美國文學簡史復習資料2016年12月23日目錄殖民時期及十八世紀美國文學美國浪漫主義早期新英格蘭超驗主義美國浪漫主義后期美國現實主義文學美國鄉土文學美國現代詩歌美國現代小說美國南方文學美國現代戲劇美國黑人文學美國華裔文學殖民時期及十八世紀美國文學NewEngland:Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut,namedbyCaptainJohnSmithPuritanismDoctrinesofPuritanism:predestination(命運神定),originalsin,totaldepravity(徹底得墮落),andlimitedatonement(有限得贖罪)fromGod’sgracePuritansleftEuropeforAmericainordertoprovethattheywereGod’schosenpeoplewhowouldenjoyGod’sblessingsonearthandinHeaven、TheyfeltthattheywereexilesunderthespecialgraceofGodtoestablishatheocracyintheNewWorld、Styleofwriting:thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest;atouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBiblePuritans’wayofLife:hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety、InHawthorne’sTheScarletLetterthereisagooddescriptionofthePuritans’life、MainwritersWilliamBradfordOfPlymouthPlantation普利茅斯墾殖記ThomasPainemonSense常識;AmericanCrisis美國危機;TheRightsofMan人權;TheAgeofReason理性時代PhilipFreneauTheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上得美洲;TheWildHoneysuckle野金銀花BenjaminFranklinAutobiography富蘭克林自傳ThomasJeffersonDrafttheDeclarationofIndependence、美國浪漫主義早期RomanticismBackgroundofRomanticism:Economicboomandnationaloptimism;Favorableliterarymilieu:increasingnumberofmagazines;Foreigninfluences:theRomanticMovementinEurope、CharacteristicsofRomanticism:Arebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism、Feelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantforromanticsthanreasonandmonsense、Anemphasisonindividualism;placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority、Stressonthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature、Fascinationwiththewild,theirregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrangeCherishingastronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval、FeaturesofAmericanRomanticism:NewexperienceintheAmericanRomanticism、Theexoticlandscape,thefrontierlife,thewestwardexpansion,themythofaNewGardenofEdeninAmerica,andthePuritanheritage,etc、,thesewereallmaterialsforanindigenousliterature、AdeepinfluencefromtheAmericanPuritanism、DifferentfromtheirEuropeancounterparts,Americanromanticstendedtomoralize,toedifyratherthantoentertain、The“newness”oftheAmericansasanation、TheAmericansaredifferentfromtheEuropeans、Theiridealsofindividualismandpoliticalequality,andtheirdreamthatAmericawastobeanewGardenofedenformanweredistinctlyAmerican、TheNewEnglandPoets:HenryW、LongfellowAPsalmofLife人生禮贊MainwritersWashingtonIrvingTheSketchBook(18191820)見聞札記;TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷得傳說JamesFenimoreCooperLeatherstockingTales皮裹腿故事集;ThePioneers拓荒者;TheLastoftheMohicans最后一個莫希干人;ThePrairie大草原;ThePathfinder探路人;TheDeerslayer獵鹿人新英格蘭超驗主義TranscendentalismTranscendentalismasawayofknowing,believesthatindividualscanintuitivelyreceivehighertruthsotherwiseunavailablethroughmonmethodsofknowing,thustranscendingthelimitsofrationalism、Someofitsmajorconceptsare:Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul(超靈),asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse、Itemphasizedtheimportanceoftheindividualandbelievedthattheindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandthattheidealkindofindividualwasselfreliantandunselfish、ItofferedafreshviewofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod、SignificanceAgroupofnewwritersapplytranscendentalideasintheirworksWeaknessTranscendentalismtendedtobeemysticism、sometimesresultedinrampantindividualismmakemoralindignationanirrelevantemotion、MainwritersRalphWaldoEmerson(超驗主義領袖)Nature(標志性之作);TheAmericanScholar論美國學者HenryDavidThoreauWalden:informal,spontaneousandsoeasy、Hissentencesareconcentratedandvigorous、美國浪漫主義后期HighRomanticsinfictionNathanielHawthorneTheScarletletter紅字;TheHouseofSeverGables有七個尖角閣得房子HermanMelvilleMobyDick白鯨;Pierre皮埃爾HighRomanticsinpoetryEdgarAllenPoethefatherofmodernhorrorstoryanddetectivestoryTalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque怪誕故事集;TheRaven烏鴉Literarytheories(onpoetry)PoeticalprinciplesLength:thereisadistinctlimittoallworksofliteraryart—thelimitofasinglesitting、Province:Beautyisthesolelegitimateprovinceofthepoem、Tone:SadnessisthetoneofBeauty’shighestmanifestation、Melancholyisthemostlegitimateofallthepoeticaltones、Deathofabeautifulwomanisthemostpoeticaltopicintheworld、Theimmediateobjectofpoetryispleasure,nottruth、Poedefinestruepoetryas“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty”,anddeclaresthatmusicistheperfectionofthesoul,oridea,ofpoetry、WaltWhitmanLeavesofGrass草葉集EmilyDickinsonFeaturesofDickinson’spoemsDickinson’sstyleischaracteristicoffrequentuseofdashes,sporadiccapitalizationofnouns,convolutedandungrammaticalphrasing,offrhymes,brokenmeters,boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors,andaphoristicwit、Herpoetrypreparesformodernpoetryinthe20thcentury、lyric、Herpoemsareremarkablefortheirvariety,subtlety,andrichness、brevityandintensity、unorthodoxsyntaxandpunctuation、innovationinrhyme、Onethewhole,herpoetryisirregularinrhymeandrhythm、美國現實主義文學RealismHistoricalbackgroundImpactoftheCivilWarChangesinnationaleconomiclifeConcentrationofwealthandpowerPolarizationoftherichandthepoor(ThiswasthebeginningofwhatMarkTwaincalled“TheGildedAge”—anageofextremes:ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope、)ClosingofthefrontierDefinitionbasedontheacc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reandtheymaketheSouthapartfromotherregions、Chevalierheritage、騎士ThesouthernersheldthattheirancestorswerenotPuritansbutnoblechevalierswhocamefromEnglandtosettledownintheNewWorld、Thismythcreatedaprideintheregion、Agrarianvirtue、農業美德Plantationaristocracy、種植園農場得貴族生活Lostcause、失去得事業Whitesupremacy、白人至上PurityofSouthernwomanhood、RepresentativeSouthernwritersWilliamFaulknerTheYoknapatawphaSaga約克納帕塔法世系:TheSoundandtheFury喧囂與騷動;AsILayDying我彌留之際;Absalom,Absalom!押沙龍,押沙龍！;GoDown,Moses去吧,摩西MajorfeaturesofFaulkner’swritingsFaulknerusedtheSouthtotalkabouttheviolenceandevilinallhumanbeings、Faulknerwasagreatavantgardeexperimenter、Hesuccessfullyadvancedsomemodernliterarytechniques:Streamofconsciousness、(interiormonologue)MultiplepointofviewAuthorialtranscendenceinsteadofauthorialintrusion、Hisprosevariesfromcolloquial口語得,regional,toformaldictionandcadences節奏ofAmericanspeech、StreamofconsciousnessThecontinuousflowofsenseperceptions,thoughts,feelings,andmemoriesinthehumanmind;oraliterarymethodofrepresentingsuchablendingofmentalprocessesinfictionalcharacters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointedformofinteriormonologue、Itisanimportantdeviceofmodernistfiction、InEnglishliterature,novelsofstreamofconsciousnessarerepresentedbyJamesJoyceandVirginiaWolf、ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulknersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique,forexample,inhisnovel,TheSoundandtheFury(1929)、ThomasWolfLookHomeward,Angel天使,望鄉美國現代戲劇ModernAmericanDramasAmericandramarenaissanceinthe1920sEugeneO’NeilFounderofmodernAmericandrama/regardedasthe“AmericanShakespeare”BoundEastforCardiff東航卡迪夫(anoneactplay,whichusheredinthemoderneraoftheAmericantheatre)BeyondtheHorizon天邊外;TheEmperorJones瓊斯皇;TheHairyApe毛猿;DesireundertheElms榆樹下得欲望LongDay’sJourneyintoNight日長路遠夜深沉Expressionism表現主義Expressionism,artisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnotobjectiverealitybutratherthesubjectiveemotionsandresponsesthatobjectsandeventsarouseinhim、Heacplisheshisaimthroughdistortion,exaggeration,primitivism,andfantasyandthroughthevivid,jarring,violent,ordynamicapplicationofformalelements、InabroadersenseExpressionismisoneofthemaincurrentsofartinthelate19thandthe20thcenturies,anditsqualitiesofhighlysubjective,personal,spontaneousselfexpressionaretypicalofawiderangeofmodernartistsandartmovements、TheLittleTheaterMovementinthe1920sand1930sTennesseeWilliamsTheStreetcarNamedDesire欲望號街車ArthurMillerDeathofaSalesman推銷員之死TheateroftheAbsurdoftenappliedtothemodernsenseofhumanpurposelessnessinauniversewithoutmeaningorvalue、TheclassicworkofabsurdisttheaterisBeckett’sEnattendantGodot(WaitingforGodot,1952)、EdwardAlbeeismostcloselyconnectedwiththeTheateroftheAbsurd、(Who’sAfraidofVirginiaWoolf?誰害怕弗吉尼亞沃爾夫？)美國黑人文學AfricanAmericanLiteratureEarlyAfricanAmericanliteratureFrederickDouglass;BookerT、Washington;W、E、B、DuBoisTheSoulsofBlackFolks:EssaysandSketches黑人得靈魂;JeanToomerHarlemRenaissanceTermusedtodescribeafloweringofAfricanAmericanliteratureandartinthe1920s,mainlyintheHarlemdistrictofNewYorkCity、DuringthemassmigrationofAfricanAmericansfromtherur