第十講閱讀理解之猜測詞義題【考點說明】閱讀理解之猜測詞義題在閱讀考試中考察得比重不大，但難度很大。在有傳統閱讀題型的聯盟考試（復旦千分考、北約、卓越同盟）中，四選一的閱讀理解有時會考這種題型，其中復旦千分考考查較多，幾乎每年都有該題型。此類題目考查的是考生對閱讀文章中出現的關鍵詞或短語的理解能力，對考生的上下文分析能力要求比較高。【題型特點分析】對于文中單詞的考查又無外乎兩種情況：一種是多義常用詞在特定語境中的具體含義；一種是可以根據上下文推測出含義的生僻詞匯。常見題干表現形式如：①Theword“…”mostlyprobablymeans…②Bysaying“…”,theauthormeans…③Theword“…”mostlyprobablyrefers…④Whichofthefollowingistheclosetinmeaningtotheword“…”⑤Thestatement“…”probablymeans…【解題技巧】猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下四個方面的線索：一．通過構詞法根據前綴，后綴，轉化猜測詞義如：ButjudgingfromrecentstudiesOfcryingbehavior,linksbetweenillnessandcryingandthechemicalcompositionoftears，boththoseresponsestotearsareofteninappropriateandmayevenbecounterproductive．【解析】“counter”表示“相反的、逆向的”，而“productive”表示“產生的”，再綜合上下文，我們可以斷定其含義是“對健康有害意思。所以答案為D。注：關于這一塊內容，建議復習第二講中的構詞法二．篇章邏輯關系法所謂邏輯關系法，即通過理解引號內的部分在原文中所在的句子，以及其之前和之后的句子，并通過這些句子之間的邏輯關系判斷引號內部分的含義。這里常見的句子之間的關系有：并列關系。其特征是，句子之間由and,or等并列連詞連接，或者沒有連接詞。轉折關系。其特征是，句子之間由but,yet,however,still,contraryto,incontrast等轉折連詞連接。因果關系。在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現象之間構成因果關系，我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。利用邏輯關系法解答語義理解題的做題步驟是：1，回歸原文在原文中找到題干中引號內的部分，這一步非常簡單，因為題干中會標出引號內部分在文中的段落數和行數。2，瞻前顧后在原文中找到定位后，就要判斷引號內部分和它之前、之后的句子的關系，并且通過閱讀相應的句子理解引號內的部分的含義。這一步最關鍵也最靈活，下面筆者還會結合今年真題進行具體對此進行講解。3，比對選項最后一步，將四個選項分別與從上一步中得到的信息做比對，選出一致選項。三．文章內針對性解釋1.根據定義（definition）猜測詞義如果生詞有一個句子（定語從句或是同位語前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say等>或是同位語從句）或段落來定義,或使用破折號，冒號，分號后的內容和引號括號中的內容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,becalled,define,represent,referto,signify等。如：Asupernovaisamassivestarthatundergoesagravitationalcollapse,thenagiganticexplosion,blastingawaytheouterlayersintospace.【解析】Supernova是一種巨大的恒星，它不斷進行著引力的收縮，然后就會發生巨大的爆炸，而它的外層會隨著爆炸產生的巨大氣流被吹向外太空。這里的supernova對我們可能非常陌生，但這里的is給了我們對supernova的定義，所以我們知道其實它就是一種巨大的恒星。

2.根據舉例猜測詞義恰當的舉例能夠提供猜測生詞的重索。表示例舉關系的詞常有：like,forexample,forinstance,suchas,especially,include,consistof如：Definedmostbroadly,folkloreincludesallthecustoms,beliefsandtraditionsthatpeoplehavehandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.

