UNIT1TheModernHospital:AnOverviewNewWordsandPhrases

tuberculosis（TB）:aninfectiousdiseaseofhumanbeingsandanimalscausedbythetubercle(結(jié)核)bacillusandcharacterizedbytheformationoftuberclesonthelungsandothertissuesofthebody,oftendevelopinglongaftertheinitialinfection

psychiatry

：thebranchofmedicinethatdealswiththediagnosis,treatment,andpreventionofmentalandemotionaldisordersanesthesia:=<美>anaethesia:totalorpartiallossofsensation,especiallytactile(觸覺(jué)的)sensibility,inducedbydisease,injury,acupuncture,orananesthetic(麻醉藥)pediatrics(=paediatrics):thebranchofmedicinethatdealswiththecareofinfantsandchildrenandthetreatmentoftheirdiseasesophthalmology:thebranchofmedicinethatdealswiththeanatomy,functions,pathology,andtreatmentoftheeyeobstetrics:thebranchofmedicinethatdealswiththecareofwomenduringpregnancy,childbirth,andtherecuperative(恢復(fù)的)periodfollowingdelivery.gynecology:thebranchofmedicinedealingwiththeadministrationofhealthcaretowomen,especiallythediagnosisandtreatmentofdisordersaffectingthefemalereproductiveorgans.DifficultWordsandPhrasesintheTextvirtual:existingorresultinginessenceoreffectthoughnotinactualfact,form,orname實(shí)質(zhì)上的，實(shí)際上的atallcosts/atanycost不惜任何代價(jià),無(wú)論如何revenue:income收入endowment:fundsorpropertydonatedtoaninstitution,anindividual,oragroupasasourceofincome

捐贈(zèng)基金premium:保險(xiǎn)費(fèi);獎(jiǎng)金；獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)eligible:qualifiedorentitledtobechosen

合格的：有資格或有權(quán)力被選中的proprietary:exclusivelyowned;private

私有的;獨(dú)家佔(zhàn)有的；私人的trustee:受託人，託管人；理事或董事auxiliary:n.

輔助者；助手adj.輔助的

avolunteers'auxiliaryatahospital

醫(yī)院裏的自願(yuàn)服務(wù)團(tuán)體solicit:toseektoobtainbypersuasion,entreaty,orformalapplication懇求ambulatory:capableofwalking;notbedridden

能夠走動(dòng)的；不需臥床的transaction:n.辦理,事務(wù),處理事務(wù)confidential:secretadj.

秘密的,機(jī)密的discretion:n.

判斷力;謹(jǐn)慎，周詳brochure:asmallbookletorpamphlet小冊(cè)子BackgroundKnowledgeEarlierHospitals:

西元前560——前480年，在佛陀釋迦牟尼教導(dǎo)下設(shè)立古印度醫(yī)院。而中國(guó)最早的醫(yī)院則始於宮廷御醫(yī)出現(xiàn)的秦漢前期（西元前221年——前220年）。民間醫(yī)院首先起源於社會(huì)撫恤組織的建立。

