Physics9Physics9(Email:.1TransportationinHongKong:PrivatecarsorPublicComparisonwithotherbigcitiesinthePhys1003Phys1003– 2HongPopulation:7Area:1,095km2(33People/km2:HongPopulation:7Area:1,095km2(33People/km2:23%ofthelandisbuilt-up,theeffectivepopulationdensityis27,000/km2.3Hong71350M(2006800M(1000Area(1039640(9000149,000(136kArea/personPopulationdensityindifferentdistrictsofHong1km=10×1001km2=102×(100m)PopulationdensityindifferentdistrictsofHong1km=10×1001km2=102×(100m)2=100haPopulationdensityinKowloon:43,000/km2=4.3/1004.3personsina10mby10msquareroom,areaperpersonisabout23m2.4Pop.Hong108047HK8078017533x2451ha 100x100 1041km=10×1001km2=106m51ha 100x100 1041km=10×1001km2=106m2=1001hectare(ha)=1%of1square10.n12.10.n12.ShamShuiHK15.Central&18.WanTheNewKwaiSaiSha9.Yuen677Central&WesternCentral&Western中西區WanChai灣仔Eastern(東區)Southern南區)ShamShuiPo深水埗KowloonCity九龍城WongTaiSin黃大仙)KwunTong(觀塘)8KwaiTsing(葵青)TuenMun(屯門)YuenLong(元朗)North(北區)TaiPo(大埔)ShaTin(沙田)SaiKung西貢)Islands離島9UrbanAreaforUrbanAreaforHongKongis275km2comparedwithtotalarea1100km2,whichisestimatedbaseduponmaporsatellitephotographanalysis./content/002808-world-urban-areas-population-and-density-a-2012-uateTransportinHong?ThereTransportinHong?Thereare~2,000kmofroadsinHongKong,~450KmonHongKongIsland,~460KminKowloonand~1,100KmintheNewTerritories.Thenumberofvehiclesexceeds~680,000,ofwhich~480,000areprivatecars.Thereareabout~300vehiclesforeverykmofroad.Thelengthofroadperpersonis0.3m,7and20timeslessthaninEuropeanandAmericancitiesrespectively.Lengthofroadperpersonincities,??Source:WorldTransportPolicy&Practice,Vol.1No.3(1995),pp31-41?Privatecarownershipis?Privatecarownershipisaround70per1,000people,thelowestamongcitiesintheworld.?Everyday,over12millionpassengerjourneysaremadeonapublictransportsystemwhichincludeshighcapacityrailways,buses,minibuses,taxis,tramsandferries.PublicTransportinHongperdayMTRRapidMTRLightFranchisedPublicTransportinHongperdayMTRRapidMTRLightFranchisedTotalpublicRailandSource:TransportDept,HKSARLicensedvehiclesinHongKong,PrivateMotorGoodsLicensedvehiclesinHongKong,PrivateMotorGoodsPublicHongKong’sownershiprateofprivatecarsisabout70per1000IncomparisonIncomparisonwithLondon,NewYork,Singapore,andIncomparisonIncomparisonwithLondon,NewYork,Singapore,andEnergyend-useperGDPinHongEnergyend-useperGDPinHongKonginHK?EnergyIntensitycanbeusedtogaugetheefficientuseofenergyinproducingthe“wealth”(GDP)ofaneconomy.EnergyIntensityisrepresentedbytheratioofenergyend-usetoGDPortheamountofenergyend-useconsumedinproducingaunitofGDP.??From2001to2011,theEnergyIntensitywasreducedby34%(anaverageof3.4%perUsing2005asthebaseyear,thereductioninEnergyIntensityin2011isroughlyEnergyend-useEnergyend-use/CapitaEnergyend-useinHK,GoodsCarand (2.4SpaceEnergyend-useinHK,GoodsCarand (2.4SpaceHotIndustrialTransportEnergyTransportEnergyEnd-AllEnergyAllEnergyEnd-usesByEnd-usesEnergycostofpublictransportrelativetoindividualcarCombiningthe“numbers”fromtheTransportDeptandEMSDEnergycostofpublictransportrelativetoindividualcarCombiningthe“numbers”fromtheTransportDeptandEMSD(slides13,14,&19),wecanobtaintherelativeenergycostofthedifferentmodesofpublictransportascomparedtocardrivingwith1.6person/car.PublictransportbytraininHongKongis20timesmoreenergyefficientintermsofcarryingpassengersthanacardrivingwith1.6person/car.Energycostofpublictransportrelativetoindividualcar#%1Public74Car&71*percentageofenergyused,**numberofpassengersper***passengernumberobtainedbymultiplyingvehicle#by*?FortheTsuenWanLineduringthemorningpeakhours,8-cartrainswithacapacityfor2,500passengerswillrunat2.1minuteintervals,carrying70,000passengersperhourperdirection.?The*?FortheTsuenWanLineduringthemorningpeakhours,8-cartrainswithacapacityfor2,500passengerswillrunat2.1minuteintervals,carrying70,000passengersperhourperdirection.?TheEastRailLineduringthemorningpeakhourswilloperate12-cartrains,eachwithacapacityfor3,750passengers,runat3.5minuteintervals,carryingapproximately64,000passengersperhourperdirectionbetweenLoWuorLokMaChauandHungHom.MTR(MassTransitRailway)Hong#of#SystemDailyRapid 