【解析】此句中include后面的例子基本上表示出了“folklore”的內容，這些東西都是通常所獲得的民俗傳統，這也就是folklore的基本含義。四．作者語氣推斷學會關注文章中三處展現的感情色彩：觀點句或者結論句出現的地方，代表人物或代表流派出現的地方，強烈感情色彩出現的地方。因為感情色彩通過語境能夠傳達出很多單詞的大概意思或者說是關鍵特征，甚至強烈感情色彩還能給出下面很多文字的中心。如：Theymustgainanunderstandingofhumannature,includingitsnegativeaspects,suchasthesourcesofhumanconflictandthepitfallsofpower.【解析】他們必須獲得對人類本質的理解，包括人類本質中不好的方面，例如人類沖突的源泉和人類權利的pitfalls。雖然pitfalls很多同學并不認識，但我們通過negativeaspects傳達出的負態度和suchas的舉例標志詞，我們可以做出這樣的合理推測pitfalls表示不好的方面。【典例精講】AEversincenewsofwidespreadfoodrecallscausedbyacarcinogenicdyebroke,therehasbeenconfusionoverpossiblelinkstothecountryofthesamename,butSudanofficialssaythereisnoconnectionwhatever.Sudan1isaredindustrialdyethathasbeenfoundinsomechillipowder,butwasbannedinfoodproductsacrosstheEuropeanUnion(EU)inJuly2003.Sincethebanwasputinplace,EUofficialshavebeenstrivingtoremovesomefoodproductsfromtheshelves.Sofar580productshavebeenrecalled.LastweekSudan’sEmbassyintheUnitedKingdomaskedtheFoodStandardsAgency(FSA)forclarificationoftheoriginofthedye’sname.Sudandyes,whichincludeSudan1to4,arereddyesusedforcoloringsolvents,oils,waxes,petrol,andshoeandfloorpolishes.TheyareclassifiedascarcinogensbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmeaninparagraphone?A.Causingcancer.

B.Havingsideeffect.

C.Containingpoison.

D.Poisonous.【答案】A【解析】詞義猜測題。根據TheyareclassifiedascarcinogensbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer.可知這個詞與癌癥有關，故可推出carcinogenic意為"致癌的"。注意信息點的尋找：注意信息點的尋找：我們在做題時習慣于在劃線詞附近尋找解題的信息點，尋而不得時往往就會慌張，其實往下多看看，可能在后面的某一段就出現了相關的信息，因此，冷靜的尋找對于解題至關重要。BPeopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.1.Theword“bummer”mostprobablymeanssomething________.

