1986年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語試題Text1Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists.”Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople’swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa“trained”man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist--andespeciallytheadministrator--dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou--butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.26.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor________.[A]allroundpeopleintheirownfields[B]peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople’swork[C]generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessional[D]specialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers27.Thespecialistis________.[A]amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeople[B]amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefields[C]amanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetrees[D]amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters28.Theadministratoris________.[A]a“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralist[B]amanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforest[C]amanwhoisverystronginthehumanities[D]amanwhoisan“educated”specialist29.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant________.[A]totrytobeageneralist[B]tochooseaprofitablejob[C]tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou[D]todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist30.Aman’sfirstjob________.[A]isnevertherightjobforhim[B]shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljob[C]shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjob[D]isprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljob全文翻譯大量職業在日益強調專業性。這類職業常見于工程、生產、統計、教學領域。但對那些一眼就能注意到很大區域、可能對任一領域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。換言之，社會需要那些能夠看到森林而非樹木、能夠做出總體判斷的人。我們可以稱這些人為“通才”。管理職位尤其需要這樣的“通才”，在管理職位上“通才”的職責是：確保他人完成工作，必須為他人制定計劃，組織他人的工作，發起工作且對工作做出評判。專家精通某一領域；他關注的是技術和工具。他是“受過良好訓練”者；他有良好的技術或專業教育背景。通才，尤其是管理者，與人打交道；他關注的是領導、規劃及方向設定。他是“受過良好教育”者；人文學科是其最堅強的基石。鮮有專家能夠勝任管理者。同樣，優秀的通才很少同時也是某一特定領域的優秀專家。任何組織都同時需要這兩種人，雖然組織不同，需求的比例亦不同。你的任務是在訓練期間從兩種工作中發現適合自己的那一種，并對自己的職業作出相應的規劃。你的第一份工作可能恰好是適合你的工作——但這純屬巧合。當然，你不應頻繁更換工作，否則人們將懷疑你是否有能力保住一份工作。同時，你也一定不要把第一份工作看做最后一份工作；它主要是一份培訓工作，一個認識自己和自己工作專長的機會。Test2AtthebottomoftheworldliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,untilrecenttimes,unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainrangeswhoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.Muchofthecontinentisacompleteblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercentofitsarea.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.TheArcticisanocean,coveredwithdriftingpackediceandhemmedinbythelandmassesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisacontinentalmostaslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPoleandsurroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasoftheworld--theAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceans.Thecontinentalicesheetismorethantwomileshighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmorerefrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfromthelandissoforcefulthatitmakesthenearbyseasthestormiestintheworldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheoppositeendoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillionpersonslivewithin2,000milesoftheNorthPoleinanareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,andScandinavia--aregionrichinforestandminingindustries.Apartfromahandfulofweatherstations,withinthesamedistanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,industry,orsettlement.31.Thebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe________.