ComputerSystemArchitecture2目錄IntroductionFundamentalsofComputerHardwareFundamentalsofComputerSoftwareClassificationofComputerArchitecture目錄InstructionSystemandAssemblyLanguageParallelprocessingandmulti-coretechnologyPerformanceevaluationofcomputersystems目錄ComputerSystemSecurityandProtectionIntroduction01CourseIntroductionComputersystemarchitectureisanimportantbranchofcomputerscienceandengineering,mainlystudyingthecomposition,structure,andperformanceofcomputerhardwareandsoftware.Thiscoursewillintroducethebasiccomponentsofcomputersystems,includingprocessors,memory,input/outputsystems,etc.,aswellasperformanceevaluationandoptimizationmethodsforcomputersystems.Throughthestudyofthiscourse,studentswillbeabletodeeplyunderstandthebasicprinciplesandworkingmechanismsofcomputersystems,masterthedesignandoptimizationskillsofcomputersystems,andlayasolidfoundationforfurtherlearningofothercoursesincomputerscienceandengineering.Masterthebasiccompositionandstructureofcomputersystems,understandthebasicprinciplesandworkingmechanismsofprocessors,memory,andinput/outputsystems.Cultivatestudents'interestandabilityincomputersystemdesignandoptimization,layingasolidfoundationforfurtherlearningofothercoursesincomputerscienceandengineering.Mastertheperformanceevaluationandoptimizationmethodsofcomputersystems,andunderstandhowtoimprovetheperformanceandefficiencyofcomputersystems.LearningobjectivesFundamentalsofComputerHardware02Logicgatecircuitisafundamentalcomponentofcomputerhardware,usedtoimplementlogicoperationsandsignalconversion.TheworkingprincipleoflogicgatecircuitsisbasedonBooleanalgebra,whichrepresentsthelogicalstatethroughthehighandlowlevelsofinputandoutput.Thepowerconsumption,speed,andreliabilityoflogicgatecircuitsareimportantfactorsthataffectcomputerperformance.CommonlogicgatecircuitsincludeANDgates,ORgates,NOTgates,etc.,whichcanbecombinedtoachievemorecomplexlogicfunctions.Logicgatecircuit01020304TheCPUisthecorecomponentofacomputersystem,responsibleforexecutinginstructionsincomputerprograms.TheCPUiscomposedofarithmeticunits,controllers,registers,etc.,andcommunicateswithmemoryandotherhardwaredevicesthroughabus.TheperformanceindicatorsoftheCPUincludeclockfrequency,instructionset,cachesize,etc.,whichdeterminetheprocessingspeedandefficiencyofthecomputer.Thedesignofmulti-coreCPUscanimprovetheprocessingpowerofcomputers,butitalsoincreasesthecomplexityofdesignandthedifficultyofpowermanagement.CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)Memoryisahardwaredeviceusedinacomputertostoredataandprograms.Therearevarioustypesofmemoryincomputers,suchasRAM,ROM,Flash,etc.,dependingonstoragespeed,capacity,andprice.Theperformanceindicatorsofmemoryincludereadandwritespeed,capacity,andreliability,whicharecrucialfortheperformanceandstabilityofcomputers.Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,newtypesofmemorysuchasphasechangememoryandresistivevariablememoryarebeingdeveloped,whichhavehigherperformanceandlowerpowerconsumption.StorageAbusisacommunicationchannelusedincomputersystemstoconnectvarioushardwaredevices.Busescanbedividedintohigh-speedbusesandlow-speedbusesbasedontransmissionrates,andaddressbuses,databuses,andcontrolbusesbasedonconnecteddevices.Thedesignofabusiscrucialfortheperformanceandstabilityofacomputer,asitneedstomeetthecommunicationneedsofvarioushardwaredevicesandhasacertaindegreeofscalabilityandflexibility.BusFundamentalsofComputerSoftware03OperatingSystemDefinitionAnoperatingsystemissoftwareusedinacomputersystemtomanagehardwareandsoftwareresources,provideaunifiedinterfaceforupperlevelsoftwaretouse.OperatingsystemfunctionsThemainfunctionsofanoperatingsystemincludeprocessmanagement,memorymanagement,filemanagement,anddevicemanagement.ClassificationofoperatingsystemsBasedontheoperatingenvironment,operatingsystemscanbedividedintodesktopoperatingsystems,serveroperatingsystems,andembeddedoperatingsystems.OperatingsystemIntroductiontoCompilationPrinciplesCompilationprinciplesarethedisciplinethatstudieshowtoconverthigh-levellanguagesourcecodeintoexecutablemachinecode.CompilationprocessThecompilationprocessusuallyincludesstagessuchaslexicalanalysis,syntaxanalysis,semanticanalysis,intermediatecodegeneration,optimization,andobjectcodegeneration.TheapplicationofcompilationtechnologyCompilationtechnologyisnotonlyusedincompilerdesign,butalsowidelyusedinfieldssuchascodeoptimizationandprogramstaticanalysis.CompilationprincipleDatastructuredefinition:Datastructureisthewaydataisorganized,whichdeterminesthewaydataisstoredandaccessedinacomputer.Commondatastructures:Commondatastructuresincludearrays,linkedlists,stacks,queues,trees,graphs,etc.AlgorithmDefinitionandClassification:Analgorithmisasetofproblem-solvingstepsthathaveinput,output,andexplicitterminationconditions.Algorithmscanbedividedintogreedyalgorithms,dynamicprogramming,divideandconqueralgorithms,etc.basedontheircharacteristics.DataStructureandAlgorithmsClassificationofComputerArchitecture04Definition:VonNeumannarchitecture,alsoknownasPrincetonarchitecture,isacomputerarchitecturethatstoresprogramsanddatainthesamememoryandisaccessedthroughasinglebus.VonNeumannarchitecturecharacteristicInstructionsanddataaretransmittedthroughthesamebus.Memoryisunified,containingprogramsanddata.Instructionsanddataaresharedinthesamememory,allowingthemtoaccesseachother.VonNeumannarchitectureDefinition:Harvardarchitecture,alsoknownasHarvardarchitecture,isatypeofcomputerarchitecturethatstoresprogramsanddataintwoindependentmemoryunits,eachwithitsownbus.HarvardArchitectureHarvardArchitecture01characteristic02Programmemoryanddatamemoryareseparate.03Eachmemoryhasitsownbus,whichallowsinstructionsanddatatobetransmittedsimultaneously.04Sinceinstructionsanddataarestoredindifferentmemory,theydonotinterferewitheachother.Definition:Pipelinetechnology,alsoknownaspipelinetechnology,isacomputerarchitecturetechniquethatdividestheexecutionprocessofacomputerintomultiplestages,eachstageperformingdifferenttasks.Pipelinetechnology0102characteristicPipelinetechnologycanimprovetheexecutionefficiencyofcomputersbecauseitcanprocessmultipleinstructionssimultaneously.PipelinetechnologyPipelinetechnologyItcandivideinstructionsintomultiplestages,eachstageexecutingdifferenttasks.Duetotheabilityofpipelinetechnologytoprocessmultipleinstructionssimultaneously,itcanimprovethethroughputofcomputers.InstructionSystemandAssemblyLanguage0501InstructionFormat:Eachinstructionhasaspecificformat,includingopcodes,registers,memoryaddresses,andotherparts.Theopcodespecifiestheinstructiontype,andtheregistersandmemoryaddressesspecifytheoperands.Instructionclassification:Instructionscanbedividedintoarithmeticinstructions,logicinstructions,controlinstructions,etc.Eachtypeofinstructionhasitsspecificfunctionandpurpose.Instructionexecution:Thecomputerreadsinstructionsfrommemory,decodesinstructions,executesinstructions,andstorestheresultsbackinmemoryorregisters.Instructionsetarchitecture:Theinstructionsetarchitecturedefinesthesetofinstructionsthatacomputercanunderstandandexecute.Differentinstructionsetarchitectureshavedifferentcharacteristicsandapplicablescenarios,suchasx86,ARM,etc.020