在東方萌芽後一千多年，西方才建立了可以被稱作醫(yī)院的機(jī)構(gòu)；350年醫(yī)院雛形在東羅馬帝國(guó)出現(xiàn)。

西方前期醫(yī)院的設(shè)立，與歐洲中世紀(jì)西元476年?yáng)|羅馬賈斯廷朝代（the

Justinian）與1347年奪去歐洲四分之一人口生命的兩次鼠疫大流行相關(guān)，時(shí)疫促進(jìn)了前期醫(yī)院的誕生。

西元4世紀(jì)在羅馬有教會(huì)醫(yī)院，屬於修道院。6世紀(jì)以後，西歐開(kāi)始建立醫(yī)院。542年在法國(guó)裏昴641年在巴黎建立醫(yī)院。醫(yī)院當(dāng)初兼做旅店，是患病的教徒、旅客和香客的醫(yī)務(wù)所或避難所。由於教會(huì)日益把持社會(huì)的醫(yī)療組織，特別在中世紀(jì)早期，醫(yī)院的組織與工作都具有宗教性質(zhì)；它的護(hù)理重於醫(yī)療，主要目的在於洗淨(jìng)病人的靈魂。醫(yī)院的最高理想是對(duì)上帝的虔誠(chéng)，根本不考慮醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展問(wèn)題。此時(shí)的醫(yī)院因其目的不同，名稱各異，例如，照料病人者稱醫(yī)院，接收病人者稱為收容院(asylum)，收容窮人者稱為濟(jì)貧院(hospice)，收容婦女及女孩者稱為婦嬰院(WomenandChildrenCareInstitution)。在整個(gè)中世紀(jì)，除在9世紀(jì)出現(xiàn)產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院外，醫(yī)院幾乎不分專科。12世紀(jì)後，收容病人的機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步獨(dú)立，正式醫(yī)院開(kāi)始興起。第一個(gè)正式醫(yī)院是1204年建於羅馬的聖靈醫(yī)院(HospitaloftheHolyGhost)。

BackgroundKnowledgeLouisPasteur(1822-1895):

Frenchchemistandbacteriologistwhofoundedmodernmicrobiology,inventedtheprocessofpasteurization(巴氏滅菌法),anddevelopedvaccinesforanthrax(炭疽),rabies(狂犬病),andchickencholera(雞瘟).Pasteurization(巴氏滅菌法):

Theactorprocessofheatingabeverage(飲料)orotherfood,suchasmilkorbeer,toaspecifictemperatureforaspecificperiodoftimeinordertokillmicroorganismsthatcouldcausedisease,spoilage,orundesiredfermentation(發(fā)酵).BackgroundKnowledgeFlorenceNightingale

(1820-1910):

Britishnursewhoorganized(1854)anddirectedaunitoffieldnursesduringtheCrimeanWar(1853—1856)andisconsideredthefounderofmodernnursing,oneofthefoundersofTheRedCross.

FlorenceNightingaleismostrememberedasapioneerofnursingandareformerofhospitalsanitation(環(huán)境衛(wèi)生)methods.Formostofherninetyyears,NightingalepushedforreformoftheBritishmilitaryhealth-caresystemandwiththattheprofessionofnursingstartedtogaintherespectitdeserved.BackgroundKnowledgeMedicare:AprogramundertheU.S.SocialSecurityAdministrationthatreimburses(償還)hospitalsandphysiciansformedicalcareprovidedtoqualifyingpeopleover65yearsold.

醫(yī)療保障方案：美國(guó)社會(huì)保障局實(shí)施的一項(xiàng)方案，向醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生支付為65歲以上的人士提供醫(yī)療服務(wù)所需的費(fèi)用BackgroundKnowledge

Medicaid:

AprogramintheUnitedStates,jointlyfundedbythestatesandthefederalgovernment,thatreimburseshospitalsandphysiciansforprovidingcaretoqualifyingpeoplewhocannotfinancetheirownmedicalexpenses.

醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計(jì)畫(huà);美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)由國(guó)家和聯(lián)邦政府聯(lián)合撥款方案，替負(fù)擔(dān)不起自己醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的人向醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生支付費(fèi)用BackgroundKnowledgeBlueCross(藍(lán)十字)Anindependentmembershipassociationoperatingonaservicebasisandprovidingprotectionagainstthecostsofhospitalcare.Benefitpaymentsaremadedirectlytothehospital.BenefitsvaryamongvariousBlueCrossassociations.BlueCrossplansareusuallyestablishedonagroupbasis.However,individualenrollmentissometimespermitted,andplansofcommunityenrollmentareundertakeninsomelocalities.BlueCrossplansareusually(butnotalways)organizedunderspecialstatelegislation.BackgroundKnowledgeBlueShield(藍(lán)盾)

ThefamiliartitlefortheAssociatedMedicalCarePlans,anindependentmembershipassociationcooperatingwithBlueCrossandprovidingprotectionagainstthecostsofsurgery,doctors,andotheritemsofmedicalcare.Benefitpaymentsaremadedirectlytothedoctor,nottothepolicyholder.

BackgroundKnowledgeCandyStriper:

avolunteerworkerinahospital,fromtheresemblanceofthevolunteer’sredandwhitestripeduniformtoacandycane

醫(yī)院義工，醫(yī)院的志願(yuàn)工作者。得名於志願(yuàn)者制服上紅白相間的條紋與糖果棒上的條紋相似的緣故。

TypesSomepatientsjustcomefordiagnosisand/ortherapyandthenleave(outpatients);whileothersareadmittedandstayovernightorforseveralweeksormonths(inpatients).Hospitalsareusuallydistinguishedfromothertypesofmedicalfacilitiesbytheirabilitytoadmitandcareforinpatients.Generalhospitals

Thebest-knowntypeofhospitalisthegeneralhospital,(intheUKknownasaDistrictGeneralHospital)whichissetuptodealwithmanykindsofdiseaseandinjury,andtypicallyhasanemergencyward/A&Edepartmenttodealwithimmediatethreatstohealthandthecapacitytodispatchemergencymedicalservices.Ageneralhospitalistypicallythemajorhealthcarefacilityinitsregion,withlargenumbersofbedsforintensivecareandlong-termcare;andspecializedfacilitiesforsurgery,plasticsurgery,childbirth,bioassaylaboratories,andsoforth.Largercitiesmayhavemanydifferenthospitalsofvaryingsizesandfacilities.VerylargehospitalsareoftencalledMedical

CentersintheUSandusuallyconductoperationsinvirtuallyeveryfieldofmodernmedicine.MosthospitalsintheUKarerunbytheNational

HealthService(NHS).ClinicsAmedicalfacilitysmallerthanahospitaliscalledaclinic,andisoftenrunbyagovernmentagencyforhealthservicesoraprivatepartnershipofphysicians(innationswhereprivatepracticeisallowed).Clinicsgenerallyprovideonlyoutpatientservices.SpecializedhospitalsTypesofspecializedhospitalsincludetraumacenters,children‘shospitals,seniors’(geriatric老年病的)hospitals,andhospitalsfordealingwithspecificmedicalneedssuchaspsychiatricproblems(seepsychiatrichospital),pulmonarydiseases,andsoforth.Ahospitalmaybeasinglebuildingoracampus.Somehospitalsareaffiliatedwithuniversitiesformedicalresearchandthetrainingofmedicalpersonnel.WithintheUnitedStates,manyhospitalsarefor-profit,whileelsewhereintheworldmostarenon-profit.OtherfacilitiesManyhospitalshavehospitalvolunteerprogramswherepeople(usuallystudentsandseniorcitizens)canvolunteerandprovidevariousancillary(輔助的)services.Mostcities(especiallyintheU.S.)havelawsthatrequirehospitalstohavealternativebackuppowergenerators,incaseofablackout.Additionallytheymaybeplacedonspecialhighprioritysegmentsofthepublicworks(utilities)infrastructuretoinsurecontinuityofcareduringastateofemergency.醫(yī)院常用名稱