A.religiousB.unpleasantC.entertainingD.commercial【答案】B【解析】詞義推測題。我們很容易地定位到本段末句，通過分析段落，不難發現本段共包括4句話，前三句之間并沒有出現表示邏輯關系的詞匯，因此沒有轉折現象發生，而最后兩句之間出現Giveallthis作為連接，很明顯四句話之間均為順承關系，通過閱讀文章我們不難發現前三句中出現的諸如misery,workeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung,theirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms等信息都是負性詞匯，因此bummer一詞必然表達了一種負面的含義，通過選項的分析，AD都為中性詞，只有B表達了負面含義，因此本題選擇B作為正確選項。注重句與句的關系：注重句與句的關系：英文文章行文緊湊，句與句之間的銜接也非常緊密，考試中常涉及的邏輯關系包括轉折、讓步、因果、遞進、并列等，而在具體的解題過程中，我們可以對其進行簡化處理：將句與句之間的關系簡單地分為順承和轉折兩類，順承表示前后語句同義，而轉折表示前后語句反義，于是對于并列、因果、遞進而言，前后句在方向上并未發生變化，而轉折和讓步則體現前后反差性。CIndeed,schoolsystemsinruralMaineandNewYorkCityareeagertofollowAraceMiddleSchool'sexample.GovernorAngusKinghasproposedusing$50millionfromanunexpectedbudgetsurplustobuyalaptopforallofMaine's17,000seventh-graders—andfornewseventh-graderseachfall.Thefundswouldcreateapermanentendowmentwhoseinterestwouldhelpbuythecomputers.Theplan,scaledbackto$30millioninacompromisewiththelegislature,isscheduledtobevotedonthisweek.Inthesamespirit，theNewYorkCityboardofeducationvotedunanimouslyonApril12tocreateaschoolInternetportal,whichwouldmakemoneybysellingadsandlicensinge-commercesites.Theportalwillalsoprovidee-mailserviceforthecity's1.1millionpublicschoolstudents.Profitswillbeusedtobuylaptopsforeachoftheschoolsystem's87,000fourth-graders.Withinnineyears,allstudentsingrades4andhigherwillhavetheirowncomputers.BackinBloomfield,theschoolboardisseekingfederalgrantmoneytoexpanditslaptopprogramtohighschoolstudents.Inthemeantime,mostofthekinkshavebeenworkedout.Somestudentswereusingtheircomputerstogoofofforvisitunauthorizedwebsites.ButteachershavetheabilitytotrackwherestudentshavebeenontheWebandtorestrictthem.“Thatistheworstwhentheydisableyou”，sayseighth-gradehonorsstudentJamieBassell."Yougothroughlaptopwithdrawal.”Thehabitisrubbingoffonparents.“Itaughtmymomtousee-mail,"saysanothereighth-grader,Katherine.34. Theunderlinedword“kink”mostprobablymeans___.A.plan B.method C.problem D.process【答案】C【解析】詞義推斷題。屬于比較明顯的舉例分析，根據后文的例子，即學生瀏覽不良網站，可推斷此詞意思近于“問題”。DTheremustbefewquestionsonwhichresponsibleopinionissoutterlydividedasonthatofhowmuchsleepweoughttohave.Therearesomewhothinkwecanleavethebodytoregulatethesemattersforitself."Theansweriseasy,"saysDrA.Burton."Withtherightamountofsleepyoushouldwakeupfreshandalertfiveminutesbeforethealarmrings.