304InstructionSystemAssemblylanguagedefinition:Assemblylanguageisatypeofcomputerprogramminglanguagethatusesmnemonicstoreplacethebinarycodeofmachinelanguage.Assemblylanguageiseasiertoread,write,anddebugthanmachinelanguage,whilealsoprovidingahigherlevelofabstractionthanmachinelanguage.Advantagesofassemblylanguage:Assemblylanguagecanprovidecontrolcapabilitiesthatareclosertohardwarethanhigh-levellanguages,whilealsooptimizingprogramperformance.Insomespecificapplicationscenarios,suchassystemprogramming,embeddedsystemdevelopment,etc.,assemblylanguageisstillwidelyused.Disadvantagesofassemblylanguage:Assemblylanguageisdifficulttowriteandmaintain,andlackstheabstractionandencapsulationcapabilitiesofhigh-levellanguages,resultinginpoorcodereadabilityandmaintainability.Inaddition,theplatformdependencyofassemblylanguagealsolimitsitsapplicationscope.Therelationshipbetweenassemblylanguageandmachinelanguage:Assemblylanguagecorrespondsone-to-onewithmachinelanguage,andeachassemblylanguageinstructioncanbeconvertedintoamachinelanguageinstruction.Therefore,assemblylanguagehasplatformdependency,anddifferentcomputerarchitecturesrequiretheuseofdifferentassemblylanguages.AssemblyLanguageParallelprocessingandmulti-coretechnology06輸入標(biāo)題02010403ParallelprocessingDefinition:Parallelprocessingisacomputertechnologythatallowsmultipletasksoroperationstobeexecutedsimultaneouslytoimproveoverallprocessingspeed.Challenge:Parallelprocessingrequirescomplexprogrammingmodelsandalgorithmdesignstofullyutilizemultipleprocessingunitsandavoidissuessuchasdatacompetitionanddeadlocks.Advantage:Parallelprocessingcansignificantlyimprovetheperformanceofcomputersystems,especiallywhendealingwithlarge-scaledatasetsorperformingcomplexcomputingtasks.Implementationmethod:Parallelprocessingcanbeimplementedinvariousways,suchasmultithreading,multiprocessing,multitasking,etc.01Definition:Multicoretechnologyisatechnologythatintegratesmultipleprocessorcoresontoasinglechip.02Implementationmethod:Amulti-coreprocessorcanbecomposedofmultiplecoresonasinglechip,eachofwhichcanindependentlyperformtasksoroperations.03Advantages:Multicoreprocessorscanimprovetheperformanceandefficiencyofcomputersystems,especiallywhendealingwithmultitaskingandcomplexcomputing.04Challenge:Multicoreprocessorsrequireefficientthreadmanagementandtaskschedulingmechanismstofullyutilizemultiplecoresandavoidresourceconflictsandperformancebottlenecks.MulticoretechnologyPerformanceevaluationofcomputersystems07Benchmarktestingprogram010203Definition:Abenchmarktestprogramisastandardizedsetoftestsusedtotesttheperformanceofacomputersystem.Purpose:Thebenchmarktestingprogramaimstoprovideanobjectiveandcomparablemethodtoevaluatetheperformanceofcomputersystems.Commonbenchmarktestingprogramsincludeprocessorbenchmarktesting(suchasSPECintandSPECfp),memorybenchmarktesting(suchasSTREAM),diskbenchmarktesting(suchasHDTach),etc.Definition:Systemperformanceevaluationmethodsareasetoftechniquesandtoolsusedtoevaluatetheperformanceofcomputersystems.Purpose:Thesystemperformanceevaluationmethodaimstoprovideacomprehensiveandaccuratemethodtoevaluatetheperformanceofcomputersystems.Commonevaluationmethodsincludebenchmarktesting,simulation,analyticalmodels,etc.Thesemethodscanbeselectedandusedaccordingtodifferentneedsandscenariostoobtainthemostaccurateperformanceevaluationresults.010203SystemperformanceevaluationmethodsComputerSystemSecurityandProtection08ComputerVirusesComputervirusesaremaliciousprogramsthatattachthemtootherprogramsorfilesandreplicate,causingdamagetotheaffectedsystemProtectionAga