(shù)據(jù)。ultravioletradiation紫外線輻射

alertpeopletotheimportanceofvitaminD使人們注意他們飲食中富含維生

素D的重要性

(2)20世紀(jì)80年代以前，研究人員只能對(duì)究竟有多少紫外線輻射到達(dá)地球表面

做出估計(jì)。但在1978年，美國(guó)航空航天局(NASA)發(fā)射了“臭氧總量測(cè)繪分光

計(jì)”。3年前，杰布隆斯基和卓別林得到了該分光計(jì)所測(cè)的全球紫外線測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)。

他們把這些數(shù)據(jù)與已經(jīng)發(fā)表的來(lái)自50多個(gè)國(guó)家的有關(guān)當(dāng)?shù)厝丝谀w色的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行

了比較。令他們欣慰的是，它們之間有著明確無(wú)誤的相關(guān)性：紫外線越弱，皮膚

就越白皙。杰布隆斯基進(jìn)而表明，生活在緯度50度以上的人缺乏維生素D的風(fēng)

險(xiǎn)最高。“這曾是人類(lèi)定居歷史上最后的障礙之一，”杰布隆斯基說(shuō)。“只是在人

類(lèi)學(xué)會(huì)了捕魚(yú)，因而能獲得富含維生素D的食物后，他們才能夠定居在這些地

區(qū)。“

2.

(1)中暑heatstroke

淺色的皮膚lightskin

早在20世紀(jì)60年代Asfarbackasthe1960s

阻擋紫外線blockthelight

明確無(wú)誤的相關(guān)性anunmistakablecorrelation

缺乏維生素DvitaminDdeficiency

富含維生素D的食物foodrichinvitaminD

遠(yuǎn)離赤道的人Peoplefarfromtheequator

吸收陽(yáng)光drinkinthesun

云霧迷漫的地方cloudyclimes

⑵Hewasnotseverelypunishedforhiscrime

⑶advanceourknowledgeoftheHIVvirus,

⑷whentakenaccordingtothedirection/instruction

⑸tohavenoaccesstothehealthservice

(6)Hehassomevagueideasaboutwhattodo

⑺Afterthreedaysofdismaytheysubmittedtohimandbeggedhisforgiveness.

⑻N(yùn)osoonerhadthecontroversywithintheadministrationbeensettledthananother

moreviolentstormburstoverthecountry

⑼TheUNanditsagenciesprotectvulnerablegroups,likechildren,refugees,

displacedpersons,minorities,indigenouspeopleandthedisabled.

(10)Arecentresearchfindsthatlisteningtoloudmusicwhiledrivingcanseriously

hamperreactiontimesandcauseaccidents.

(ll)DuringtheSARSoutbreak,thelackofeffectivemedicineshaddevastating

consequencestoallpeopleoftheworld.

(12)Whenitcomestoyourskin,thereisanextremelyimportantfactthatyoumust

keepinmind:Yourskinisthelargestorganofyourbody.Asanobviousresult,

skinhealthandmaintenanceiscrucial.Yourskindoeseverythingfromprotecting

youfromtheelementstoassistingyouwithbreathing.Yourskinkeepsyourbody

hydratedandregulatesyourbody*stemperature.Intheend,thisreallyisonlythe

beginningofallofthevariousvitalfunctionsthatyourskinprovidestoyouevery

momentofyourlife.

IV.Cloze

1hard2surprisingly3represents4out5identify6within7damaged

8down9comes10why

Unit3

CanDirtDoaLittleGood?

I.comprehensionandAppreciation

1.Whydoestheauthorbeginbysayinginfantsareenchantingallovertheworldas

thenewmovie“Babies“shows?Howdoyoulikethedescription“aroosterstruts

aroundlittleBayar'sbed,agoatdrinksfromhisbathwaterandlivestockserveas

babysitters”?

Hewantstoestablishsortofidentificationinthereaderstoevokesympathytowards

thebabieswithpoorhygiene.Itisveryvivid,thereadersmayfeelboththesenseof

humorusedandworkoutthepoorlivingconditionofthisbaby.

2.Dothefourbabiescapturedinthenewfilmsharethesamelivingcondition?How

aretheirlivingconditionsdiverseindetails?

No,theydon't.InanomadicfamilyinNamibia,Ponijaodrinksfrommuddystreams,

chewsondrybonesanduseshermanysiblings*bodypartsastoys.Onasmallfamily

farminMongolia,aroosterstrutsaroundlittleBayar'sbed,agoatdrinksfromhis

bathwaterandlivestockserveasbabysitters.Bycontrast,Mari,growingupin

high-rise,high-techTokyo,andHattie,whosedotingparentslivea"green"lifestylein

SanFrancisco,bothhavemodemconveniencesandsanitation.

3.Whathealthproblemsdotheupscaleurbaninfantshave?

Theyhavesomehealthproblems,suchasallergies,asthmaandautoimmunediseases

likeType1diabetes,multiplesclerosisandinflammatoryboweldisease.

4.Doesthefilmmakeanymentionofhygieneinanyofthecountriesofthefour

diversebabies?Andwhatcontroversydoestheimagesinthefilmevoke?

Thefilmmakesnomentionofhygieneinanyofthecountries.Well,theimagesinthe

filmevokeanintriguingmedicalcontroversy:Arewetooclean,withour

preoccupationforhand-sanitizers,disinfectantsandanti-microbialproducts?

5.WhatdoesDr.Weinstockthinkofdirt?Andwhatkindofclinicaltrialsishe

behind?

Dr.Weinstockthinksthatexposuretoacertainamountofdirtandgennscarriedby

livestockmayhelpthebodybuildupresistancetodisease.Heisbehindclinicaltrials

usingpigwhipwormeggstotreatpeanutallergies,MSandotherautoimmune

diseases.

6.Doesexposuretoavarietyofbacteria,virusesandparasiticwormsdogoodtothe

children?

Yes,itdoes.Exposuretoavarietyofbacteria,virusesandparasiticwormsearlyin

lifehelpsprimeachild'simmunesystem,muchlikesensoryexperiencesprogramhis

brain.Withoutsuchearlyinstruction,theimmunesystemmaygohaywireand

overreactwithallergiestofoods,pollenandpetdanderorturnonthebody'sown

tissue,settingoffautoimmunedisorders.

7.Howdoyouunderstandtheso-called“oldfriends,,theory?

Manyofthesemicroorganismsevolvedsymbioticallywithhumansovermillionsof

years.Theyareakeypartofhumandevelopment.Thevastmajorityofmicrobesare

harmless.Thereareonlyafewdozenthatcancauselethalinfections.Themost

importantthingisweshouldworkonwaystoseparategoodgermsfrombadones.

Studieshaveshownthatchildrenwhogrowupwithhouseholdpetshavefewer

allergiesandlessasthmathanthosewhodon*t.

8.Istheincidenceofallergicdiseasesinindustrializedcountriesasseriousasin

AfricaandAisa?

AccordingtotheInternationalStudyofAsthmaandAllergiesinChildhood,aglobal

researchinitiative,in1998,about1in5childreninindustrializedcountriessuffered

fromallergicdiseasessuchasasthma,allergiesandrashes.Theincidenceofpeanut

allergyintheU.S.tripledbetween1997and2008,accordingtoareportfromMount

SinaiSchoolofMedicineinNewYork.Butsuchdiseasesarestillrelativelyrarein

AfricaandruralAsia,asareType1diabetesandmultiplesclerosis.

9.Doesthepremisethatexposuretosomedirtdoesgoodtohumanhealthmeanthat

thereisnodangeratallinthemuddywaterandanimalfeces?

Asamatteroffact,thereareotherdangerslurkinginmuddywaterandanimalfeces.

Nearly70%ofthe8.8milliondeathsofchildrenunderage5worldwidein2008were

causedbyinfectiousdiseases,mostfrequentlypneumonia,diarrheaandmalaria,

accordingtoananalysisintheLancetlastweek.

10.IsthatOKforkidstoplayinthedirt?Doweneedtoliveintotalsanitation?

There'snothingwrongwithkidsplayinginthedirt.Theydon'thavetoliveintotal

sanitation,andtheywon*tdiefromeatingsomethingoffthefloor.It'sprobablymore

healthythannot.

II.Vocabulary

1.enchant2.upscale3.evoke4.intriguing5.preoccupation

6.trade...for7.eradicating8.virtually9.stimulating10.lurk

11.stunted12.harness13.teemwith14.vigilance15.suspended

IILTranslation

1.

(1)standardsofhygiene衛(wèi)生狀況

upscaleurbaninfants生活在高消費(fèi)城市的嬰兒

makesnomentionof沒(méi)有提至

evokeanintriguingmedicalcontroversy激起了一場(chǎng)醫(yī)療爭(zhēng)議

anti-microbialproducts抗菌產(chǎn)品

tradedoneproblemforanotherproblem將一種問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為另外一種問(wèn)題

buildupresistancetodisease建立抵抗疾病的免疫系統(tǒng)

primeachild'simmunesystem幫助嬰兒建立免疫系統(tǒng)

decontaminatedwater純凈水

(2)說(shuō)起母乳喂養(yǎng)，有好消息也有壞消息。好消息是的是美國(guó)75%的母親都開(kāi)始

用母乳喂哺孩子，不好的消息是只有不到四分之一的媽媽堅(jiān)持全年的母乳喂養(yǎng)。

而這只是美國(guó)兒科學(xué)會(huì)建議的母乳哺育嬰兒的最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

來(lái)自美國(guó)疾病控制和預(yù)防中心的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有43%的美國(guó)母親會(huì)堅(jiān)持護(hù)理

六個(gè)月，盡管美國(guó)兒科學(xué)會(huì)提醒在此期間嬰兒還需要母乳哺育。(情況還是這樣,

盡管超級(jí)名模吉賽爾邦辰在上周大肆吹噓支持國(guó)際法規(guī)定母親至少要哺乳孩子

六個(gè)月)

一年下來(lái)，還有22%的婦女仍在堅(jiān)持母乳喂哺。

疾病防控中心營(yíng)養(yǎng)搭配，身體活動(dòng)與肥胖科主任威廉迪茨說(shuō)，“我們需要采取更

多地措施來(lái)保障母親們?cè)卺t(yī)院，工作場(chǎng)所以及社會(huì)中能得到應(yīng)有的支持，支持母

親們?cè)趮雰撼錾蟮淖畛鯉滋炖锟梢岳^續(xù)用母乳喂養(yǎng)，從而她們就可以完成那六

個(gè)月和十二個(gè)月的哺育指標(biāo)了。”

大量的研究已經(jīng)把母乳哺育同它母親和嬰兒的諸多益處聯(lián)系了起來(lái)。母乳喂養(yǎng)的

孩子不容易得肥胖癥耳部感染或糖尿病，而用母乳哺育孩子的媽媽得乳腺癌和子

房癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也會(huì)降低。由于母乳喂養(yǎng)的嬰兒更健康，母乳喂養(yǎng)率的顯著提高一年

可以減少40億美元的醫(yī)療保健支出。

2.

(1)免疫性疾病allergicdiseases

暴露于刺激免疫系統(tǒng)的細(xì)菌Exposuretoimmune-stimulatinggerms

公共衛(wèi)生取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步madeenormousstridesinpublichealth

從范圍和后果上講intermsofscaleandimpact

增強(qiáng)免疫h(yuǎn)arnesstheimmune-primingeffects

臨床試驗(yàn)Clinicaltrials

肉眼不可見(jiàn)的invisibletothenakedeye

數(shù)目是人體細(xì)胞的10倍outnumberhumancellsbyabout10to1

在醫(yī)院工作的人health-careworkers

Toallowdiverseeconomicsectorstocoexistwithstateeconomy

(2)noplacecancomparewiththeirownhometown.

(3)youareatriskoflosingyourdriver'slicense

(4)moreandmoreintriguing.

(5)thecontroversyhasbeensettled.

(6)Thegovernmentismakingeffortstoeradicateracialdiscriminating.

(7)Inpracticalappraisal,thebasicpremiseistodeterminethevalueoftheproperty.

(8)Thefinancialmarketsystemisbeingcompleted,andthedistributionand

utilizationefficiencyofsocialcapitalhaveincreasedsteadily.

(9)Onlywhenwegivefullplaytoman'sinitiativecanwemakefulluseofmachines

totransformnature.

(10)TheerainwhichtheChinesepeoplewereregardedasuncivilizedisnowended.

Weshallemergeintheworldasanationwithanadvancedculture.