“Ifheisright,manypeoplemustbeundersleeping,includingmyself.Butwemustrememberthatsomepeoplehaveagreaterinertiathanothers.Thisisnotmeantrudely.Theyswitchonslowlyandtheyarereluctanttoswitchoff.Theyarealertatbedtimeandsleepywhenitistimetogetup,andthismayhavenothingtodowithhowfatiguedtheirbodiesare,orhowmuchsleeptheymusttaketolosetheirfatigue.Otherpeoplefeelsurethatthepresenttrendistowardstoolittlesleep.Toquoteonemedicalopinion,thousandsofpeopledriftthroughlifesufferingfromtheeffectsoftoolittlesleep;thereasonisnotthattheycan'tsleep.Likeadvancingcolonists,wedoseemtobegraspingevermoreofthelandofsleepforourwakingneeds,pushingtheboundarybackandreaching,apparently,forapointinourevolutionwherewewillsleepnomore.40. Themeaningoftheunderlinedwordisclosestto ________.A.slowness B.stupidity C.sensitivity D.bluntness【答案】A 【解析】詞義推斷題。通過后面一句“Theyswitchonslowlyandtheyarereluctanttoswitchoff”的解釋，可以推出文中的inertia最接近的意思為slowness。inertia原意為“惰性”。B意為“愚蠢”，C為“敏感”，D為“遲鈍，直率”。不管語義題屬于哪種情況，其考查的側重點并不是我們的詞匯量，而是我們通過上下文猜測詞義的能力，應試技巧有：1)結合文章和段落的主旨進行判斷。不能只根據孤立的句子來判斷，要將詞匯放到上下文中去判斷。2)切忌從字面意思來判斷選項含義與被考單詞在含義上字面相近的一般不是答案。3)通過連接詞判斷被考詞匯含義。4)利用被考詞的修飾、限定成分判斷其含義。這種修飾、限定成分的表現形式多樣，可以是定語、其他修飾語、特殊標點符號（如冒號、破折號、引號）后面的內容、甚至該詞下屬的例子及定義，可以通過這些表達從側面理解被考單詞含義。5)利用上下文中給出的相關信息作為線索進行推測。6)利用實例。列舉實例是作者常用的一種寫作方法，它常常跟在生詞、難詞、短語或句子的后面用以解釋或重申上文的內容，理解了例子的用意也就弄清了所考詞匯的含義。7)利用排除法進行選擇。如果直接判斷存在困難，也可以將各選項帶入原文，看其是否能使上下文語義通順，利用排除法進行選擇。【真題模擬題訓練】（1）（北京大學10）……Everyoneisnotequallyopenwithalltheirfriends.Thedegreeofintimacyisdeterminedbymanyfactors.Closefriendscanbeformedatanystageinone’slifebuttheyareusuallyveryrare.Notverymanypeoplehavemorethanafewreallyclosefriends.Irrespectiveofthelevelofintimacy,allfriendshipsarebasedonreciprocity,honestyandacertainofloveandaffection.Theword“irrespective”means________.notrespectingB.dishonoringC.regardlessD.considering【答案】C【解析】詞義猜測題。由本句后一部分“allfriendshipsarebasedonreciprocity,honestyandacertainofloveandaffection.”可以推斷出答案，該詞的意思為“不管，不顧”。WWordbankDrippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（2）（交通大學，09）……Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexample,ifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialsshortagesoratransportationstrike,customersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame,forexample,failingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservicerequired.……Theunderlinedword“identify”canbereplacedby_______distinguishB.describeC.noticeD.recognize【答案】D【解析】詞義猜測題。通過將四個答案帶進原文翻譯后，只有D選項的翻譯：識別當初所定的商品或服務意思通順，因而選擇D.WWordbankDrippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（3）(復旦08)GeneralElectrichasfoundrobotsfarmoreproductiveinsomeworkthanhumanworkersinonecase;arobotsavedenoughtopayforitselfintenmonths:AtFordMotorCompany,aboutfiftysmallrobotsaredeftlyfittinglightbulbsintodashboardsandspeakersintocarradios.