[A]Iceland [B]LandofOpportunity[C]TheUnknownContinent [D]UtopiaatLast32.Atthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas________.[A]verylimited[B]vast[C]fairlyrich[D]nonexistent33.Antarcticaisborderedbythe________.[A]PacificOcean[B]IndianOcean[C]AtlanticOcean[D]Allthree34.TheAntarcticismadeuninhabitableprimarilyby________.[A]coldair[B]calmseas[C]ice[D]lackofknowledgeaboutthecontinent35.Accordingtothisarticle________.[A]2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticContinent[B]amillionpeoplelivewithin2,000milesoftheSouthPole[C]weatherconditionswithina2,000mileradiusoftheSouthPolemakesettlementsimpractical[D]onlyahandfulofnativesinhabitAntarctica全文翻譯在世界底端存在著一片尚被冰川覆蓋的、不久之前才為人所知的非凡的大陸。這是一片廣闊的陸地，其山川的跨度和高度尚未確定。它的大部分地區在我們的地圖上都還是空白。人類步行探索的范圍尚不足其面積的百分之一。南極和北極地區存在著根本的差異。北極地區是一片被巨大的歐、亞、北美大陸所包圍、被漂移的冰塊所覆蓋的大海。南極地區是一塊面積幾乎等于歐洲和澳洲之和、以南極為大致中心的大陸。其周圍環繞著世界上最為廣闊的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。大陸冰蓋的中心高達兩英里多，因此，南極上空的空氣比北極地區更冰冷。來自大陸的冷氣流的強度足以讓附近的海洋成為世界上暴風雪最為肆虐的地方，使南極區域成為無法居住的地區，而在地球另一端同樣的位置卻有人居住。因此，在距北極2000英里范圍內包括大部分的阿拉斯加、西伯利亞、斯堪的納維亞的這樣一個林業和礦業豐富的地區，居住著一百多萬人口。而在距南極同等距離的區域內，除了少數幾家氣象站外，連一棵樹，一家產業、或一個定居點都沒有。SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslationItwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitywithoutanyclearideaofwhattheyaregoingtodoafterwards.(71)Ifoneconsiderstheenormousvarietyofcoursesoffered,itisnothardtoseehowdifficultitisforastudenttoselectthecoursemostsuitedtohisinterestsandabilities.(72)Ifastudentgoestouniversitytoacquireabroaderperspectiveoflife,toenlargehisideasandtolearntothinkforhimself,hewillundoubtedlybenefit.(73)Schoolsoftenhavetoorestrictinganatmosphere,withitstimetablesanddisciplines,toallowhimmuchtimeforindependentassessmentoftheworkheisaskedtodo.(74)Moststudentswould,Ibelieve,profitbyayearofsuchexplorationofdifferentacademicstudies,especiallythose“allrounders”withnoparticularinterest.Theyshouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheywanttotaketheirdegrees,sothatinlaterlife,theydonotlookbackandsay,“Ishouldliketohavebeenanarchaeologist.IfIhadn’ttakenadegreeinModernLanguages,Ishouldn’thaveendedupasaninterpreter,butit’stoolatenow.Icouldn’tgobackandbeginalloveragain.”Thereis,ofcourse,anothersidetothequestionofhowtomakethebestuseofone’stimeatuniversity.(76)Thisisthecaseofthestudentwhoexcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.(77)HeisimmediatelyacceptedbytheUniversityofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfouryearsbecomingaspecialist,emergingwithafirst-classHonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestoftheworldisallabout.(78)Itthereforebecomesmoreandmoreimportantthat,ifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewillhavetobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.Onlyinthiswaycanwebesurethatwearenottohave,ontheonehand,abandofspecialistsignorantofanythingoutsideoftheirownsubject,andontheotherhand,aneverincreasingnumberofgraduatesqualifiedinsubjectsforwhichthereislittleornodemandintheworkingworld.全文翻譯發現有多少上大學的年輕人對將來要做什么沒有任何明確的想法，將是一件有趣的事情。（71）如果想一想那些為學生設置的門類繁多的課程，我們就不難發現，對一個學生來說，要選一門符合他的興趣和能力的課程是多么困難。