generalhospital綜合醫(yī)院

childrenhospital兒童醫(yī)院

tumourhospital腫瘤醫(yī)院

chesthospital胸科醫(yī)院

fieldhospital野戰(zhàn)醫(yī)院

isolationhospital隔離醫(yī)院

militaryhospital陸軍醫(yī)院

municipalhospital市立醫(yī)院

maternityhospital產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院

mentalhospital精神醫(yī)院

infectioushospital傳染醫(yī)院

leprosyhospital麻風(fēng)醫(yī)院

affiliatedhospital附屬醫(yī)院

traininghospital教學(xué)醫(yī)院

醫(yī)院科室部門(mén)名稱

out-patientdepartment門(mén)診部

In-patientdepartment住院部

Nursingdepartment護(hù)理部

Admissionoffice住院處

Dischargeoffice出院處

Registrationoffice掛號(hào)處

Receptionroom,waitingroom侯診室

Consultationroom診察室

Isolationroom隔離室

Labourroom待產(chǎn)室

Deliveryroom分娩室

Emergencyroom急診室

醫(yī)院科室部門(mén)名稱

Ward病房室

Pharmacydispensary藥房

Nutritiondepartment營(yíng)養(yǎng)部

Diet-preparationdepartment配膳室

Therapeuticdepartment治療室

Operatingroom手術(shù)室

Blood-bank血站

Supply-room供應(yīng)室

Disinfection-room消毒室

Dressingroom換藥室

Mortuary太平間

Recordroom病案室

醫(yī)院科室部門(mén)名稱

Departmentofinternalmedicine內(nèi)科

Departmentofsurgery外科

Departmentofpediatrics兒科

Departmentofobstetricsandgynecology婦科

Departmentofneurology神經(jīng)科

Departmentofophtalmology眼科

E.N.T.department耳鼻喉科

Departmentofstomatology口腔科

Departmentofurology泌尿科

Departmentoforthopedic骨科

Departmentoftraumatology創(chuàng)傷科

Departmentofendocrinology內(nèi)分泌科

Departmentofanesthesiology麻醉科

醫(yī)院科室部門(mén)名稱

Departmentofdermatology皮膚科

Departmentofinfectiousdiseases傳染病科

Departmentofpathology病理科

Departmentofpsychiatry精神科

Departmentoforthopacdicsurgery矯形外科

Departmentofcardiacsurgery心臟外科

Departmentofcerebralsurgery腦外科

Departmentofthoracicsurgery胸外科

Departmentofplasticsurgery矯形外科

Departmentofphysiotherapy理療科

electrotherapyroom電療科

heliotherapyroom光療科

wax-therapyroom蠟療科

hydrotherapyroom水療科

醫(yī)院科室部門(mén)名稱

centrallaboratory中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室

clinicallabororatory臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室

bacteriologicallabororatory細(xì)菌實(shí)驗(yàn)室

biochemicallabororatory生化實(shí)驗(yàn)室

serologicallabororatory血清實(shí)驗(yàn)室

X-rayroomX光室

doctors’office醫(yī)生辦公室

nurses’office護(hù)士辦公室

StructureandQuestionsoftheText

ⅠThemeaningofthemodernhospitalandthechangesofthehospital(Para.1----4)Questions:1.CanyousaysomethingaboutLouisPasteurandFlorenceNightingale?2.Inwhataspectsdidthefirsthospitalsdifferfrommodernhospitals?ⅡTheclassificationofthemodernhospital(Para.5----9)Questions:3.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthegeneralhospitalsandspecializedhospitals?4.HowarethehospitalsinAmericafinanced?5.Howdopatientsmanagetopaytheirbills?ⅢTheoperationofmosthospitals(Para.10----13)Questions:6.Whatdovolunteersdointhehospitals?7.Howisahospitalaccredited?ⅣAnexampleofGeorgetownUniversityHospitalinWashington,D.C.toillustratehowamodernhospitalfunctions.(Para.14----26)Questions:8.CanyoulisttheclinicaldepartmentsinGeorgetownUniversityHospital?Rememberthem.Itishelpful.9.Giveadescriptionofthegeneraladministrativestaff(thebusinessoffice)andtheirresponsibilities.Whatishighbloodpressure?

Bloodpressureisthemeasurementofthepressureorforceofbloodpushingagainstbloodvesselwalls.Theheartpumpsbloodintothearteries(bloodvessels),whichcarrythebloodthroughoutthebody.Highbloodpressure,alsocalledhypertension,meansthepressureinyourarteriesisabovethenormalrange.Inmostcases,nooneknowswhatcauseshighbloodpressure.BackgroundKnowledgeHowisbloodpressurerecorded?