ThenextphaseofthecomputerrevolutionmaywellturnouttobetherobotrevolutionRobotshavebeenfixturesincomedyandsciencefictionforalongtime,butthefirstindustrialrobotwasn'tusedintheUnitedStatesuntil1961.

Industrialrobotsscarcelyresemblethestereotypedhumanoidwithflashingeyesandacombinationschest.They'rebasicallyjustcombinationsofacomputerwithverydeftandefficientproducingmachines.What'sreallynew,ofcourse,istheextenttowhichtheseelectronicwondersaretransformingthewaypeopleworkandthecompositionoftheworkforce,especiallyinJapan.Thereareabout36,000robotsworkinginJapanandapproximately6,500intheUnitedStates.Inearlyi982.RaymondDonovan,U.S.SecretaryofLabor,predictedthatby1990halftheworkersinU.S.factorieswouldbespecialiststrainedtoserviceandrepairrobots.……

54.InParagraph1,theworddeftlymeans________A.clumsily

B.swiftly

C.expensively

D.skillfully【答案】B【解析】詞義猜測題。第一段最后一句提到一些小機器人將燈泡裝入儀表等，此處用deftly形容機器人的動作，只有D選項最為貼合原文意思，與原文中該意思相近。WWordbankDrippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（4）（復旦，08）Ifallgoesaccordingtoplan,theentireNorthAmericancontinentwillbecomeafreetradezonedevoidoftariffs,quotas,andothertradebarrierssometimeduringthe1990s.ThisplanistheresultofrecentagreementsanddiscussionsinvolvingtheUnitedStatesandCanadaontheonehandandtheUnitedStatesandMexicoontheother.CanadaandtheUnitedStatesarealreadyeachother’slargesttradingpartners.In1986,forexample,theU.S.accountedfor71percentofCanadianmerchandisetrade(exportsplusimports);Canadaaccountedfor19percentofU.S.trade.In1988,ahistoricdocumentwassigned,theCanada-UnitedStatesFree-TradeAgreement.Inmanyrespects,thiseventseemsanaturalconsequenceoflong-standingfriendship,commoneconomicinterests,andgeographicproximity.Nevertheless,ittookmorethanacenturytoreachagreement.Inthemid1800s,afterGreatBritainrepealedtheCornLaws,CanadaproposedbilateralfreetradewiththeUnitedStates,andalimitedtreatycoveringnaturalproductsonlywassigned.However,itwasabrogatedduringtheCivilWarbytheUnitedStatesbecauseofcloseCanadian-BritishtiesandBritishsupportfortheConfederacy.Aftermorethanacenturyoffluctuatingsentimentsontheissue,the1988agreementfinallyeliminatesallbilateraltariffs(instagestobecompletedby1998)andallquantitativetraderestrictions.Theagreement,itwasthought,wouldparticularlyboosttradeinagriculturalproducts(fruits,vegetables,poultry),miningproducts(coalandoil),andservices(banking,computer,insurance,professionalandtelecommunicationsservices,plusretailandwholesaletrade).Bothcountriesexpectednetgainsbetween$1and3billionperyear.……

