考研外語(yǔ)命題趨勢(shì)權(quán)威預(yù)測(cè)試卷4

一、UseofEnglish

1、Whenlabratssleep,theirbrainsrevisitthemazethey

navigatedduringtheday,accordingtoanewstudy(1)

yesterday,offeringsomeofthestrongestevidence(2)

thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingrats

foundthatcellsintheanimals，brainsfireinadistinctive

pattern(3)thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare(4)

andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze.

Basedontheresults,theresearchersconcludedtheratswere

dreamingaboutthemaze,(5)reviewingwhattheyhad

learnedwhileawaketo(6)thememories.

Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo(7)thesame

typesofsleepphasesthatpeopledo,including

rapid-eye-movement(REM)sleep,whichiswhenpeopledream.But

(8)theoccasionaltwitching,growlingorbarkingthatany

dogownerhas(9)inhisorhersleepingpet,there'sbeen

(10)directevidencethatanimals(11).Ifanimals

dream,itsuggeststheymighthavemore(12)mental

functionsthanhadbeen(13).

“Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis(14)ofmemory—our

abilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences一wassomethingthat

was(15)human”,Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethis

inrodents(16)suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperience

inasignificantway.Animalsmaybe(17)aboutmorethan

wehadpreviouslyconsidered”.

Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor

(18)humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peopleare

nowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleep

is(19)itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediately

beforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto

(20)orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms”,

saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedical

School.

A.related

B.retained

C.released

D.relieved

2、⑵

A.asyet

B.still

C.however

D.bythen

3、(3)

A.intersecting

B.paralleling

C.resembling

D.differing

4、(4)

A.sleeping

B.dreaming

C.awake

D.aware

5、(5)

A.incircles

B.inaccord

C.incase

D.inessence

6、(6)

A.erase

B.consolidate

C.discipline

D.improve

7、(7)

A.for

B.by

C.through

D.in

8、(8)

A.insteadof

B.aswellas

C.apartfrom

D.exceptfor

9、(9)

A.guaranteed

B.encountered

C.confirmed

D.witnessed

10、(10)

A.little

B.some

C.much

D.enough

11、(11)

A.cry

B.memorize

C.dream

D.sleep

12、(12)

A.complex

B.confused

C.vigorous

D.instantaneous

13、(13)

A.validated

B.recognized

C.calculated

D.evaluated

14、(14)

A.remainder

B.acquisition

C.property

D.accuracy

15、(15)

A.mainly

B.uniquely

C.approximately

D.respectively

16、(16)

A.did

B.does

C.would

D.will

17、(17)

A.displaying

B.thinking

C.performing

D.behaving

18、(18)

A.why

B.when

C.how

D.where

19、(19)

A.reviewing

B.analyzing

C.decoding

D.stressing

20、(20)

A.consolidate

B.transform

C.reorganize

D.renovate

二、ReadingComprehension

1>PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknew,

becausehe'ddoneithundredsoftimeshimself.Givingupfor

everisatriflemoredifficult,apparently,anditiswell

knownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanfor

others.Whyisthisso?

Fewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionof

willpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddicts

asmerely"weak",recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.

AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVink,oftheFreeUniversity

ofAmsterdam,usedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwin

Registertoanalyzethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresults

suggestthatanindividuaVsdegreeofnicotinedependence,and

eventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperday,arestrongly

geneticallyinfluenced.

TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatis

prizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonof

identicaltwins(whosharealltheirgenes)withfraternal

twins(whosharehalf).Inthiscase,however,Dr.Vinkdidnot

makeuseofthatfact.Forher,thedatabasewasmerelya

convenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparing

identicalandfraternaltwins,sheconcentratedontheadult

fraternaltwins,mostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnaires

abouttheirhabits,includingsmoking,and536ofwhomhadgiven

DNAsamplestotheregister.

Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA

“l(fā)etters”,someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesense

(thegenes),butmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunction,oran

unknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingon,geneticistsrely

onmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseare

placeswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.

Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwitha

particularphysicalfeatureorabehavior,pattern,itsuggests

thataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthat

featureorbehavior.

Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotine

dependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuch

dependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbetter(someare

socialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddicted)andthus

enable"quitting"programmestobecustomized.

ResultssuchasDr.Vink'smustbeinterpretedwithcare.

Associationstudies,assuchprojectsareknown,havea

disturbinghabitofdisappearing,asitwere,inapuffofsmoke

whensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.Vinkreally

hasexposedageneticlinkwithaddiction,thenMarkTwain's

problemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast.

TheauthorcitestheexampleofMarkTwaintoshowthat

A.quittingsmokingisnoeasyjob.

B.kickingthehabitofsmokingdemandsastrongwill.

C.somepeoplearefrustratedbyfailingtogiveupsmoking.

D.somepeoplemaybedestinedtofailquittingsmoking.

2、

Whatcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph?

A.Thefraternaltwinsaremuchmorevaluedbyresearchers.

B.Twokindsoftwinsareoftenbeencomparedinresearch.

C.Identicaltwinsaremorelikelytobeaddictedtosmoking.

D.Fraternaltwinsaremoregeneticallysimilarthan

identicaltwins.

3、

Theword，，customized，/(Paragraph5)canbestbesubstitutedby

A.diversified.

B.tailored.

C.simplified.

D.justified.

4、

Dr.Vink'sresultsmustbeinterpretedwithcarebecause

A.itmayhavenegativeeffectsonrelatedstudies.

B.itisunreliablesofar.

C.itmayprovideanexcusefornicotineaddicts.

D.itcouldunderminetheanti-smokingmovement.

5、

Thepassageismainlyabout

A.aninnovativewayofquittingsmoke.

B.apossiblelinkbetweengeneticsandsmoking.

C.animpressivestudyonfraternaltwins.

D.afamousperson'sexperiencequittingsmoking.

6、Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopment,theeyes

ofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothand

ashesabouttheirarguments,whichusuallydependonpeople

givingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesome

debatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.

Modernindustrypollutes,anditalsoseemstocause

significantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisan

industrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andthe

glimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned.

Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemoment,

biotech,smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butits

biggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Here,itwill

diminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterials

imaginable,carbondioxideandwater,andusingthemtomake

fuelandplastics.

Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveral

advantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables”,

sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartof

thenaturalcarboncycle,borrowingthatelementfromthe

atmosphereforafewmonths,andreturningitwhentheywere

burnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontribute

toglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendly

inotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradable,sincebacteria

understandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.

Biofuels,whilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipe

(thoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddiesel),wouldbecleaner

overalleventhanthefuel-cel1technologynowbeingtoutedas

analternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatis

becausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotan

environmentallyfriendlyprocess,andneverwillbe一unlessit,

too,usesbiotechnology.

Allthiswill,intheend,dependoncosts.Butthesedonot

lookunfavorable.Already,thepriceofbioplasticsoverlaps

thetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulk

productionshouldbringpricesdown,particularlywhentheraw

materialsarefree.Meanwhile,ethanolwouldbealoteasier

tointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonit

withminortweaking,sothereisnoneedtochangethewaycars

aremade.Andsince,unlikehydrogen,itisaliquid,the

fuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange.

Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditional

environmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembrace

thatpossibility,orsticktosack-cloth,remainstobeseen.

Accordingtotheauthor,applyingbiotechnologytoindustry

A.hasbroughtaboutsustainabledevelopment.

B.provestobenothingbutanimagination.

C.willdeprivemostpeopleofmoderncomforts.

D.contributestotheenvironmentallysounddevelopment.

7、

Theword/，depleted，/(Paragraph3)canbesubstitutedby

A.exhausted.

B.discarded.

C.abandoned.

D.wasted.

8、

Oneadvantageofthebiofuelsisthat

A.theywillnotpollutetheenvironment.

B.theyaredegradablebybacteria.

C.theyarecheaperthanhydrogenfuels.

D.theyaresuitableforinternal-combustionengine.