（72）如果一個學生進大學是為了想獲得一個對生活前景更廣泛的認識，為了擴大思想境界和學會獨立思考，那么毫無疑問，進大學對他是有好處的。（73）學校由于受課程表和紀律的約束，氣氛往往令人感到過于拘束，使學生沒有充分時間對規定要他做的事情有獨立的見解。（74）我認為大多數學生，尤其是那些沒有偏重某一門課程的“全面發展的學生”，經過一年左右的時間對各門不同學科的鉆研，將會從中獲益。他們應該有更長的時間來Text2InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenanddishonoredpersonswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincludedboy’sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodernstandards,weunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling.Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.TheycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirownathletes’expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.16.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames________.[A]weremerelynationalathleticfestivals[B]wereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolour[C]hadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageousposition[D]wereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipants17.IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames________.[A]onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegames[B]allGreeks,irrespectiveofsex,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakepart[C]allGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinGames[D]allmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheGames18.TheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics________.[A]hasnotdefinitelybeenestablished[B]variedaccordingtothenumberofforeigncompetitors[C]wasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswereheld[D]wasconsideredunimportant19.Modernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause________.[A]theGreekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresults[B]theyaremuchbetter[C]detailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepast[D]theyaremuchworse20.Nowadays,theathletes’expensesarepaidfor________.[A]outoftheprizemoneyofthewinners[B]outofthefundsraisedbythecompetingnations[C]bytheathletesthemselves[D]bycontributions全文翻譯在古希臘，運動節日非常重要且與宗教緊密相關。為紀念奧林匹亞山的眾神之主宙斯，奧林匹克運動節每四年舉辦一次，最后失去了區域性特征，先是演變為全國性的運動會，當反對外國運動員參賽的規定被廢除后，又繼而成為了國際性的運動會。沒有人確切地知道奧運會可以追溯到何時，但是一些官方記錄始于公元前776年。運動會八月份在奧林匹斯山旁邊的平原舉行。成千上萬的觀眾從希臘各地聚集到這里，但是已婚婦女連做觀眾的資格都沒有。奴隸、婦女和那些聲譽不好的人不允許參加競賽。項目的順序不確定，但包括男子體操、拳擊、摔跤、賽馬以及一些田徑項目，盡管這相對于現代運動會來說項目很少。在比賽的最后一天，所有的獲勝者將會頭戴一個由橄欖樹葉編成的圣潔花環。賽跑獲勝者會獲得極高的榮譽：他獲勝的這一年將會以他的名字來命名。盡管奧運會獲勝者不會獲得任何獎金，但實際上，他們會獲得城邦政府所給予的豐厚獎賞。遺憾的是，至于他們的比賽成績與現代標準相比究竟如何，我們沒有依據作出判斷。經過大約1200年連續的歷史之后，奧運會在公元394年被羅馬人取消了。奧運會之所以能夠在如此長的一段時間內連續舉辦是因為人們相信奧林匹克蘊含的精神：健康的體魄產生健康的思想，體育運動中的競爭精神優于導致戰爭的競爭。大約1500年之后，這樣的國際性運動員大聚會于1896年在雅典重新舉行?，F在，奧運會在不同的國家輪流舉辦。主辦國提供大量的設施，包括體育場、游泳池和住處，但是運動員的花費由參賽國自己負責。由奧林匹斯山上的陽光點燃的火炬進入體育場標志著奧運會正式開始。多人跑步將其接力傳遞到體育場?；鹁嫦笳髦畔ＥD運動思想的延續，它將一直燃燒到運動會的閉幕式。但著名的奧運會會旗卻是一個現代的概念；串連在一起的五環象征著參加運動會的五個大洲緊密團結在一起。Text3Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilization’severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“really”are.“Electricity,”BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathing,likeSt.Paul’sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell.”Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat’swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat’swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.21.Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis________.[A]toexplainwhythingshappen[B]toexplainhowthingshappen[C]todescribeself-evidentprinciples[D]tosupportAristotelianscience22.Whatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears?[A]thespeculationsofThales[B]theforcesofelectricity,magnetism,andgravity[C]Aristotle’snaturalscience[D]Galileo’sdiscoveries23.BertrandRussell’snotionaboutelectricityis________.[A]disapprovedofbymostmodernscientists[B]inagreementwithAristotle’stheoryofself-evidentprinciples[C]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingshappen[D]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why”thingshappen24.Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea________.[A]thattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniverse[B]thatmancannotdiscoverwhatforces“really”are[C]thatthereareself-evidentprinciples[D]thatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo25.Modernsciencecameintobeing________.[A]whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstintroduced[B]whenGalileosucceededinexplaininghowthingshappen[C]whenAristotelianscientisttriedtoexplainwhythingshappen[D]whenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofrealityofreasoning全文翻譯隨著人類文明探索現實的進步，“解釋”一詞的在科學領域的含義卻在日益退步?？茖W無法真正解釋電、磁及重力；我們可以測量并推斷其效應，但對于其本質的了解，沒有哪位現代科學家能夠超越琥珀（一種堅硬的黃褐色橡膠）帶電的首位研究者泰利斯。當代物理學家大都否認“人類能夠發現這些神秘力量‘到底’是什么”的理念。伯特蘭·羅素說“電不像圣保羅大教堂一樣，是一種事物；它是事物行為的一種方式。我們所能斷言的全部就是事物帶電后的行為及其帶電的環境”。不久以前，科學家們還不贊同這種觀點（人類不能發現這些神秘力量的本質）。例如，其自然科學主導西方研究兩千年的亞里士多德認為，人類能夠通過推理不證自明的原理，達到對現實的了解。比如，他認為，“宇宙萬物皆有其位”是一條不證自明的原理，由此可以推斷，物體下落是因為它們屬于地面，煙霧上升是因為它屬于天空。亞里士多德科學的目的是解釋事情為什么會發生。當伽利略試圖解釋事情如何得以發生的，從而引入了現在已是科學研究基本形式的控制實驗法時，現代科學應運而生了。SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslationHavetherealwaysbeencities?(71)Lifewithoutlargeurbanareasmayseeminconceivabletous,butactuallycitiesarerelativelyrecentdevelopment.Groupswithprimitiveeconomicsstillmanagewithoutthem.Thetrend,however,isforsuchgroupstodisappear,whilecitiesareincreasinglybecomingthedominantmodeofman’ssocialexistence.(72)Historically,citylifehasalwaysbeenamongtheelementswhichformacivilization.Anyhighdegreeofhumanendeavorandachievementhasbeencloselylinkedtolifeinanurbanenvironment.(73)Itisvirtuallyimpossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.Tomostpeople,citieshavetraditionallybeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationofcultureaswellasofopportunity.(74)Inrecentyears,however,peoplehavebeguntobecomeawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblems.WhathashappenedtothemodernAmericancity?Actually,theproblemisnotsuchanewone.Longbeforethiscenturystarted,therehadbegunatrendtowardtheconcentrationofthepooroftheAmericansocietyintothecities.Eachgreatwaveofimmigrationfromabroadandfromtheruralareasmadetheproblemworse.Duringthiscentury,therehasalsobeenthedevelopmentoflargesuburbanareassurroundingthecities,fortherichprefertoliveintheseareas.Withinthecities,sectionsmaybesharplydividedintohighandlowrentdistricts,the“rightsideoftown”andtheslums.Ofcourse,everyonewantstodosomethingaboutthisunhappysituation.Butthereisnoagreementastogoals.Neitheristhereanysystematicapproachorintegratedprogram.Opinionsareasdiverseasthepeoplewhogivethem.(75)Butonebasicdifferenceofopinionconcernsthequestionofwhetherornotthecityassuchistobepreserved.Perhapstransportationandthemeansofcommunicationhavereallymadeitpossiblefortheretobeanendtothebigcities.Ofcourse,thereistheproblemofpersuadingpeopletomoveoutofthemoftheirownfreewill.