4.34Light36.2 Airport35.2Air-conditionedfasttrainswithaffordablefareattractivetomiddle-classKowloonMotor317in60cross-NewWorldFirst52inHKIsland62inHKIsland29cross-LongKowloonMotor317in60cross-NewWorldFirst52inHKIsland62inHKIsland29cross-LongNewLantao22MiniRedGreen71/HK,Non-franchised1,8138(15,250+Tram(HongKongTaxisinHongPlayingoneofthekeyTaxisinHongPlayingoneofthekeyrolesinHongKongpublictransport,taxiprovidesaconvenientpersonalizedpoint-to-pointtransportservice.Theaveragedailytaxipatronageisabout1.3Atpresentthereare18,138taxisinHongKong,ofwhich15,250areurbantaxis,2,838areNTtaxisand50areLantautaxis.???Guesswhereistheonlyplaceyoucanseeallthreeversionsoftaxisonthesame?Almostalltaxis(45electricandsomehybridtaxilaunchedlastyear)arerunningonliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)vehicles.LPGrefillingcapacityhasincreasedsubstantiallywiththeopeningofmanylargededicatedLPGstations.Currently,thereareatotalof57LPGstationswhichprovidegasre-fillingserviceforalltaxis.LPGLPG?TheconversionofdieseltaxisintothecleanerLPGtaxishasbeensubsidizedwithamaximumof$40,000toeachtaxiowner.ThegovernmentclaimedthatproperlymaintainedLPGenginesreducepollutionby50%.?Self-LearningEnergycostofpublicSelf-LearningEnergycostofpublictransport?Wehavenotedthattheenergycostofdrivingaloneinacaris80kWh/100km.Sharedpublictransportisfarmoreenergyefficientthanindividualcardriving.InLondon,undergroundtrainsatpeaktimesuse4.4kWh/100p-km(100kmperperson),or18timesbetterthanindividualcars.Theaverageenergycostshouldbehighersincethetrainsarenotalwaysfull.TheenergycostofallLondon’sundergroundtrains,includinglighting,lifts,depotsandworkshops,was15kWh/100p-kmin2006-07,fivetimesbetter.TheenergycostofallLondonbuseswas32kWh/100p-km.Theaveragespeedsoftheunder-groundtrainsandbusesare33km/hand18km/hrespectively.InJapan,theenergycostofcardriving,publictransportbyrailandbusarerespectively68kWh/100p-km,6kWh/100p-kmand19kWh/100p-km.??AutomobiletransportinHong480,000cars,about68%ofall?42,000motorAbout70vehiclesAutomobiletransportinHong480,000cars,about68%ofall?42,000motorAbout70vehiclesper1,000peoplein2013,aboutonetenthofthatoftheEuropeancities.HongKongwithveryhighGDPpercapitaisthecitywiththelowestvehicleownershipintheworld.???ParkingisexpensiveandnotconvenientinHongAbout7,100parkingspacesin13governmentmulti-storeycarparksandoneopen-aircarparks.Estimated683,000additionalspaces,ofwhich198,000areforpublicuseand485,000aredesignatedforprivateuseincommercial,residentialandindustrialbuildings.About18,000on-streetmeteredparking??GompertzThenumberofGompertzThenumberofcarsper1000peopleinacountryisproportionaltothepercapitaincomeofthecountry(Gompertzfunction).?GrowthinVehicleOwnershipandPer-CapitaIncome:Germany,Japan,SouthKorea,USA:1960-2002????Vehicleownershipgrowsslowlyatlowestincomelevels;Abouttwiceasrapidlyasincomein$3000-$10000range;Aboutasfastasincomeinrangeof$12000-$18000;Quiteslowlyathighestincomelevels,assaturationisapproachedtoabout800or600per1000peopleintheUSandEurope/Japanrespectively.?Duetophysicallimitation?Duetophysicallimitationandgovernmentpolicy,carownershipinHongKongdoesnotfitthedescription.CarownershipinChinaisverylow,butcarownershipinmajorcitiesinChinawheretheincomepercapitahasreachedtherangementionedabovehasreachedtherapid-increasingstage.Beijing,unlikeShanghai,hasnocontroltolimitcarpopulation,thecarownershipincreasesveryrapidlyinthepastfewyears.??ChinaGDPpercapita(PPP),inHongInnerChinaGDPpercapita(PPP),inHongInnerDramaticincreaseincarDramaticincreaseincarsaleandownershipinChina&TheNewmanandTheNewmanandKenworthyUrbandensityandtransport-relatedenergyAcommonlyusedstudyof32citiesbyNewman&Kenworthyin1989concludedthattherewasastronglinkbetweenurbandensityandpetroleumconsumption.Beyondthedensityofindensityprovideproportionatelylessbenefit.CitytypologyCitytypologybasedonaverageurbandensityandAhighcorrelationbetweenaverageurbandensityandintra-urbanenergyconsumptionpercapitaisduetodensitybeinghighlycorrelatedwithtransportmodaldistributionandtheintensityofautomobileAULO_illust.0.3Self-LearningNewmanSelf-LearningNewmanandKenworthy’s1989studyhavebeencriticized.Theessentialproblemisexaminingtherelationshipbetween‘motorspirituseperperson’and‘personsperhectare’.Becausepopulationisinthedenominatorinonetermandthenumeratorintheother,aspuriouscorrelationemerges.Reanalysisoftheprimarydatacomparinggasolineuseperpersontoareaperpersonshowsamorecomplexrelationship.Therevisedgraphshowsthis.?Thelowpetrol?ThelowpetrolconsumptioninHongKongistheresultofhighmasstransituseandlowautomobiledependence.?Theextraordinarilyhighmasstransituseistheresultofgovernmentpolicyandstrongmarketpressurestomaintainlanduseefficiencybyfurtherconcentratingpopulationinurbandistrictsandalongmasstransitroutes.TransportationinHongKongismostenergyefficientamongbigcitiesintheworld.??Theenergyuse,publictransportandurban?Theenergyuse,publictransportandurbandensityofAmericancities,Australiancities,EuropeancitiesandAsiancitiesarecomparedinthefollowingfigure.HongKongisoffscale!Energyuse,publictransportandurbandensity,Source:WorldTransportPolicy&Practice,Vol.1No.3(1995),pp31-Privatecarsorpublictransit?APrivatecarsorpublictransit?Acloserlookatthelastfewslides,wenoticethattheAmericancitieswithanurbandensityofabout15person/hahaveanenergyuseofabout60GJpercapita,whileforHongKong,theurbandensityis20timesmore,theenergyusepercapitaismorethan20timesless,andautomobileownership10timesless.?InmostAmericancities,themajorityofcommutes(50%to80+%)aremadebysinglyoccupiedautomobiles.?NewYorkCityisnotatypicalAmericancity,carownershipisabout23per100residentscomparedtoabout77per100inotherUScities.?57%NewYorkersusepublictransport,singlycommutesisabout?UrbantransportinEuropeancitiesisamixtureofprivatecars(60%)andpublictransport(40%).ThemajorityofThemajorityofcommutesaremadebysinglyoccupiedautomobilesinmostAmericancities,theexceptionbeingNewYorkCity.MajorUSCityCommutePatternsSource:GlobalurbanizationandgrowingcarGlobalurbanizationandgrowingcarAutomobileownershipcontinuestogrowworldwide,especiallyinAsiancitiesandinparticularinBeijing.PassengercarownershipinAsiancitiesfrom1995to2009showninthefollowingslidecanbeseparatedintothreegroups:?????stableownership:HongKong,Singapore,fastincreasefollowedbyslowincreaseinownership:hugeincreaseinownership:Jakarta,Bangkok,BeijingandPassengercarownershipinAsiancities,1995-PassengercarownershipinPassengercarownershipinAsiancities,1995-???TheincreaseinJakartaandBangkokismainlyinmotorcycles.TheincreaseinBeijingandShanghaiismainlyinTherateofincreaseinBeijinghasnotsloweddownafter2009.TheincreaseinBeijingin2009–2011isphenomenal.ThelatestestimateofcarownershipinBeijinghasreached250per1000people.Beijingiscurrentlybuildingtheworld’slargestmasstransitrailwayto?trafficcongest