(ll)NowaBristolUniversitydentalscientisthasdiscoveredthatacommonbacteria

responsiblefortoothdecayandgumdiseasecanbreakoutintothebloodstream

andhelpbloodclotstoform.Inturnthesecancauseheartattacksandstrokes,

whichtogethercausemorethan200,000deathsinBritaineveryyear.Peopleneed

tobeawarethataswellkeepingacheckontheirdiet,bloodpressure,cholesterol

andfitnesslevels,theyalsoneedtomaintaingooddentalhygienetominimize

theirriskofheartproblems.

IV.Cloze

1.to2.significant3.breast-fed4.who5.hypothesized

6.months7.laboratory8.rate9.terms10.revealed11.overfeed

Unit4

IsTimeTravelPossible?

I.comprehensionandAppreciation

1.Whatdoyouthinkabouttheopeningofthetext?

Itisaverygoodone.Aftertheintroductionofhisprofessionasaphysicistand

cosmologist,asolidgroundforhisbeingsomethingofadreamerisalsoestablished,

whichmakeswhathewilltellusreadersinthefollowingsoundreasonable.

2.Ifyouwanttoseehowtimetravelmightbepossible,whatneedyoudo?Andhow

manydimensionsdoallphysicalobjecthave?Andwhatarethey?

Weneedtolookattimeatthefourthdimensionasphysicistsdo.Allphysicalobjects

existinthreedimensions.Theyarewidth,heightandlength.

3.Whatexampledoestheauthorusetomakethe3ordinarydimensionseasier

understood?

Theauthortakestheeverydaycartravelasanexampletomakethe3ordinary

dimesionseasierunderstoodwiththeaimtoanintroductionabouttheexpected

dimension,thatis,thefourthdimension.

4.Howdoestheauthorliketimetravlemovies?

Accordingtohisstereotypedideasthattimetravelmoviesoftenfeatureavast,

energy-hungrymachinewhichcreatesapaththroughthefourthdimension,atunnel

throughtime,inwhichatimetraveller,abrave,perhapsfoolhardyindividual,

preparedforwhoknowswhat,stepsintothetimetunnelandemergeswhoknows

when,theauthorthinksthattheconceptmaybefar-fetched,andtherealitymaybe

verydifferentfromwhatisfeaturedinthemovies,buttheideaitselfisnotthatcrazy.

5.Couldportalstothepastorthefutureeverbepossiblewithinthelawsofnature?

Andwhatdoestheauthorcallthem?

Accordingtotheauthor,portalstothepastorthefuturearepossiblewithinthelaws

ofnature.Hecallsthemwormholes,andhesaysthetruthisthatwormholesareall

aroundus,onlythey'retoosmalltosee.Wormholesareverytiny.Theyoccurinnooks

andcranniesinspaceandtime.

6.Howdoestheauthorjustifyhisideaofwormholes?

Hearguesasfollows:Therearetinycrevices,wrinklesandvoidsintime.Downatthe

smallestofscales,smallereventhanmolecules,smallerthanatoms,wegettoaplace

calledthequantumfoam.Thisiswherewormholesexist.Tinytunnelsorshortcuts

throughspaceandtimeconstantlyform,disappear,andreformwithinthisquantum

world.Andtheyactuallylinktwoseparateplacesandtwodifferenttimes.

7.Aretimetunnelsarebigenoughforahumantopassthrough?Ifnot,why?

No,theyaretoosmallforahumantopassthroughforthesereal-lifetimetunnelsare

justabillion-trillion-trillionthsofacentimetreacross.

8.Aretherechancesthatagiantwormholecouldbeconstructedinspaceonedayin

thefuture?

Yes,thereare.Theoretically,agiantwormholecouldbeconstructedinspacewiththe

aidofgivenenoughpowerandadvancedtechnologyonedayinthefuture.

9.Whatdoestheauthordotoconvincethereaderstoaccepttheproblemofparadoxes,

awell-knownproblemwithtimetraveltothepast?

Herecreatesaparadoxicalsituationinwhichascientistusesthewormholetoshoot

hisearlierselfforitvilateafundamentalrulethatgovernstheentireuniverse-that

causeshappenbeforeeffects,andnevertheotherwayaround.

10.Howdoestheauthorconcludehisopinionsabouttimetravle?

Heconcludesthatanykindoftimetraveltothepastthroughwormholesoranyother

methodisprobablyimpossible,otherwiseparadoxeswouldoccur.

II.Vocabulary

Lshortcut2.attentive3.twisty4.indulgein5.emerge

6.far-fetched7.wrinkle8.capture