(76)Andthereisalsotheobjectionthatthecityhasalwaysbeenthecorefromwhichculturaladvancementhasradiated.Isthis,however,stillthecasetodayinthepresenceofeasytransportationandcommunication?Doescultureariseasaresultofpeoplelivingtogethercommunally,orisittootheresultofdecisionsmadeatthelevelofgovernmentandthecommunicationsindustry?Itisprobablytruetosaythatmostpeopleprefertopreservethecities.Somethinkthatthecitiescouldbecleaneduportotallyrebuilt.Thisiseasytosay;itwouldnotbesoeasytodo.(77)Tobesure,agreatrebuildingprojectwouldgivejobstomanyofthosepeoplewhoneedthem.Livingconditionscouldnothelpbutimprove,atleastforawhile.Butwouldtheproblemsreturnaftertherebuildingwascompleted?Nevertheless,withthemajorityofthepeoplelivinginurbanareas,theproblemofthecitiesmustbesolved.(78)Fromagreementonthisgeneralgoal,wehave,unfortunately,inthepastproceededtodisagreementonspecificgoals,andfromtheretototalinaction.Atthebasisofmuchofthisinactionisanold-fashionedconcept--theideahumanconditionswillnaturallytendtoregulatethemselvesforthegeneralgoal.全文翻譯 一直以來都有城市嗎？（71）對我們來說，生活要是沒有廣大的城市地區似乎是不可想象的，但實際上城市還是比較晚才發展起來的。擁有原始經濟形態的群體在沒有城市的情況下也仍然可以應付。然而趨勢是：隨著城市日益成為人類社會存在的主要形式，這些群體也在消失。（72）從歷史上看，城市生活始終是文明的一個組成部分。任何高等的人類活動和成就總是與城市環境中的生活緊密相關。（73）如果沒有城市的支持，簡直難以想象會有大學、醫院、大企業，甚至連科學技術也不會有。對大多數人而言，城市歷來就是文化和機會都集中的地區。（74）可是，近幾年來人們開始意識到城市也是問題集中的地方?，F代美國城市發生了什么？事實上這不是一個新問題。早在本世紀以前，一種美國社會的窮人向城市聚集的趨勢就已經出現。每一次國外或鄉村地區的移民潮使問題更加嚴重。本世紀中也出現了城市周圍郊區的大面積發展，因為富人愿意住在這些地區。而城市地區則被明顯劃分為不同的地區：高租金區、低租金區、貧民窟。當然，每個人都想采取措施改變這種不愉快的局面。但是就措施的目標沒有一致意見。既沒有系統的方法，也沒有統一的規劃。觀點也因人而異。（75）但是，一個最主要的分歧意見是，像目前這樣的城市是否還要保存下去。也許交通和通信方式已經真的使大城市的終結成為可能。當然，說服人們自愿搬離城市的問題仍然存在。（76）同時也有人反對說，文化方面的進步，始終是以城市為中心而向外輻射的。然而，如今有了便捷的交通和通信，這種情況仍然存在嗎？文化的興起是因為人們共同居住在一起，或者也因為政府和通信行業做出的決定。認為大部分人愿意保存城市的觀點可能是正確的。一些人認為城市可以被徹底清理干凈或重建。說起來容易，做起來難。（77）誠然，一個宏偉的重建計劃也許能為許多需要工作的人提供就業機會。居住條件的改變不能解決問題，但可以有所改善。但是重建完成后問題會再次出現嗎?然而，由于大多數人都居住在城市地區，因此城市的問題必須解決。（78）遺憾的是，過去我們在總目標方面意見是一致的，但涉及到各個具體目標時，意見就不一致，因而也就根本沒有什么行動。不采取行動的根本原因很大程度上是陳腐的觀點：人類條件會自然地自行調節，以適應總的目標。1988年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語試題Text1Itdoesn’tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan’trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyou’rereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,“No,thankyou.I’mjustlooking”?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouaren’tsurewhatyouwant,youarenotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,“Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses.”Shesays,“Rightthisway,please.”Andyouandsheareoff--botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouwant.It’squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,“justlooking”fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat--nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereadingorstudying“tofindoutmoreabout”,“tounderstandthereasonsfor”,“tofindouthow”.Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhatheisdoing.Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttostudy,yousaytoyourselfsomethinglikethis,“IwanttoknowwhyStephenVincentBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.I’mreadingthisarticletofindout.”Or,“I’mgoingtoskimthisstorytoseewhatlifewaslikeinmedievalEngland.”Becauseyouknowwhyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeandrememberitbetter.Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoonatthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccurately.Butatthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhatyouread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyouexpressedyourideasorally,theymightsoundlikethis:“Yes,Iagree.That’smyopiniontoo.”or“Ummmm,Ithoughtthatrecordwasbrokenmuchearlier.I’dbettercheckthosedates,”or“Buttherearesomeotherfactstobeconsidered!”Youdon’tjustsittheretakinginideas--youdosomethingelse,andthatsomethingelseisveryimportant.Thisadditionalprocessofthinkingaboutwhatyoureadincludesevaluatingit,relatingittowhatyoualreadyknow,andusingitforyourownpurposes.Inotherwords,agoodreaderisacriticalreader.Onepartofcriticalreading,asyouhavediscovered,isdistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions.Factscanbecheckedbyevidence.Opinionsareone’sownpersonalreactions.Anotherpartofcriticalreadingisjudgingsources.Stillanotherpartisdrawingaccurateinferences.16.Ifyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy,________.[A]itisnosurprise[B]itmeansyouhavenotreallylearnedanything[C]itmeansyouhavenotchosentherightbook[D]yourealizeitisofnoimportance17.Beforeyoustartreading,itisimportant________.[A]tomakesurewhyyouarereading[B]torelatetheinformationtoyourpurpose[C]torememberwhatyouread[D]tochooseaninterestingbook18.Readingactivityinvolves________.[A]onlytwosimultaneousprocesses[B]primarilylearningaboutideasandevaluatingthemcritically[C]merelydistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions[D]mainlydrawingaccurateinferences19.Agoodreaderisonewho________.[A]relateswhathereadstohisownknowledgeaboutthesubjectmatter[B]doeslotsofthinkinginhisreading[C]takesacriticalattitudeinhisreading[D]isabletocheckthefactspresentedagainstwhathehasalreadyknown全文翻譯如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學的東西，那你讀什么或學什么就無關緊要了，這一點毫不出奇。這樣不過是浪費寶貴時間罷了。不過，或許你早已發現一些聰明的方法來避免遺忘。一種幫助你記住所學內容的可靠方法就是有目的或有原因的閱讀。如果你清楚你為何而閱讀，那么你對所閱讀的內容就會記得更牢靠些。當你拒絕商店售貨員的幫助（“不，謝謝，我只是看看”）時，為什么售貨員就轉身走開了呢？這是因為你和她都知道，如果你不確定自己要什么，你也不大可能會有所收獲。然而，假設你的回答是“是的，謝謝，我想買一副太陽鏡?！彼龝卮穑昂玫模堖@邊走?！比缓竽愫退拖颉澳康牡亍弊呷ァ计惹械厝ふ夷阆胍臇|西。這與你的學習過程非常相似。如果你隨機選擇了一本書，“只是看看”而不是尋找具體東西，那么你所得到的很可能是——一無所獲。但是，如果你知道你想要什么，而你手頭又有正確的書，那么你幾乎肯定會獲得你所想要的東西。你的緣由可能大不相同：閱讀或學習是為了“找出更多信息”、“為了理解原因”和“為了找出方法”。一個好學生對于他所做的事情總有一個明確的目的或原因。這就是奏效的方法。在開始學習之前，你這樣告訴自己，“我想知道斯蒂芬·文森特·貝尼特為什么這樣描寫美國。我讀這篇文章就是要找出原因?！被蛘摺拔乙ㄗx這篇文章，看看中世紀英格蘭的生活到底是什么樣子的?！庇捎谀阒篱喿x或學習的原因，你就可以將這些信息與你的目的緊密聯系，并更好地記住它。閱讀并不是一項獨立的行為，期間至少兩個重要過程同時發生。在閱讀時，你能夠迅速而又準確地理解內容，同時在對所讀內容予以反應時也在表述自己的思想。你與作者進行一種精神對話。如果你口頭表述你的想法的話，它們很可能是“是的，我同意，我的想法也是這樣。”或是“嗯……，我以為這項紀錄早就被打破了。我最好還是再查查日期。”或是“但是還要考慮一些其他的事實！”你并不只是坐在那里理解內容——你還在做其他的事情，而這些事情往往非常重要。對所閱讀的內容進行思考的附加過程包括評估這些內容、將其與已知信息相聯系，并根據自身目的來進行應用。換句話說，一位好讀者也是一位批判性的讀者。正如你所發現的，批判性閱讀的一部分就是區分事實與觀點。事實可以通過證據來確認，而觀點只是個人反應。批判性閱讀的還包括評判來源和進行準確推理。Text2Ifyouliveinalargecity,youarequitefamiliarwithsomeoftheproblemsofnoise,butbecauseofsomeofitsharmfuleffects,youmaynotbeawareoftheextentofitsinfluenceonhumanbehavior.Althougheveryonemoreorlessknowswhatnoiseis,i.e.,itissoundsthatonewouldrathernothear,itisperhapsbesttodefineitmorepreciselyforscientificpurposes.Onesuchdefinitionisthatnoiseissoundsthatareunrelatedtothetaskathand.Thusstimulithatatonetimemightbeconsideredrelevantwillatanothertimebeconsiderednoise,dependingonwhatoneisdoingatthemoment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestintheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior,andconceptssuchas“noisepollution”havearisen,togetherwithmovementstoreducenoise.Exposuretoloudnoisescandefinitelyproduceapartialorcompletelossofhearing,dependingontheintensity,duration,andfrequencycompositionofthenoise.Manyjobspresentnoisehazards,suchasworkinginfact