Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage1AttitudestoYoushouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage1AttitudestoPopularlinguisticdebateregularlydeterioratesintoandpolemic.Languagebelongstoeveryone,somostpeopletheyhavearighttoholdanoptionaboutit.Andwhendiffer,emotionscanrunhigh.Argumentscanaseasilyminorpointsofusageasovermajorofmoreover,isaverypublicbehavior,itiseasyusagestobenotedandcriticised.Nopartoforbehaviorisexempt.Linguisticfactorsinfluencewejudgepersonality,intelligence,socialstatus,standards,jobaptitude,andmanyotherareasofidentitysocialsurvival.Asaresult,itiseasytohurt,andtobewhenlanguageuseisunfeelinglyInitsmostgeneralprescriptivismistheviewthatvarietyoflanguagehasinherentlyhighervaluethanandthatthisoughttoimposedonthewholeofthecommunity.Theviewispropoundedespeciallyinrelationwithpronunciation.Thevarietywhichisfavoured,inthisisusuallyaversionwithpronunciation.Thevarietywhichisfavoured,inthisisusuallyaversionofthe'standard'writtenespeciallyasencounteredinliterature,orintheformalvarietyaresaidtospeakorwrite'correctly'deviationsitaresaidtobebeenanddictionaries.Theaimsoftheseearlygrammariansthreefold:(a)theywantedtocodifytheprinciplesoflanguages,toshowthattherewasasystembeneaththechaosofusage;(b)theywantedameansofsettlingdisputeserrors,inorderto'improve'thelanguage.Thenatureoftheapproachisbestcharacterizedbyitsreliance'rules'ofgrammar.Someusagesare'prescribed',tobeandfollowedaccurately;othersare'proscribed',tobeInthisearlyperiod,therewerenohalf-measures:usageeitherrightorwrong,anditwasthetaskofthegrammariansimplytorecordalternatives,buttopronouncejudgmentTheseattitudesarestillwithus,andtheymotivateathatlinguisticTheseattitudesarestillwithus,andtheymotivateathatlinguisticshouldNevertheless,thereisanalternativepointofviewthatconcernedlesswithstandardsthanwiththefactsofusage.Thisapproachissummarizedinthestatementthatitthefactsoflinguisticdiversity,andnottoattemptimpossibletasksofevaluatinglanguagevariationorlanguagechange.Inthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,wefindadvocatesofthisview,suchasJosephPriestley,RudimentsofEnglishGrammar(1761)insiststhat'thecustomspeakingistheoriginalandonlyjuststandardofanyLinguisticissues,itisargued,cannotbesolvedbylogiclegislation.AndthisviewhasbecomethetenetofthelinguisticapproachtogrammaticalInourowntime,theoppositionbetween'descriptivists''prescriptivists'hasoftenbecomeextreme,withbothpaintingunrealpicturesoftheother.DescriptivehavebeenpresentedaspeoplewhodonotcareaboutbecauseofthewaytheyseeallformsofusageasequallyPrescriptivegrammarianshavebeenpresentedasblindtoahistoricaltradition.Theoppositionhasevenbeeninquasi-politicalterms—ofradicalliberalismQuestion1—inquasi-politicalterms—ofradicalliberalismQuestion1—11ThereareunderstandablereasonswhyargumentsoccuraboutTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答22PeoplefeelmorestronglyaboutlanguageeducationthanaboutdifferencesinlanguageTRUEifthestatement22PeoplefeelmorestronglyaboutlanguageeducationthanaboutdifferencesinlanguageTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答33ourassessmentofperson'sintelligenceisaffectedbythewayhesheusesTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答44PrescriptivegrammarbookscostalotofmoneytobuyTRUEifthestatementagreeswith44PrescriptivegrammarbookscostalotofmoneytobuyTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoABC選擇答55PrescriptivismstillexistsTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答66AccordingtodescriptivistitispointlesstotrytoTRUEifthestatementagreeswith66AccordingtodescriptivistitispointlesstotrytoTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答77Descriptivismonlyappearedafterthe18thTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答88BothdescriptivistsandprescriptivistshavebeenTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe88BothdescriptivistsandprescriptivistshavebeenTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisABC選擇答9AttitudesPopularlinguisticdebateregularlydeterioratesintoandpolemic.Languagebelongstoeveryone,somostpeopletheyhavearighttoholdanoptionaboutit.Andwhendiffer,emotionscanrunhigh.Argumentscanstartaseasilyminorpointsofusageasovermajorpoliciesofmoreover,isaverypublicbehavior,soitiseasyusagestobenotedandcriticised.Nopartmoreover,isaverypublicbehavior,soitiseasyusagestobenotedandcriticised.Nopartoforbehaviorisexempt.Linguisticfactorsinfluencewejudgepersonality,intelligence,socialstatus,standards,jobaptitude,andmanyotherareasofidentitysocialsurvival.Asaresult,itiseasytohurt,andtobewhenlanguageuseisunfeelinglyInitsmostgeneralprescriptivismistheviewthatvarietyoflanguagehasinherentlyhighervaluethanandthatthisoughttoimposedonthewholeofthecommunity.Theviewispropoundedespeciallyinrelationwithpronunciation.Thevarietywhichisfavoured,inthisisusuallyaversionofthe'standard'writtenespeciallyasencounteredinliterature,orintheformalvarietyaresaidtospeakorwrite'correctly'deviationsitaresaidtobebeenanddictionaries.Theaimsoftheseearlygrammariansthreefold:(a)theywantedtocodifytheprinciplesoflanguages,toshowthreefold:(a)theywantedtocodifytheprinciplesoflanguages,toshowthattherewasasystembeneaththechaosofusage;(b)theywantedameansofsettlingdisputeserrors,inorderto'improve'thelanguage.Thenatureoftheapproachisbestcharacterizedbyitsreliance'rules'ofgrammar.Someusagesare'prescribed',tobeandfollowedaccurately;othersare'proscribed',tobeInthisearlyperiod,therewerenohalf-measures:usageeitherrightorwrong,anditwasthetaskofthegrammariansimplytorecordalternatives,buttopronouncejudgmentTheseattitudesarestillwithus,andtheymotivateathatlinguisticshouldNevertheless,thereisanalternativepointofviewthatconcernedlesswithstandardsthanwiththefactsofusage.Thisapproachissummarizedinthestatementthatitthefactsoflinguisticdiversity,andnottoattemptimpossibletasksofevaluatinglanguagevariationorlanguagechange.Inthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,wefindadvocatesofthisview,suchasJosephPriestley,RudimentsofEnglishGrammar(1761)insiststhat'thecustomRudimentsofEnglishGrammar(1761)insiststhat'thecustomspeakingistheoriginalandonlyjuststandardofanyLinguisticissues,itisargued,cannotbesolvedbylogiclegislation.AndthisviewhasbecomethetenetofthelinguisticapproachtogrammaticalInourowntime,theoppositionbetween'descriptivists''prescriptivists'hasoftenbecomeextreme,withbothpaintingunrealpicturesoftheother.DescriptivehavebeenpresentedaspeoplewhodonotcareaboutbecauseofthewaytheyseeallformsofusageasequallyPrescriptivegrammarianshavebeenpresentedasblindtoahistoricaltradition.Theoppositionhasevenbeeninquasi-politicalterms—ofradicalliberalismvsThelanguageAccordingto9(1).,thereisonlyonecorrectformofLinguistswhotakethisThelanguageAccordingto9(1).,thereisonlyonecorrectformofLinguistswhotakethisapproachtolanguageplaceimportanceongrammatical10(2).Conversely,theviewof11(3),grammarshouldon填寫答案：正確答案：H,A,AdescriptivistsBlanguageexpertsCpopularspeechDformallanguageEevaluationFrulesGmodernlinguistsHprescriptivistsIAttitudestoPopularlinguisticdebateregularlyAttitudestoPopularlinguisticdebateregularlydeterioratesintoandpolemic.Languagebelongstoeveryone,somostpeopletheyhavearighttoholdanoptionaboutit.Andwhendiffer,emotionscanrunhigh.Argumentscanaseasilyminorpointsofusageasovermajorofmoreover,isaverypublicbehavior,itiseasyusagestobenotedandcriticised.Nopartoforbehaviorisexempt.Linguisticfactorsinfluencewejudgepersonality,intelligence,socialstatus,standards,jobaptitude,andmanyotherareasofidentitysocialsurvival.Asaresult,itiseasytohurt,andtobewhenlanguageuseisunfeelinglyInitsmostgeneralprescriptivismistheviewthatvarietyoflanguagehasinherentlyhighervaluethanandthatthisoughttoimposedonthewholeofthecommunity.Theviewispropoundedespeciallyinrelationwithpronunciation.Thevarietywhichisfavoured,inthisisusuallyaversionofthe'standard'writtenespeciallyasencounteredinliterature,orisusuallyaversionofthe'standard'writtenespeciallyasencounteredinliterature,orintheformalvarietyaresaidtospeakorwrite'correctly'deviationsitaresaidtobebeenespeciallyincenturyapproachtothewritingofanddictionaries.Theaimsoftheseearlygrammariansthreefold:(a)theywantedtocodifytheprinciplesoflanguages,toshowthattherewasasystembeneaththechaosofusage;(b)theywantedameansofsettlingdisputeserrors,inorderto'improve'thelanguage.Thenatureoftheapproachisbestcharacterizedbyitsreliance'rules'ofgrammar.Someusagesare'prescribed',tobeandfollowedaccurately;othersare'proscribed',tobeInthisearlyperiod,therewerenohalf-measures:usageeitherrightorwrong,anditwasthetaskofthegrammariansimplytorecordalternatives,buttopronouncejudgmentTheseattitudesarestillwithus,andtheymotivateathatlinguisticTheseattitudesarestillwithus,andtheymotivateathatlinguisticshouldNevertheless,thereisanalternativepointofviewthatconcernedlesswithstandardsthanwiththefactsofusage.Thisapproachissummarizedinthestatementthatitthefactsoflinguisticdiversity,andnottoattemptimpossibletasksofevaluatinglanguagevariationorlanguagechange.Inthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,wefindadvocatesofthisview,suchasJosephPriestley,RudimentsofEnglishGrammar(1761)insiststhat'thecustomspeakingistheoriginalandonlyjuststandardofanyLinguisticissues,itisargued,cannotbesolvedbylogiclegislation.AndthisviewhasbecomethetenetofthelinguisticapproachtogrammaticalInourowntime,theoppositionbetween'descriptivists''prescriptivists'hasoftenbecomeextreme,withbothpaintingunrealpicturesoftheother.DescriptivehavebeenpresentedaspeoplewhodonotcareaboutbecauseofthewaytheyseeallformsofusageasequallyPrescriptivegrammarianshavebeenpresentedasblindtoahistoricaltradition.Theoppositionhasevenbeeninquasi-politicalterms—ofradicalinquasi-politicalterms—ofradicalthepurposeinReadingPassage[A]toinfavourofaparticularapproachto?andgrammar[B]topresentahistoricalaccountofdifferingviewsof[C]todescribethedifferencesbetweenspokenandwritten[D]toshowhowacertainviewoflanguagehasbeen?ABCD選擇答Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage2TidalYoushouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage2TidalroleintheA.Operatingonthesameprincipleaswindturbines,thepowerininputisconstant.Thetechnologyraisestheprospectofbecomingself-itscarbondioxideemissions.Iftide,windandwave-powerarewhichBritainoriginallydevelopedandthenabandonedfor20becomeabigexportearnertoislandnationssuchasJapanandlseynlseyndtleeormoreoftheUK'spower—Onesitealone,thePentlandFirth,betweenOrkneyandScotland,couldproduce10%ofturbinesunderthesea,andanotheratAlderneyintheIslandsthreetimesthe1,2000megawattsofBritain'slargestincludetheBristolChannelandthewestcoastofThefirststationisexpectedtobeinstalledoffLynmouthinshortlytotestthetechnologyinaventurejointlyfundedbythehostilesalineenvironmentundertheseahasbeendevelopedtheNorthSeaoilindustryandmuchisalreadyknownaboutbladedesign,becauseofwindpowerandshippropellers.Thereafewtechnicaldifficulties,butyearswewillbeinstallingcommercialmarineturbineSouthamptonhasyearswewillbeinstallingcommercialmarineturbineSouthamptonhasbeenrewarded￡215,000overthreeyearstotheturbinesandisworkingwithMarineCurrentTurbines,aofITpower,ontheLynmouthproject.EUresearchhasnow106potentialsitesfortidalpower,80%roundthecoastsofThebestsitesarebetweenislandsoraroundheavilyindentedwheretherearestrongtidalAmarineturbinebladeneedstobeonlyonethirdofthesizeofageneratortoproducethreetimesasmuchpower.Thebladeswillabout20metersindiameter,soaround30metersofwaterisUnlikewindpower,thereareunlikelytobeenvironmentalFishandothercreaturesarethoughtunlikelytobeatriskfromrelativelyslow-turningblades.Eachturbinewillbemountedontowerwhichwillconnecttothenationalpowersupplygridtowarnshipping,andalsobedesignedtobeliftedoutoftheformaintenanceandtocleanseaweedfromtheE.DrBahajhasdonemostworkontheAlderneysite,wherethereintotheFrenchGridandbere-importedintoBritainviaintotheFrenchGridandbere-importedintoBritainviatheundertheF.Onetechnicaldifficultyiscavitation,wherethebladesoftheturbines.Drhowmuchofaproblemitmightbe.robustbecausetheseaisahostileenvironment,butallthethatwecandoitare14Thelocationofthefirsttest15awayofbringingthepowerproducedononesiteback16areferencetoapreviousattemptbyBritain15awayofbringingthepowerproducedononesiteback16areferencetoapreviousattemptbyBritainfindalternativesourceof17mentionofthepossibilityofapplying填寫答案：正確答案：C,E,ATidalroleintheA.Operatingonthesameprincipleaswindturbines,thepowerinA.Operatingonthesameprincipleaswindturbines,thepowerininputisconstant.Thetechnologyraisestheprospectofbecomingself-itscarbondioxideemissions.Iftide,windandwave-powerarewhichBritainoriginallydevelopedandthenabandonedfor20becomeabigexportearnertoislandnationssuchasJapanandlseyndtleeormoreoftheUK'spower—Onesitealone,thePentlandFirth,betweenOrkneyandScotland,couldproduce10%ofturbinesunderthesea,andanotheratAlderneyintheIslandsthreetimesthe1,2000megawattsofBritain'slargestincludetheBristolChannelandthewestcoastofThefirststationisexpectedtobeinstalledoffLynmouthinshortlytotestthetechnologyinaventureThefirststationisexpectedtobeinstalledoffLynmouthinshortlytotestthetechnologyinaventurejointlyfundedbythehostilesalineenvironmentundertheseahasbeendevelopedtheNorthSeaoilindustryandmuchisalreadyknownaboutbladedesign,becauseofwindpowerandshippropellers.Thereafewtechnicaldifficulties,butyearswewillbeinstallingcommercialmarineturbineSouthamptonhasbeenrewarded￡215,000overthreeyearstotheturbinesandisworkingwithMarineCurrentTurbines,aofITpower,ontheLynmouthproject.EUresearchhasnow106potentialsitesfortidalpower,80%roundthecoastsofThebestsitesarebetweenislandsoraroundheavilyindentedwheretherearestrongtidalAmarineturbinebladeneedstobeonlyonethirdofthesizeofageneratortoproducethreetimesasmuchpower.Thebladeswillabout20metersindiameter,soaround30metersofwaterisUnlikewindpower,thereareunlikelytobeenvironmentalFishandUnlikewindpower,thereareunlikelytobeenvironmentalFishandothercreaturesarethoughtunlikelytobeatriskfromrelativelyslow-turningblades.Eachturbinewillbemountedontowerwhichwillconnecttothenationalpowersupplygridtowarnshipping,andalsobedesignedtobeliftedoutoftheformaintenanceandtocleanseaweedfromtheE.DrBahajhasdonemostworkontheAlderneysite,wherethereintotheFrenchGridandbere-importedintoBritainviatheundertheF.Onetechnicaldifficultyiscavitation,wherethebladesoftheturbines.Drhowmuchofaproblemitmightbe.robustbecausetheseaisahostileenvironment,butallthethatwecandoitarenrWhichIEoftheollwingclaisatlraeetheItisnrWhichIEoftheollwingclaisatlraeetheItisamorereliablesourceofenergythanwind?Itwouldreplaceotherformsofenergyin?Itsintroductioncomeasaresultofpublic?Itwouldcutdownair?Itcouldcontributetheclosureofmanyexistingpower?inbeameansofincreasingnational?facealotofresistancefromotherfuel?besoldmorecheaplythananyothertypeof?compensatefortheshortageofinlandsitesfor?