第07講新課學(xué)習(xí)必修第三冊(cè)Unit4（語法學(xué)習(xí)&寫作過關(guān)）目錄語法導(dǎo)航：學(xué)習(xí)語法知識(shí)寫作導(dǎo)航：學(xué)習(xí)單元寫作小試牛刀：基礎(chǔ)精練+能力提升過去分詞（一）作定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語過去分詞一般表示完成的和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加ed構(gòu)成；不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的構(gòu)成規(guī)則。過去分詞一般在句子中可以用作定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語和狀語，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語。一．過去分詞作定語的用法（一）過去分詞作定語的位置1.一般情況下，單個(gè)過去分詞作前置定語，即放在被修飾詞之前。注意：有時(shí)為了表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可放在被修飾詞之后。tiredvisitorsawellorganisedtripbeautifullydressedstarsThediseasewascausedbypollutedwater.Wefinishedtheruninlessthanhalfthetimeallowed.Heisoneofthoseinvited.2.過去分詞短語作定語時(shí)往往作后置定語，即放在被修飾詞之后。visitorstiredofthelongwaitatriporganisedwellbymyworkplacestarsdressedbeautifullyattheeventTheriverpollutedbydailywasteisnowdirtyandsmelly.（二）過去分詞作定語的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1.及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語通常表示被動(dòng)和完成。被修飾詞是其邏輯主語，和被修飾詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。過去分詞作定語時(shí)，相當(dāng)于定語從句。過去分詞（短語）作非限定性定語，相當(dāng)于非限定性定語從句，用來補(bǔ)充說明被修飾詞的情況，通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。Idon'tlikethebookwrittenbyMartin(=whichwaswrittenbyMartin).ItisahousebuiltbytheRomans（=whichwasbuiltbytheRomans）.Theproblem,discussedyesterday(=whichwasdiscussedyesterday）,hasbeensolved.Theyusethesameflag,knownastheUnionJack（=whichisknownastheUnionJack）.2.不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語僅表示完成，不表示被動(dòng)。fallenleavesboiledwaterthedevelopedcountries

注意：過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，和被修飾詞構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，即表“主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行”；過去分詞作定語，和被修飾詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，即表“被動(dòng)、完成”。Theworkersbuildingthehousesworkdayandnight.（workers和build是主動(dòng)關(guān)系）Thehousesbuiltlastyearareforthevillagers.（houses和build是被動(dòng)關(guān)系）二．過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法“及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中，過去分詞done作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示與賓語構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。1.用于feel,find,hear,notice,see,smell,observe,watch,think等表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。Isawanoldmanknockeddownbyacarjustnow.Whenhewokeupinthehospital,hefoundhimselfsurroundedbydoctorsandnurses.2.用于get,have,make,keep,leave等使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。Thespeakerraisedhisvoicebutstillcouldn'tmakehimselfheard.Hegothistoothpulledoutyesterday.TheyhadcastlesbuiltallaroundEngland.3.用于wish,want,wouldlike,expect,order等表示“意欲”“命令”的動(dòng)詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語。Thebossorderedtheplancarriedoutassoonaspossible.ThefatherwantshisdaughtertaughtJapanese.4.用于with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓語補(bǔ)足語。Withtheworkfinished,hewentoutforawalk.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback.注意：過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別：過去分詞done作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示與賓語構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在分詞doing作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示與賓語構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。IheardhersinginganEnglishsongwhenIpassedby.IoftenheardtheEnglishsongsungbyyoungpeopleattheparty.Itwascold,andshehadthefireburningdayandnight.Ihadmycarrepairedlastweek.