Bloodpressureiswrittenastwonumbers,suchas118/72.Thefirstnumberisthesystolicpressure.Thisisthepressureinthearterieswhentheheartbeatsandfillsthemwithblood.Thesecondnumberisthediastolicpressure.Thisisthepressureinthearterieswhentheheartrestsbetweenbeats.TypeofbloodpressurereadingNormalbloodpressurePrehypertensionStage1hypertensionStage2hypertensionSystoliclessthan120mmHg120-139mmHg140-159mmHg160mmHgandaboveDiastoliclessthan80mmHg80-89mmHg90-99mmHg100mmHgandabovemmHg=millimetersofmercury–theunitofmeasureforbloodpressureWhatisanormalbloodpressurereading?Whatcanhappenifhighbloodpressureisnottreated?1.Stroke2.EnlargedHeart3.HeartFailure4.PeripheralVascularDisease5.HeartAttack6.KidneyDisease/Failure

Whatarethesignsandsymptoms?Mostpeoplewithhighbloodpressurehavenosignsorsymptoms,evenifbloodpressurereadingsreachdangerouslyhighlevels.Althoughafewpeoplewithearly-stagehighbloodpressuremayhavedullheadaches,dizzyspellsorafewmorenosebleedsthannormal,thesesignsandsymptomstypicallydon'toccuruntilhighbloodpressurehasreachedanadvanced—possiblylife-threatening—stage.Whataretheriskfactors?Highbloodpressurehasmanyriskfactors.Someyoucan'tcontrol.Age.Theriskofhighbloodpressureincreasesasyougetolder.Throughearlymiddleage,highbloodpressureismorecommoninmen.Womenaremorelikelytodevelophighbloodpressureaftermenopause.Race.Highbloodpressureisparticularlycommonamongblacks,oftendevelopingatanearlieragethanitdoesinwhites.Seriouscomplications,suchasstrokeandheartattack,alsoaremorecommoninblacks.Familyhistory.Highbloodpressuretendstoruninfamilies.Otherriskfactorsforhighbloodpressurearewithinyourcontrol.Excessweight.Thegreateryourbodymass,themorebloodyouneedtosupplyoxygenandnutrientstoyourtissues.Asthevolumeofbloodcirculatedthroughyourbloodvesselsincreases,sodoesthepressureonyourarterywalls.Inactivity.Peoplewhoareinactivetendtohavehigherheartrates.Thehigheryourheartrate,theharderyourheartmustworkwitheachcontraction—andthestrongertheforceonyourarteries.Lackofphysicalactivityalsoincreasestheriskofbeingoverweight.Tobaccouse.Thechemicalsintobaccocandamagetheliningofyourarterywalls,whichpromotesnarrowingofthearteries.Sodiumintake.Toomuchsodiuminyourdiet—especiallyifyouhavesodiumsensitivity—canleadtofluidretentionandincreasedbloodpressure.Lowpotassiumintake.Potassiumhelpsbalancetheamountofsodiuminyourcells.Ifyoudon'tconsumeorretainenoughpotassium,youmayaccumulatetoomuchsodiuminyourblood.Excessivealcohol.Overtime,heavydrinkingcandamageyourheart.Stress.Highlevelsofstresscanleadtoatemporarybutdramaticincreaseinbloodpressure.Ifyoutrytorelaxbyeatingmore,usingtobaccoordrinkingalcohol,youmayonlyfuelproblemswithhighbloodpressure.Certainchronicconditionsalsomayincreaseyourrisk