[J]Itisbestproducedinthevicinityofcoastlineswith?ABCDEFGHIJ正確答案：ADEJTidalTidalroleintheA.Operatingonthesameprincipleaswindturbines,thepowerininputisconstant.Thetechnologyraisestheprospectofbecomingself-itscarbondioxideemissions.Iftide,windandwave-powerarewhichBritainoriginallydevelopedandthenabandonedfor20becomeabigexportearnertoislandnationssuchasJapanandlseyndtleeormoreoftheUK'spower—Onesitealone,thePentlandFirth,betweenOrkneyandScotland,couldproduceOnesitealone,thePentlandFirth,betweenOrkneyandScotland,couldproduce10%ofturbinesunderthesea,andanotheratAlderneyintheIslandsthreetimesthe1,2000megawattsofBritain'slargestincludetheBristolChannelandthewestcoastofThefirststationisexpectedtobeinstalledoffLynmouthinshortlytotestthetechnologyinaventurejointlyfundedbythehostilesalineenvironmentundertheseahasbeendevelopedtheNorthSeaoilindustryandmuchisalreadyknownaboutbladedesign,becauseofwindpowerandshippropellers.Thereafewtechnicaldifficulties,butyearswewillbeinstallingcommercialmarineturbineSouthamptonhasbeenrewarded￡215,000overthreeyearstotheturbinesandisworkingwithMarineCurrentTurbines,aofITpower,ontheLynmouthproject.EUresearchhasnowofITpower,ontheLynmouthproject.EUresearchhasnow106potentialsitesfortidalpower,80%roundthecoastsofThebestsitesarebetweenislandsoraroundheavilyindentedwheretherearestrongtidalAmarineturbinebladeneedstobeonlyonethirdofthesizeofageneratortoproducethreetimesasmuchpower.Thebladeswillabout20metersindiameter,soaround30metersofwaterisUnlikewindpower,thereareunlikelytobeenvironmentalFishandothercreaturesarethoughtunlikelytobeatriskfromrelativelyslow-turningblades.Eachturbinewillbemountedontowerwhichwillconnecttothenationalpowersupplygridtowarnshipping,andalsobedesignedtobeliftedoutoftheformaintenanceandtocleanseaweedfromtheE.DrBahajhasdonemostworkontheAlderneysite,wherethereintotheFrenchGridandbere-importedintoBritainviatheundertheF.Onetechnicaldifficultyiscavitation,wherethebladesoftheturbines.Drhowmuchofaproblemitmightbe.robustthebladesoftheturbines.Drhowmuchofaproblemitmightbe.robustbecausetheseaisahostileenvironment,butallthethatwecandoitaremerhWriteyouranswersinboxes26onyouranswer填寫答案：填寫答案：正確答案：maintenance,slowturning,lowpressure,正確答案：maintenance,slowturning,lowpressure,Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage3Informationtheory—thebigelecroncalyandhasthereorehadamajorimpactonourlivesInApril2002aneventtookplacewhichdemonstratedoneoftheapplicationsofinformationtheory.ThespaceprobeVoyagerlaunchedin1977,hadsentbackspectacularimagesofJupiterSaturnandthensoaredoutoftheSolarSystemonaone-waytothestars.After25yearsofexposuretothefreezingofdeepspace,theprobewasbeginningtoshowitsage.SensorscircuitswereonthebrinkoffailingandNASAexpertsrealizedtheyhadtodosomethingorlosecontactwiththeirprobeThesolutionwastogetamessagetoVoyagerItoinstructittosparestochangethefailingparts.Withtheprobe12kilometersfromEarth,thiswasnotaneasytask.BymeansofadishbelongingkilometersfromEarth,thiswasnotaneasytask.BymeansofadishbelongingtoNASA'sDeepSpaceNetwork,themessagewassentintothedepthsofspace.Eventravellingatthespeedoflight,tookover11hourstoreachitstarget,farbeyondtheorbitofYet,incredibly,thelittleprobemanagedtohearthefaintcallitshomeplanetandsuccessfullymadetheB.Itwasthelongest-distancerepairjobhistory,andatriumphforNASAengineers.ButitalsohighlightedtheastonishingpoweroftechniquesdevelopedbyAmericancommunicationsengineerShannon,whohaddiedjustayearearlier.Bornin1916inMichigan,Shannonshowedanearlytalentformathsandforgadgets,andmadebreakthroughsinthefoundationsoftechnologywhenstillastudent.WhileatBellLaboratories,developedinformationtheory,butshunnedtheresultingacclaim.singe-createdansciencewhichhassinceinveigleditswayintoahostfromDVDstosatellitecommunicationstobaranyarea,short,wheredatahastobeconveyedrapidlyC.Thisalllightyearsawayfromthedown-toearthusesoriginallyhadforhiswork,whichbeganwhenhewasa22-year-graduateengineeringstudentattheprestigiousInstituteofTechnologyin1939.HesetgraduateengineeringstudentattheprestigiousInstituteofTechnologyin1939.Hesetoutwithanapparentlyaim:topindowntheprecisemeaningoftheconceptofThemostbasicformofinformation,Shannonargued,issomethingistrueorfalse—whichcanbecapturedinthebinaryShannonsetaboutdefiningotherwisevagueideasaboutandhowtotransititfromplacetoplace.Intheprocesshewillgetthroughrandominterference—'noise'—Noiseusuallymeansunwantedsoundswhichinterferewithinformation.Informationtheorygeneralizesthisideaviathatcapturetheeffectsofnoisewithmathematicalprecise.particular,Shannonshowedthatnoisesetsalimitontherateatinformationcanpassalongcommunicationchannelswhileerror-free.Thisratedependsontherelativestrengthsoftheandnoisetravellingdownthecommunicationandoncapacity(its'bandwidth').Theresultinglimit,inunitsbitspersecond,istheabsolutemaximumrateerror-communicationgivensignalstrengthandnoiseTheShannonshowed,istofindwaysofpackagingup—'coding'informationtocopewiththeravagesofnoise,whilestayinginformation- capacity—'bandwidth'— communicationsystembeingOvertheyearsscientistsinformation- capacity—'bandwidth'— communicationsystembeingOvertheyearsscientistshavedevisedmanysuchcodingmethods,theyhaveprovedcrucialinmanytechnologicalfeats.Thespacecrafttransmitteddatausingcodeswhichaddedoneextrabiteverysinglebitofinformation;theresultwasanerrorrateofonebitin10,000—andstunninglyclearpicturesoftheplanets.codeshavebecomepartofeverydaylife—suchastheUniversalCode,orbarcode.Whichusesasimpleerror—detectingsystemsacrumpledbagofcrisps.Asrecentlyas1993,engineersmadeabreakthroughbydiscoveringso-calledturbo—whichcomeverytoShannon'sultimatelimitforthemaximumratethatdatacanShannonalsolaidthefoundationsofmoreefficientwaysofinformation,bystrippingoutsuperfluous('redundant')bitsdatawhichcontributedlittlerealinformation.Asmobilephonemessageslike'ICNCU'show,itisoftenpossibletoleaveoutlotofdatawithoutlosingmuchmeaning.Aswitherrorhowever,there'salimitbeyondwhichmessagebecometooShannonshowedhowtocalculatethislimit,openingthewaytodesignofcompressionmethodsthatcramShannonshowedhowtocalculatethislimit,openingthewaytodesignofcompressionmethodsthatcrammaximuminformationintominimum27anexplanationofthefactorsaffectingthetheanexampleofhowunnecessaryinformationcanbeatoShannon'sattitudetodetailsamachinecapableofinterpreting31aaccountofanincidentinvolving32atowhatShannoninitiallyintendedtoachievehis填寫答案：正確答案：D,F,BE,AInformationtheory—thebig填寫答案：正確答案：D,F,BE,AInformationtheory—thebigelecroncalyandhasthereorehadamajorimpactonourlivesA.InApril2002aneventtookplacewhichdemonstratedonetheapplicationsofinformationtheory.ThespaceprobeVoyagerlaunchedin1977,hadsentbackspectacularimagesofJupiterSaturnandthensoaredoutoftheSolarSystemonaone-waytothestars.After25yearsofexposuretothefreezingofdeepspace,theprobewasbeginningtoshowitsage.SensorscircuitswereonthebrinkoffailingandNASAexpertsrealizedtheyhadcircuitswereonthebrinkoffailingandNASAexpertsrealizedtheyhadtodosomethingorlosecontactwiththeirprobeThesolutionwastogetamessagetoVoyagerItoinstructittosparestochangethefailingparts.Withtheprobe12kilometersfromEarth,thiswasnotaneasytask.BymeansofadishbelongingtoNASA'sDeepSpaceNetwork,themessagewassentintothedepthsofspace.Eventravellingatthespeedoflight,tookover11hourstoreachitstarget,farbeyondtheorbitofYet,incredibly,thelittleprobemanagedtohearthefaintcallitshomeplanetandsuccessfullymadetheB.Itwasthelongest-distancerepairjobhistory,andatriumphforNASAengineers.ButitalsohighlightedtheastonishingpoweroftechniquesdevelopedbyAmericancommunicationsengineerShannon,whohaddiedjustayearearlier.Bornin1916inMichigan,Shannonshowedanearlytalentformathsandforgadgets,andmadebreakthroughsinthefoundationsoftechnologywhenstillastudent.WhileatBellLaboratories,developedinformationtheory,butshunnedtheresultingacclaim.singe-createdansciencecommunicationwhichhassinceinveigleditswayintoahostapplications,fromDVDstosatellitecommunicationstobaranyarea,inshort,wheredatahastobeconveyedrapidlyanyarea,inshort,wheredatahastobeconveyedrapidlyThisallseemslightyearsawayfromthedown-toearthusesoriginallyhadforhiswork,whichbeganwhenhewasa22-year-graduateengineeringstudentattheprestigiousInstituteofTechnologyin1939.Hesetoutwithanapparentlyaim:topindowntheprecisemeaningoftheconceptofThemostbasicformofinformation,Shannonargued,issomethingistrueorfalse—whichcanbecapturedinthebinaryShannonsetaboutdefiningotherwisevagueideasaboutandhowtotransititfromplacetoplace.Intheprocesshewillgetthroughrandominterference—'noise'—Noiseusuallymeansunwantedsoundswhichinterferewithinformation.Informationtheorygeneralizesthisideaviathatcapturetheeffectsofnoisewithmathematicalprecise.particular,Shannonshowedthatnoisesetsalimitontherateatinformationcanpassalongcommunicationchannelswhileerror-free.Thisratedependsontherelativestrengthsoftheandnoisetravellingdownthecommunicationchannel,andoncapacity(its'bandwidth').Theresultinglimit,giveninunitsbitspercapacity(its'bandwidth').Theresultinglimit,giveninunitsbitspersecond,istheabsolutemaximumrateoferror-communicationgivensignalstrengthandnoiselevel.TheShannonshowed,istofindwaysofpackagingup—'coding'informationtocopewiththeravagesofnoise,whilestayinginformation- capacity—'bandwidth'— communicationsystembeingOvertheyearsscientistshavedevisedmanysuchcodingmethods,theyhaveprovedcrucialinmanytechnologicalfeats.Thespacecrafttransmitteddatausingcodeswhichaddedoneextrabiteverysinglebitofinformation;theresultwasanerrorrateofonebitin10,000—andstunninglyclearpicturesoftheplanets.codeshavebecomepartofeverydaylife—suchastheUniversalCode,orbarcode.Whichusesasimpleerror—detectingsystemsacrumpledbagofcrisps.Asrecentlyas1993,engineersmadeabreakthroughbydiscoveringso-calledturbo—whichcomeverytoShannon'sultimatelimitforthemaximumratethatdatacanShannonalsolaidthefoundationsofmoreefficientwaysofShannonalsolaidthefoundationsofmoreefficientwaysofinformation,bystrippingoutsuperfluous('redundant')bitsdatawhichcontributedlittlerealinformation.Asmobilephonemessageslike'ICNCU'show,itisoftenpossibletoleaveoutlotofdatawithoutlosingmuchmeaning.Aswitherrorhowever,there'salimitbeyondwhichmessagebecometooShannonshowedhowtocalculatethislimit,openingthewaytodesignofcompressionmethodsthatcrammaximuminformationintominimummerhTheVoyager1SpaceTheprobetransmittedpicturesofboth(2),thenleftThefreezingtemperatureswerefoundtohaveanegativeeffect?partsofthespaceScientistsfearedthatboththe(5).wereaboutto?TheonlyThefreezingtemperatureswerefoundtohaveanegativeeffect?partsofthespaceScientistsfearedthatboththe(5).wereaboutto?Theonlyhopewastotelltheprobetoreplacethemwith?—butdistancemadecommunicationwithprobeA37(7)wasusedtotransmitthemessageatthespeedof???填寫答案：正確答案：Jupiter,Saturn,SolarSystem,sensors,circuits,spares,Informationtheory—thebigInformationtheory—thebigelecroncalyandhasthereorehadamajorimpactonourlivesInApril2002aneventtookplacewhichdemonstratedonethemanyapplicationsofinformationtheory.Thespacetothefreezingtemperaturesofdeepspace,theprobebeginningtoshowitsage.SensorsandcircuitswereonbrinkoffailingandNASAexpertsrealizedthattheyhaddosomethingorlosecontactwiththeirprobeforever.solutionwastogetamessagetoVoyagerItoinstructtouse