隨堂小練單句語法填空1.Someofthepeople(invite)tothepartycan'te.2.Theroomisemptyexceptforabookshelf(stand)inonecorner.3.Thetrees(blow)downinthestormhavebeenmovedofftheroad.4.You'dbetterhaveyourshoes(mend).5.Thefatherwantshisdaughter(teach)thepiano.6.Isawanoldman(knock)downbyacar.7.I'dlikethejob(do)whenIebackfromthejourney.8.Thespeakerraisedhisvoicebutstillcouldn'tmakehimself(hear).9.Anoldmanwasbroughtin，withhishands(tie)behindhisback.10.Withallthework(do)，Ifeelveryrelaxednow.11.Listeningtomusicathomeisonething，goingtohearit(perform)liveisquiteanother.12.Theboymadethebaby(laugh)bymakingafaceathim.13.Shefellasleepwiththelight(burn).介紹一個(gè)地方描述一個(gè)漂亮或者特殊的地方總體上屬于介紹事物的說明文。它的要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容可包括：地理位置、面積、人口、氣候狀況、著名的地方以及與眾不同之處等。時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)以現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主，人稱以第三人稱為主。[基本框架]開頭：介紹該地方的基本信息(位置，面積等)；主體：描述該地方的一些具體信息(著名的地方，與眾不同之處)；結(jié)尾：作者對(duì)此地點(diǎn)的感受或總結(jié)陳述以吸引讀者去旅游。[常用詞塊]1．...is/lies/islocated/issituated＋地點(diǎn)狀語2．...is/lies＋數(shù)詞＋metresabovesealevel3．...issurroundedby...……4．...bevery/quite/extremelycold/hot/warm/dry/humid/sunny/rainy/mild...alltheyearround某地氣候終年寒冷/炎熱/溫暖/干燥/潮濕/日光充足/多雨/溫和……5．...isrichin...，like/suchas...……6．...isfamous/well-knownfor...……7．...hasa(long)historyof...……8．...dates/goesbackto...……[常用語句]★精彩開頭1．Itislocated/liesin...，withanareaof...2．Itcoversanareaof...，withahistoryof...3．...，locatedin...andcoveringanareaof...，isoneofChina'smostfamousscenicspots.4．Thehistoryof...datesbackto...5．Ithasbeethemostpopulartouristattractionsince...★正文佳句1．Therearemanyplacesofinterest，suchas...2．Youcanenjoy...，whichhasahighreputationbothathomeandabroad.3．With...，...is/areattractingmoreandmoretourists.4．Aninterestingfeatureof...is...5．Withitspleasantclimate，richnaturalresourcesandbeautifulscenery，...isoneofChina'smajortouristcities.6．Atripalong...willenableyoutogettoknow...★余味結(jié)尾1．...iswellworthvisiting.2．...isaplaceyouhavetovisitandtheextraordinaryviewwillmakeyouunwillingtoleave.練習(xí)1假定你叫李華，你的朋友Jo將從英國(guó)到你的家鄉(xiāng)?？诼糜?。她來信詢問有關(guān)海口的基本情況，請(qǐng)你給她回信。信的內(nèi)容包括：1．?？诘幕厩闆r：(1)地理位置(海南島北部)(2)人口(227.21萬人)(3)面積(2304.84平方公里)(4)氣候2．至少介紹兩個(gè)著名景點(diǎn)。[參考范文]DearJo，IamsoexcitedtoknowthatyouwilletoHaikou,myhometown,.I'msohonoredtoshowittoyou.2,272,100,Haikou,thecapitalofHainanProvince,thenorthofHainanIsland,about2,305squarekilometers.thepleasantclimate—nottoohotinsummerandnottoocoldinwinter.Therearemanyhere,theHolidayBeach,whichenjoysabeautifulandgentlecoastline（海岸線）withsparkling（波光粼粼的）waters,wavingcoconuttrees（椰子樹）andplentyofsunshine.Besides,WugongTemple,whichisnowanattractiveancientarchitecture,wasconstructed（紀(jì)念）fivefamouspeopleduringTangandSongDynasties.Lookingforwardtoyourarrival!Yours,LiHua練習(xí)2假定你是英國(guó)學(xué)生Harry，有一位中國(guó)筆友LiHua想了解一下你的家鄉(xiāng)愛丁堡，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)提示回復(fù)一封電子郵件。愛丁堡蘇格蘭(Scotland)的首府，政治和文化中心人口約50萬面積260平方千米(squarekilometres)地理位置蘇格蘭的東南部交通公共交通十分便利天氣氣候溫和(mildclimate)旅游最受歡迎的旅游城市之一；古老建筑眾多注意：詞數(shù)80左右。開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。DearLiHua，TodayI'mwritingtotellyousomethingaboutEdinburghwhichyouaskedaboutinthelaste-mail.Yoursfaithfully，Harry基礎(chǔ)精練一．用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空1.Themountainvillage________（surround）bybeautifulnaturallandscapelooksamazing.2.Thefamily'sancestorsonceattendedto________（wound）soldiersintheFirstWorldWar.3.Theyoungpeople________（attract）bythelegendofLochNesswatchedoverthelakewiththeircamerasandbinoculars________（position）onthehill.4.JudyandIhadourcar________（park）inanundergroundcarparknearTrafalgarSquare,wherewecouldgetourcarbattery________（charge）.5.Whenwefinallyreachedtheservicedesktoaskforaudioguides,weheardit________（announce）thattherewerenoaudioguidesleft.6.Judyhadhereyes________（fix）onVanGogh'sSunflowers.Itwashardtoapproachthepaintingasthereweresomanypeoplearound.7.Shehadacopyofthepainting________（box）toensurethatitwasdeliveredsafely.8.Thescientistattendedthemeeting______(hold)intheGreatHallofthePeople.9.LinjiangBridge_____(build)inashapeoffishinWuhu,AnhuiProvincewasputintousein2008.10.Withallthetasks_____(finish)aheadoftime,hedecidedtosetoutonhistravel.11.MichaelputupapictureofYaoMingbesidethebedtokeephimself____(remind)ofhisowndreams.12.Clairehadherluggage________(check)anhourbeforeherplaneleft.13.JennyhopesthatMr.SmithwillsuggestagoodwaytohaveherwrittenEnglish___________(improve)inashortperiod.14.Listen!Doyouhearsomeone______(call)forhelp?15.Sofar,about40houseshavefallendownundertheweightofthesnow,with22people______（injure）.二.短文語法填空TheAmberRoomwasgiventhisnamebecauseseveraltonsofamberwereusedtomakeit.The1.(select)amberhad2.beautifulyellow-browncolourlikehoney.Thedesignoftheroomwas3.thefancystylepopularinthosedays.Itwasalsoatreasure4.(decorate)withgoldandjewels，5.tookthecountry'sbest6.(artist)abouttenyearstomake.Later，CatherineⅡhadtheAmberRoom7.(move)toapalaceoutsideStPetersburgwhereshespenthersummers.8.(sad)，theAmberRoom9.(consider)oneofthewondersoftheworld，isnow10.(miss).三.語法填空InmuchofAsia，especiallytheso-called“ricebowl”culturesofChina，Japan，Korea，1.________Vietnam，foodisusuallyeatenwithchopsticks.Chopsticksareusuallytwolong，thinpiecesofwoodorbamboo.Theycanalsobemadeofplastic，animalboneormetal.Sometimeschopsticksarequiteartistic.Trulyelegantchopsticksmight2.________(make)ofgoldandsilverwithChinesecharacters.Skilledworkersalsobinevarioushardwoodsandmetal3.________(create)specialdesigns.TheChinesehaveusedchopsticksforfivethousandyears.Peopleprobablycookedtheirfoodinlargepots，4.________(use)twigs(樹枝)toremoveit.Overtime，5.________thepopulationgrew，peoplebegancuttingfoodintosmallpiecessoitwouldcookmorequickly.Foodinsmallpiecescouldbeeateneasilywithtwigswhich6.________(gradual)turnedintochopsticks.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，7.________livedfromroughly551to479B．C.，influencedthe8.________(develop)ofchopsticks.Confuciusbelievedkniveswouldremindpeopleofkillingsand9.________(be)tooviolentforuseatthetable.ChopsticksarenotusedeverywhereinAsia.InIndia，forexample，mostpeopletraditionallyeat10.________theirhands.能力提升2022年全國(guó)甲卷英語閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式.AvisuallychallengedmanfromBeijingrecentlyhiked(徒步)40daystoXi’an,asafirststep___41___(journey)theBeltandRoadroute(路線)byfoot.Onthe1,100.Kilometerjourney,themanCaoShengkang,___42___losthiseyesightattheageofeightinacaraccident,crossed40citiesandcountiesinthreeprovince.InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperation___43___(bold)inBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.___44___friendofhis,WuFan,volunteeredtobehispanionduringthetrip.CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental___45___(protect).Caobelievesthiswillmakethehikingtripevenmore___46___(meaning).Thetwoofthemcollectedmorethan1,000plasticbottlesalongthe40dayjourney.Inthelastfivecars.Cao___47___(walk)through34countriesinsixcontinents,andin2016,hereachedthetopofKilimanjaro,Africa’s___48___(high)mountain.Now,CaohasstartedthesecondpartofhisdreamtowalkalongtheBeltandRoadroute.Heflew4,700kilometers___49___Xi’antoKashgaronseat.20,___50___(plan)tohikebacktoXi’aninfivemonths.2022年全國(guó)甲卷英語根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。ImportantThingstoKnowWhenDiningOutCulturaldiningetiquette(禮節(jié))mightsurpriseyouwithsomeofitsimportantrules.___16___.Knowingsometipswillhelpensurethatyouhaveanenjoyablemealwithfriendsorfamily—nomatterwhereyouareintheworld.ChopstickRulesThewayyouhandlechopsticksisimportanttoavoidannoyingyourpanions.Whenyouputthemdownbetweenbites,alwaysputthemdowntogethersotheyareparall