ofhighbloodpressure,includinghighcholesterol,diabetes,kidneydiseaseandsleepapnea.Sometimespregnancycontributestohighbloodpressure.Ina2006study,adultswhoworkedmorethan40or50hoursaweek—particularlyclericalandunskilledworkers—weremorelikelytohavehighbloodpressurethanwerethosewhoworked40hoursorlessaweek.Researcherstiedthehigherriskforworkerswithlongerhourstounhealthyeating,lessexercise,morestressandlesssleep.BackgroundKnowledgeRichardBright:(1789-1858)Englishphysician,fatherofnephrologyBright'sdisease布賴特腎病(一般指腎小球腎炎glomerularnephritis)BackgroundKnowledgeHarryGoldblatt:(1891-1977)aCleveland(克利夫蘭,美國(guó)俄亥俄州東北部城市)physicianandpathologistBackgroundKnowledgeIn1934HarryGoldblattplacedaclampontheartery

leadingtothekidneyofadogandproducedthefirstanimalmodelofchronichypertension.Goldblattproposedthatthedecreaseinbloodsupplycausesthekidneytoreleaseavasopressorsubstance.Goldblattwasunawareoftheearlierdiscoveryofrenin.TheconnectionbetweentheGoldblattkidneyandreninwasnotmadeuntilthe1950'swhenscientistsdelineatedtherenin-angiotensinsystem,whichisthemajormechanismthebodyusestocontrolbloodpressure.BackgroundKnowledgesplitrenalfunctiontest:Atesttodeterminevariousfunctionalparametersofonekidneycomparedwiththeotherkidney.Alsocalleddifferentialureteralcatheterizationtest

分側(cè)腎功能試驗(yàn)

ureteral輸尿管的catheterization導(dǎo)管插入(術(shù))

Youcanhavehighbloodpressure(hypertension)foryearswithoutasinglesymptom.Uncontrolledhighbloodpressureincreasesyourriskofserioushealthproblems,includingheartattackandstroke.Bloodpressureisdeterminedbytheamountofbloodyourheartpumpsandtheamountofresistancetobloodflowinyourarteries.Themorebloodyourheartpumpsandthenarroweryourarteries,thehigheryourbloodpressure.In90percentto95percentofhighbloodpressurecases,theAmericanHeartAssociationsaysthere'snoidentifiablecause.Thistypeofhighbloodpressure,calledessentialhypertensionorprimaryhypertension,tendstodevelopgraduallyovermanyyears.Theother5percentto10percentofhighbloodpressurecasesarecausedbyanunderlyingcondition.Thistypeofhighbloodpressure,calledsecondaryhypertension,tendstoappearsuddenlyandcausehigherbloodpressurethandoesprimaryhypertension.Variousconditionscanleadtosecondaryhypertension,includingkidneyabnormalities,tumorsoftheadrenalglandorcertaincongenitalheartdefects.NewWordsandPhrasesjuxtaglomerular:

juxta-→near,proximityto(鄰近)

juxta-articular:nearajointrenin:aprotein-digestingenzymethatisreleasedbythekidneyandactstoraisebloodpressurebyactivatingangiotensin(血管緊張素)

rennin:amilk-coagulatingenzymefoundinthegastricjuice凝乳酶substrate:thematerialorsubstanceonwhichanenzymeactsdecapeptide:apeptidecontaining10aminoacids.

deca-→ten

decade,decagram

deci-→atenth

decibel(分貝),decimeter(分米)

octapeptide:apolypeptide,suchasangiotensin,thatiscomposedofeightaminoacidsoct-,octa-,octo-→eighthyperplasia:theincreasedproductionandgrowthofnormalcellsinatissueororgan.Theaffectedpartbecomeslargebutretainsitsnormalform.Duringpregnancythebreastgrowinthismanner增生(=proliferation)

-plasia→formaton,growthhypoplasia:incompletearrested(被抑制的)developmentofanorganorapart發(fā)肓不全;發(fā)育不良

hypertrophy:increaseinthesizeofatissueororganbroughtaboutbytheenlargementofitscellsratherthanbycellmultiplication(asduringnormalgrowthandtumorformation)肥大