9、

Accordingtoparagraph4,.

A.theprospectofbiotechnologyindustrydependsonits

marketingcost.

B.fuelcellsareeasiertobeutilizedinautoindustrythan

biofuels.

C.biofuelswillreplacethefuelcellsinthenearfuture.

D.thepriceofbioplasticsshowsadownwardtrend.

10、

Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe.

A.AWorldCleanYetinComfort.

B.ConservingBeforeIt'sTooLate.

C.ThereIsOnlyOneEarth.

D.TheFuel-HungryPlanet.

11、Quiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandled

thehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunning,

CraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoft,

alargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswho

reporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigningin

frustration,andtheboardwasunhappyabout"misstatements”

hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasnoz，smokinggun”,

astheboardputit,Mr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1stand

replacedbythefirm'sfounder,DavidDuffield.

Mr.Duffield'sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway'sperceived

shortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7

billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.Atthesametime,saysPaul

HamermanofForrester,aresearchfirm,Mr.Conwayofferedno

compellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoft,andseemed

deafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints”.Mr.

Conway，sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoft

mightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOrac1eratherthan

fightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandthe

boardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompany,notaquick

sale.

OnthesamedaythatMr.Conwaywasfired,however,Orac1e

scoredanothervictorywhenAmerica*sJusticeDepartmentsaid

thatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge'sdecisiontoallow

thetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.So,thisweek,thebattle

movedtoanothercourtroom,inDelaware,wherebothcompanies

areregistered.Inthissuit,Oracleisclaimingthat

PeopleSoftisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofits

shareholdersbyusinga“poisonpill"anda"customerassurance

programme“tokeepOracleatbay.

Thepoisonpillisaverycommonprovision,andonethat

PeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarket

withnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft's

equity,thusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.The

customer-rebateprogramme,bycontrast,wasputinplacelast

June.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefund

forbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeif

supportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOracle,this

representsanotherdirtytactic,sinceitamountstoa

potentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSoft,

however,itwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomers,

sinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokill

PeopleSoft'sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.Thetwo

companies'lawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweeks,

whichcouldyet,seeahigherbidfromOracle.

Accordingtothepassage,CraigConway.

A.tactfullyhandledOracle，shostilebid.

B.inducedtheresignofhisthreemanagers.

C.ignoredcustomers"grievances.

D.istechnologicallyilliterate.

12、

Thephrase“smokinggun"inthefirstparagraphprobablymeans

A.conclusiveevidence.

B.unconvincingexcuse.

C.fundamentalconflict.

D.irresistiblecause.

13、

PeopleSoftclaimsthattheOracle'stakeoverofPeopleSoft

A.ishardtoresist.

B.isnotgivenfirstpriority.

C.dependsonitsvalidity.

D.isirrational.

14、

Oracle，scurrentdifficultytotakeoverPeopleSoftisthat

A.thiskindoftradeisnowillegal.

B.PeopleSofthasadoptedanti-takeoverstrategy.

C.PeopleSoftdemandsahighprice.

D.Mr.Conwayrejectsthetakeover.

15、

Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe

A.AcquisitionofPeopleSoft.

B.CantheNewBossSavePeopleSoft?

C.NewBoss,Newstrategy.

D.WhoIstheWinner,PeopleSoftorOracle?

16>Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthe

payrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsay

thismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsure

theemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.But

healsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursed,workersshould

takefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhis

view,honestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsof

thefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoney

unlesstheyearnedit.Heopposedcompanypensionplans,and

wasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefits

ofSocialSecurity.

Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.Thedebate

aboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:

Whatobligation,ifany,doAmericansfeeltowardfellow

citizenswhoneedhelp?Note,Ididn'tsay"lessfortunate",

“disadvantaged”,orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedas

evidenceI'mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.I

justwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappens

outsidetheirownhouseholds.

Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydo

moreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyfor

recipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherest

ofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfare

stateofslackers.

ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationis

“safety-netculture”.Ithaslotsofproblems,butIalsoknow

whatlifewaslikebeforesafetynets,becausemydadgaveme

abundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSan

Francisco一itwasnoNormanRockwellpainting.Hisfather

workedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompany,sotheydid

haveahouse.Butoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlot

andanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoveralls,

whichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhile

hesatby,wrappedinablanket.Mydad'sfamilyoftenateboiled

riceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewastea,butifthat

ranouttheymade“silvertea”—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.

Moneyforcollegewasn'tinthefamilybudget.Mydadgothis

degreethankstotheGIBill.

Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfrom

ourlivesbutwe'restillnotdosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocial

Securitydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworker

contributions,I'mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto

20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocial

Security.Shouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideor

embarrassment?Orperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyou

honestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgolden

years?

Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thegrandfatherresented

A.gettingsomethingfornothing.

B.deceivinghisfellowman.

C.livingwithoutplanningahead.

D.thegapbetweenthepoorandrich.

17、

Thecriticsofthesocialsecuritysystembelievethatit

A.createsanationofslackers.

B.benefitsmostpeople.

C.isdoomedtofail.

D.isharmfulforthe“l(fā)essfortunate”.

18、

Theauthormentionshisfamilystoryinparagraph4toshow

that

A.thriftyhabitsarenecessarytomakealiving.

B.outsideassistanceisnecessaryforthoseintrouble.

C.theslackersgotwhattheydeservedinthepast.

D.onlythediligentpeoplecanliveadecentlifeinhard

times.

19、

Accordingtotheauthor,thesafetynetcan

A.eliminatepoverty.

B.relievethepressurethatcomeswitholdage.

C.leadtoashrinkingworkforce.

D.havesomenegativeeffectsontheeconomy.

20、

Ifapersondrinkssilverteaduringhisgoldenyears,wecan

saythat

A.heleadsahappylife.

B.heenjoysthewelfareprovidedbythegovernment.

C.it'scommonforthoseofthisagetodoso.

D.heisinneedofhelpfromthesociety.

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizethese

paragraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Step

infrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:Areyou

shouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanyside?

Theyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.

Isyourchinparalleltothefloor?Thechinhastobeparallel

tothefloor.Areyourearsinlinewithyourshoulders?This

helpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.Areyourknees

straightorareyoulockingthemback?Thekneesshouldbe

relaxedandcentered,notforward,andnotlocked-onattheback.

B.Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhat

youneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightposture,

youcandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.

Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbad

posture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.

Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtheright

positionaslongasyoucan.

C.Ifwedonothavegoodposture,weputmoreweightinsome

jointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badposture

affectsyourhealth,generalwellbeing,andyourappearance.

Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.It

requirespractice,butitisworthit.

D.Isyourheadrelaxed,centered,andheldback(earsover

shoulders)?Ifyourheadisforward,backwardortiltedtoany

sideitisbadposture.Doyouhaveanarconyourchest?The

chesthastobeerect,centerandaslightlyuplifted.Areyou

archingyourbackforwardorback?Thereisanarchintheback

butisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbigger,youneedto

correctyourposture.Areyourhipsatthesamelevelorone

ishigherthantheother?Theyhavetobeatthesamelevel.

Areyouranklesstraight?Theyhavetobe.

E.Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainor

otherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctor

orachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyother

healthproblems.However,ifyoucannotgo,youmaytryto

strengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheones

thathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthese

muscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudoto

tightenyourtummy:crunches.

F.Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwayto

improveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsuffer

themostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption.

G.Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatal1modelsandmost

celebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyonthe

redcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhow

towalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowto

haveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdesk

andforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnot

onlyforappearance,butalsoforhealthreasons.

Order:GisthefirstparagraphandFisthelast.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Thesedays,housepricevertigoismorethanalocalor

nationalcondition.It'saworldwidephenomenon.

(46)TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothing

comparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFrance,Spain,

Britain,Ireland,SwedenandAustralia,eventhoughmarketsin

AustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear.

Million-dollartwo-bedroomapartmentsarenotonlyafixture

ofNewYork,butofLondon,ParisandH