52.AsusedinParagraph3,thewordabrogatedmeans_______.

A.abolished

B.abridged

C.ignitedsuddenly

D.endedformally【答案】A【解析】詞義猜測題。根據前一句可得知加拿大提議與美國實行雙邊自由貿易，同時簽訂了關于天然產品的合約。下文出現了However，可以得知后文與前面進行了轉折，將四個選項答案帶入，A符合原文，表示廢除。WordbankDWordbankDrippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（5）IfyoufoundyourselfinacocktailbarwithaNeanderthalman(尼安德特人,直立猿人)whatwouldhesay?Agoodconversationisoneofthegreatjoysofbeinghuman,butitisnotclearjusthowfarbackinthehominidlineagetheabilitytouselanguagestretches.Thequestionofwhengruntsandyelpsturnedintowordsandphrasesisatrickyone.Onewayoftryingtoansweritistolookinthefossilrecordforevidenceaboutwhatmodernhumanity'sclosestrelativescoulddo.SvanteP??bo,oftheMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropologyinLeipzig,andhiscolleagueshavedonejustthat.DrP??boisanexpertinextractingandinterpretingtheDNAoffossils.AshereportsinthelatestissueofCurrentBiology,heandhisteamhaveworkedtheirmagiconagenecalledFOXP2foundinNeanderthalremainsfromnorthernSpain.Thereasonforpickingthisparticulargeneisthatitistheonlyoneknownsofartohaveadirectconnectionwithspeech.In1990,afamilywithaninheritedspeechdisorderknownasverbaldyspraxia(運動障礙)drewtheattentionofgeneticsresearchers.ThoseresearchersidentifiedamutationinFOXP2asthecauseofthedyspraxia.SincethenFOXP2hasbeenthesubjectofintensivestudy.Ithasbeenlinkedtotheproductionofbirdsongandtheultrasonicmusingsofmice.Itisaconservativetype,notchangingmuchfromspeciestospecies.Butithasundergonetwochangessincehumanssplitfromchimpanzees6myearsago,andsomeresearchersbelievethesechangesplayedacrucialroleinthedevelopmentofspeechandlanguage.DrP??bo'sresearchsuggestspreciselythat:theFOXP2genesfrommodernhumansandNeanderthalsareessentiallythesame.Totheextentthatthegeneenableslanguage,itenablesitinbothspecies.TherehasbeenmuchspeculationaboutNeanderthals'abilitytospeak.Theywereendowedwithahyoidbone,whichanchorsthetongueandallowsawidevarietyofmovementsofthelarynx.Neanderthalskullsalsoshowevidenceofalargehypoglossalcanal.Thisistheroutetakenbythenervesthatsupplythetongue.Assuch,itisarequisitefortheexquisitelycomplexmovementsofspeech.ThatNeanderthalsalsosharedwithmodernsthesingleknowngeneticcomponentofspeechisanothercluethattheypossessedthenecessaryapparatusforhavingagoodnatter（閑聊）.Butsuggestiveasthatis,thequestionremainsopen.FOXP2isalmostcertainlynot“thelanguagegene”.Withoutdoubt,itisinvolvedinthecontrolandregulationofthemotionsofspeech,butwhetheritplaysaroleinthecognitiveprocessesthatmustprecedetalkingremainsunclear.Theideathattheforebearsofmodernhumanscouldtalkwouldscupperthenotionthatlanguagewastheforcethatcreatedmodernhumanculture—otherwise,whywouldtheynothavebuiltcivilizations?ButitwouldmakethatchatwithaNeanderthalmuchmoreinteresting.4.Theword“scupper”(inParagraph6)mostprobablymeans_____A.denyB.defeat.C.demolish.D.destroy【答案】A【解析】根據上下文，現代人類的祖先可以說話會推翻語言是現代人類文化創造的力量這樣的論點，選項中A最為符合這個意思。WWordbankDrippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（6）Tescoispreparingalegalbattletoclearitsnameofinvolvementinthedairyprice-fixingscandalthathascostconsumers￡270million.Failtoprovethatithadnopartincollusionwithothersupermarketsanddairyprocessorsmaylanditwithafineofatleast￡80million.TheOfficeofFairTrading(OFT)saidyesterdaythatAsda,Sainsbury’sandtheformerSafeway,plusthedairycompaniesWiseman,DairyCrestandCheeseCompany,hadadmittedbeinginacarteltofixpricesformilk,butterandcheese.Theywerefinedatotalofjustover￡116millionaspartofaleniencydealofferedbythewatchdogtocompaniesthatownedupquicklytoanti-competitivebehavior.……TheOFTinvestigationiscontinuing,however,inrelationtoTesco,MorrisonsandthedairygroupLactalisMcLelland,andanylegalactionisexpectedtobedelayeduntilthatiscompleted.Tescowasdefiantandsaidthatitwaspreparingarobustdefenseofitsactions.LucyNeville-Rolfe,itsexecutivedirector,said:“Aswehavealwayssaid,weactedindependentlyandwedidnotcolludewithanyone.Ourpositionisdifferentfromourcompetitorsandwearedefendingourowncasevigorously.Ourphilosophyistogiveagooddealtocustomers.”3.Theword“defiant”mostprobablymeans_____.A.resistingB.angryC.deficientD.confident【答案】A【解析】猜詞題。根據其上下文的意思，Tesco聲稱正在為自己的行為準備最堅決的辯護，其執行理事的一番話也表現了他們這種強硬的態度，可見他們采取了一種抵抗的態度，選項A最為符合。WWordbankDrippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（7）JustasNormanMailer,JohnUpdikeandPhilipRothwereatvarioustimesregardedasthegreatestAmericannovelistsincetheSecondWorldWar,JohnAshberyandRobertLowellviedfor（競爭）thetitleofgreatestAmericanpoet.Yetthetwomencouldnotbemoredifferent.Lowellwasapublicfigurewhoengagedwithpolitics—in1967hemarchedshoulder-to-shoulderwithMailerinprotestagainsttheVietnamWar,asdescribedinMailer'snovel“TheArmiesoftheNight”.Lowelltookonsubstantialthemesandenvisionedhimselfasatragic,heroicfigure,fightingagainsthisowndemons.MrAshbery'sverse,bycontrast,ismorebeguilinglycasual.Inhishands,themakingofapoemcanfeellikethetumblingofdiceonatabletop.Visibleonthepageisadelicatelyplayfulstrewingofwords,lookingtoengagewitheachotherinashylypuzzledfashion.AndthereisanelementofDada-likeplayinhisunpredictabilityofaddresswithitsperpetualshiftingoftones.Lowell,whodiedin1977attheageof60,addressedtheworldheadon.Bycontrast,Mr.Ashbery,whocelebratedhis80thbirthdayearlierthisyear,glanceswrylyattheworldanditsabsurdities.Inthiseditionofhislaterpoems,asubstantialgatheringofversesselectedfromsixvolumespublishedoverthepast20years,hispoetrydoesnotsomuchconsistofthemestobee