-trophy→nourishment,developmentatrophy:awastingordecreaseinsizeofabodilyorgan,tissue,orpartowingtodisease,injury,orlackofuse萎縮hypotrophy:failureofcellstoachieveanormalsize,andhencetissues,organs,andmorphologic(形態(tài)的)featuresareundergrown細(xì)胞退化;一個(gè)器官或組織由於失去細(xì)胞而功能退化atherosclerosis:aformofarteriosclerosischaracterizedbythedepositionofatheromatousplaquescontainingcholesterolandlipidsontheinnermostlayerofthewallsoflargeandmedium-sizedarteriesaneurysm:

aballoon-likeswellinginthewallofanartery;alocalized,pathological,blood-filleddilatationofabloodvesselcausedbyadiseaseorweakeningofthevessel'swallmasculadensa:

adenselypackedgroupofmodifiedepithelialcellsinthedistaltubuleofanephron,adjacenttothejuxtaglomerularcells.adrenergic:producingoractivatedbyepinephrineoranepinephrinelikesubstance

adrenalin=epinephrine

腎上腺素ischemia:adecreaseinthebloodsupplytoabodilyorgan,tissue,orpartcausedbyconstrictionorobstructionofthebloodvesselsangiography:

examinationofthebloodvesselsusingx-raysfollowingtheinjectionofaradiopaque(射線透不過(guò)的)substance

angiogram血管造影照片,血管造影(術(shù))catheterization:theintroductionofacatheterintoaholloworgan

catheter

導(dǎo)管cardiaccatheter心導(dǎo)管

urethralcatheter尿道導(dǎo)管bioassay:determinationofthestrengthorbiologicalactivityofasubstance,suchasadrugorhormone,bycomparingitseffectswiththoseofastandardpreparationonatestorganism

radioimmunoassay(放射免疫測(cè)定):

theimmunoassayofaradiolabeledsubstance,suchasahormoneoranenzyme

nanogram:

納克

nano-→

毫微、十億分之一nanometer

納米aldosterone:asteroidhormonesecretedbytheadrenalcortexthatregulatesthesaltandwaterbalanceinthebody.

ald-→

aldehyde醛-sterone→ketone酮hyponatremia:thepresenceinthebloodofanabnormallylowconcentrationofsodium,occursindehydrationhyperkalemia:thepresenceinthebloodofanabnormallyhighconcentrationofpotassiumadrenocorticotropic:stimulatingorotherwiseactingontheadrenalcortex

aldosteronism:adisordermarkedbyexcessivesecretionofthehormonealdosterone,whichcancauseweakness,cardiacirregularities,andabnormallyhighbloodpressureLasix:tradenameoffrusemide(=furosemide)速尿,adiuretic(利尿劑)usedtotreatfluidretention(oedema)associatedwithheart,liver,orkidneydiseaseandalsohighbloodpressurenephrectomy:surgicalremovalofakidneynephr/o-→kidney-ectomy→removal,excisionappendectomy

闌尾外科切除術(shù)

-tomy→cutting切開(kāi)

anatomy解剖學(xué)

-(o)stomy→makinganopeningoraconnectionbetween造口術(shù);吻合術(shù)angioplasty:aprocedureinwhichacatheterequippedwithatinyballoonatthetipisinsertedintoanarterythathasbeennarrowedbytheaccumulationoffattydeposits.Theballoonistheninflatedtocleartheblockageandwidentheartery.percutaneously:

cutane/o-→skin

per-

→through

subcutaneousDifficultWordsandPhrasesintheTextessential:of,relatingto,orbeingadysfunctionalconditionoradiseasewhosecauseisunknown

原發(fā)的;疾病或狀態(tài)自發(fā)的，或特發(fā)的

essentialhypertension=primaryhypertensionprimarycarcinoma原發(fā)癌carcinomainsitu原位癌etiologic:

adj.

