獨角仙前翅微細構造的研究

1因子利克氏亞胺ely和非典例ely網絡ely內部特征是一種可再生的特征。有一個區域系統，一個區域系統，幾個區域。標題（所有門廊的碳馬）有一個區域級別的both，一個微塊，一個區域的a.它們和一個表面。在這一段中，我們的新領域（chenetal.2000和2001a、b）中，檢測到的特征的結構。PreviousresearchhasshownthatthereistracheationandairsacsinelytraofScarabaeidbeetles(Gokan1966).ThetwoelytralsurfacesofColeopteraareusuallyseparatedbyabloodspace,acrosswhichruncuticularcolumns,thetrabeculae,arrangedinlongitudinalrowsandmarkedexternallybystriations(Chapman1998).Thereareusuallyeightortensuchstriae(Youdeowei1977,GullanandCrans1994,Chapman1998),althoughthenumbermaybeashighas25insomeCarabidaebeetles(Chapman1998).ThetrabeculaeappeartobehollowaccordingtothediagramofferedbyGokan(1992).However,thereareonlyafewreportsavailableontheinternalstructureofelytra.RecentlywereportedthatthefinestructureoftrabeculaintheelytraofA.dichotomaandProsopocoilusinclinatus(Chenetal.2001b).Thisreportisconcernedwiththedistributionofthetrabeculae,andtherelationshipbetweenthetrabeculaeandtheelytralsurfacestructureofA.dichotoma.2杏仁杏仁2.1collctedingelyga.aa,elizationSpecimensofAllomyrinadichotomausedforthisresearchwerecollectedinthecampusofKyotoPrefecture,Japan.Cartesiancoordinatesandnamesforelytralpartsareshown(Fig.1A),andtheobservationlocationsareindicated(Figs.1BandC).2.2copoctoryretratchingcokici數據國際習慣法copocicivicidici本sicevi體制,cokici農村研磨Photographsofmorphologyoflivingsamplesweregenerallytakenundernaturalconditions.Scanningelectronmicroscopicsamplesweretreatedusingconventionalpreparationasfollows:fixationwithgluteraldehyde,osmiumtetroxideandcriticalpointdryingasdescribedbyMurakami(1974).Penetratinglightwasalsousedtostudyinternalmorphologyoffreshspecimensandspecimensatroomtemperaturefor24hours.Themeritsofthistechniquearediscussed.2.3raze反應駁岸sToexamineinternalstructureofA.dichotomaelytra,anelytronwasslicedquicklybyarazorblade,andthelowerlaminationwasremovedwithforceps.Thepieceswerethenobservedwithscanningelectronmicroscopy(Hitachi,SEMS-510with15kV;Nikon,ESEM-2700with20kV,460Pa).3產品系統3.1通過specitypouingreta執行,retaindexreta三維建模,即cort3.Alteringthepositionofthelightsourceemployedinthephotographicprocessallowsustostudystructures.Byplacingthelightsourcebeneaththespecimen,amoredetailedphotographcouldbetaken(Figs.2B,D)thanwithanoverheadlightsource,wheremuchofthelightwasreflected(Figs.2A,C).Theuseofthepenetratinglightgaveaclearerpicture,especiallyfordottedandshadedareas(Figs.2B,D).Whenspecimenswereretainedatroomtemperaturefor24hours(Fig.2D)thepositionsofthedots(trabeculae)remainedunchangedandtheirdistributionbecamemuchclearer(cf.Fig.2B).Mostofthehoneycombstructureswerefoundtohaveretainedtheirshape,astherewerelittleornodifferencesbetweenthetwogroups(Fig.2,whitearrowheads).However,afewofthehoneycombsweredeformed(Fig.2,blackarrowheads).Thebrightpatternsofhoneycombsfoundinfreshmaterialshadmostlydisappearedafter24hours.Photographsofspecimenskeptatroomtemperatureforoneweekormoreweresimilartoonesafter24hoursandtherewerenofurtherchangesobservedinhoneycombshapesanddotlocations.Inordertoconfirmthevalidityofthetechniqueusingthepenetratinglight,fixedpreparationswerecomparedwiththefreshsamples.Althoughthehoneycombstructureofthefreshelytronispreservedbythefixationmethod(Figs.3A,B),thedotswerenotclearerthanthoseofsamplesretainedfor24hours(Fig.2D).Theseresultssuggestthatpenetratinglightisavaluabletoolwithrespecttoresearchintothelivingmorphologyoftheelytra.Whenmakingobservationsofhoneycombstructures,thefreshspecimensarebetter.However,fordotdistribution,specimensretainedatroomtemperatureformorethanonedaywerebetter.3.2sacswreoperation和kracespUnderpenetratinglight,thefreshelytronwasshown(Fig.4)andmanyblackdotswereobserved.InadditiontomanysmallairsacsandtracheaeasreportedbyGokan(1966).Forpresentpurposes,theroundishairsacswerecalledhoneycombstructuresbecausetheirshapesaresimilartohoneycombs.3.3loctiacteatraftingpo麻黃y制備而非distcibutfig.4,ar顯著Toinvestigatethedotdistributionclearly,afreshelytronwasretainedatroomtemperaturefor24hours(Fig.5).Therewereabout2000blackdotsinoneelytron.Thedotsweredistributedirregularlyexceptforthosenearsometracheaewheretheywerearrangedinapproximatelystraightrows(Fig.5,whitearrows).Tocheckthenumberandlocationsofdotsineachhoneycomb,partofthefreshelytronatthelocationX10-Y20(Fig.4,arrow)wasstudied(Fig.6).Thislocationhadmeritinthathoneycombstructuresanddotscouldbeobservedclearly.Dotnumbersateachhoneycombwerecounted(Table1)intheindicatedsquare(Fig.6,tworightarrows).Therelationshipbetweenthenumberofdotsineachhoneycombandthediametersofthehoneycombwasshown(Fig.7).Honeycombswithonedotwereabout60percentofthetotal,whilethosehavingtwodotswereabout20percent,andtheremaining20percenteitherhad3dotsorwithoutdots.Thenumberofdotsobservedoneachhoneycombdependedheavilyonthesizeofhoneycomb(Fig.7).Dotlocationonthehoneycombswasstudied(Table2).Thereare78dotsatthecornersofthehoneycombwithinatotal85dotsobserved,i.e.,about90percentofdotsaredistributedatthecorners.However,thedotdistributionvariedwiththeobservedlocation.Forexample,dotswerelocatedattheendofthewallinthehoneycomb(Fig.4,blackarrow)orinotherpositionsinthehoneycomb(Fig.4,blackarrowhead)atlocationX20-Y20.Butasstatedpreviouslyforwholeelytron,thedotsweremainlydistributedatthecornersofthehoneycomb(Fig.4).3.4flat現有文獻2.2.2Electronmicrographsoftheelytralsurfaceareshown(Fig.8).ThesurfacewasflatexceptthatthesetaeweremainlyvisibleontheelytronofA.dichotoma(Fig.8A,arrowhead).Thesurfacewasflatjustabovethetrabecula(Fig.8B,square).3.5ection表面上的物質性因子分析Theinternalstructuresofthefixedelytronareshown(Fig.9).Itwasobservedthatsomeofthemembraneswerepartlybroken(Figs.9A,B),andthecross-sectionsurfaceofthetrabeculaewasuneven(Fig.9C)whenthelowerlaminationwaseliminatedfortheinternalobservation.Withthesemicrographs,itwasobservedthatthehoneycombstructuresconsistofmembranes(Figs.9A,B),andthediametersofthetrabeculaewerefarthickerthanthatofthehoneycombmembranousstructure(Figs.9B,C).Also,trabeculaewerenothollowandtheconnectionofthehoneycombmembraneswiththetrabeculaecouldbeobserved(Fig.9C).4“兩設置”—DISCUSSIONComparingthesurface(Fig.8)withtheinternalstructure(Figs.6and9A),itisclearthatthedotsaresolidtrabeculae,andthehoneycombsaremembranousstructures.Therefore,wefoundnohollowedstriate(punctures)ontheuppersurfacesoftheelytraofA.dichotoma,andthedistributionofthesetrabeculae(blackdots)wasmostlyirregularthroughouttheelytra.Thisdiffersfromresearchwhichfoundthetrabeculaetobearrangedinlongitudinalrows,markedexternallybystriations(Chapman1998).ThesecharacteristicsmaybeofimportanceinthetaxonomyofColeoptera.Wedonotfullyunderstandthebiologicalpurposeofthetrabeculardistribution,butitislikelythatwhentheho