etiology:thebranchofmedicinethatdealswiththecausesororiginsofdisease病原學(xué)clamp:n.夾子,夾具,夾鉗pressor:

causinganincreaseinbloodpressure

使血壓升高的potent:

exertingorcapableofexertingstrongphysiologicalorchemicaleffects強(qiáng)有力的,有效力的plaque:adepositoffattymaterialontheinnerliningofanarterialwall,characteristicofatherosclerosis斑：動(dòng)脈血管壁內(nèi)脂肪物質(zhì)的沉積intimal:

adj.(intima:theinnermostmembraneofanorganorapart,especiallytheinnerliningofalymphaticvessel,anartery,oravein內(nèi)膜)

fistula:anabnormalductorpassageresultingfrominjury,disease,oracongenitaldisorderthatconnectsanabscess(膿腫),acavity,oraholloworgantothebodysurfaceortoanotherholloworgan瘺(管)

viable:

capableofliving,developing,orgerminatingunderfavorableconditionsautopsy:

examinationofacadavertodetermineorconfirmthecauseofdeath.Alsocallednecropsy,

postmortem,postmortemexamination

parameter:參數(shù)，參量autonomous:independent;self-directedbecompatiblewith:適合,一致meticulously:

adv.

meticulous:extremelycarefulandpreciseStructureandQuestionsoftheTextⅠAbriefintroductiontothecloserelationshipbetweenhypertensionandrenaldiseasesdiseases(Para.1)——IntroductoryParagraphⅡRenalMechanismsofHypertensionQuestions:1.WhatisthefindingofRichardBright?2.HowdidHarryGoldblattdemonstratetheconnectionbetweenthekidneyandhypertension?3.Canyoudescribetheprocessoftheelevationofthebloodpressurecausedbytherenalmechanisms?

renalarteryconstricts→thekidneyreleasesrenin(manufacturedinthejuxtaglomerularcellsbywayofrenalveinintothegeneralcirculation)→reninactsontheangiotensinogen(areninsubstrate,whichismanufacturedintheliver)→yieldangiotensinⅠ(adecapeptidefragment)→convertingenzymeactsonittoproduceangiotensionⅡ(anoctapeptide,apotentvasoconstrictivepressorsubstance)→angiotensionⅡactsonthesmoothmuscleofthearterialwalls→bloodpressureelevationⅢRenalArteryNarrowingQuestions:1.WhatarethethreemechanismsofhypertensionbyWhichrenalarterynarrowingbringsaboutexcessreninrelease?Canyoudescribeeachofthemandgivesomeexamples.2.Howdotheintrarenaldiseasesstimulatetherenin-angiotensinmechanism?Andgivesomeexamples.3.Paraphrasethelast2sentencesofPara.5.4.Accordingtotheauthor,howcanthephysiciandetermineifthepatientishypertensivebecauseofrenalarterialnarrowing?5.Whatisthetheoreticbasisofsplitrenalfunctiontest?1.Threemechanismsofhypertensionbywhichrenalarterynarrowingbringsaboutexcessreninreleasewithresultinghypertensionadecreasedmeanpressureattheleveloftheglomerularafferentarteriole→changethetensiononthatafferentarteriole→stimulateanexcessreleaseofreninlocalfactors(renalarterialconstriction)orgeneralizedfactors(reducedextracellularfluidvolume←dehydrationorhemorrhage)→decreasedsodiumdeliveredtothemaculadensa→increasedreninproductionstimulationoftheβ-adrenergic(sympathetic)nervefiberstothekidney→reninisreleasedintothebloodstream2.Variousintrarenaldiseaseprocessesmaystimulatetherenin-angiotensinmechanism──alterbloodflowtogivenareasofthekidneybymeansofpressureischemia3.Howcanthephysiciandetermineifthepatientishypertensivebecauseofrenalarterialnarrowing?bycomparingtherenalveinreninlevelsfromboththeaffectedandthecontralateralsidesbydirectcatheterizationoftherenalveinsplitrenalfunctiontests:comparethevariousparametersofthefunctionofeachkidneyⅣRenalAdrenalMechanismsofHypertension:Renin-angiotensin-aldosteroneAxisQuestions:W